Cloning in software systems is known to create problems during software maintenance. Several techniques have been proposed to detect the same or similar code fragments in software, so-called simple clones. While the knowledge of simple clones is useful, detecting design-level similarities in software could ease maintenance even further, and also help us identify reuse opportunities. We observed that recurring patterns of simple clones -so-called structural clones -often indicate the presence of interesting design-level similarities. An example would be patterns of collaborating classes or components. Finding structural clones that signify potentially useful design information requires efficient techniques to analyze the bulk of simple clone data and making non-trivial inferences based on the abstracted information.

Templates (or generics) help us write compact, generic code, which aids both reuse and maintenance. The STL is a powerful example of how templates help achieve these goals. Still, our study of the STL revealed substantial, and in our opinion, counter-productive repetitions (so-called clones) across groups of similar class or function templates. Clones occurred, as variations across these similar program structures were irregular and could not be unified by suitable template parameters in a natural way.

Code clones are similar code fragments that occur at multiple locations in a software system. Detection of code clones provides useful information for maintenance, reengineering, program understanding and reuse. Several techniques have been proposed to detect code clones. These techniques differ in the code representation used for analysis of clones, ranging from plain text to parse trees and program dependence graphs. Clone detection based on lexical tokens involves minimal code transformation and gives good results, but is computationally expensive because of the large number of tokens that need to be compared. We explored string algorithms to find suitable data structures and algorithms for efficient token based clone detection and implemented them in our tool Repeated Tokens Finder (RTF). Instead of using suffix tree for string matching, we use more memory efficient suffix array. RTF incorporates a suffix array based linear time algorithm to detect string matches. It also provides a simple and customizable tokenization mechanism. Analysis and experiments show that our clone detection is simple, flexible, precise, scalable, and performs better than the previous well-known tools.

Infiltration of activated neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes; PMN) into the lung is an important component of the inflammatory response in acute lung injury. The signals required to direct PMN into the different compartments of the lung have not been fully elucidated. In a murine model of LPS-induced lung injury, we investigated the sequential recruitment of PMN into the pulmonary vasculature, lung interstitium, and alveolar space. Mice were exposed to aerosolized LPS and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and lungs were harvested at different time points. We developed a flow cytometry-based technique to assess in-vivo trafficking of PMN in the intravascular and extravascular lung compartments. Aerosolized LPS induced consistent PMN migration into all lung compartments. We found that sequestration in the pulmonary vasculature occurred within the first hour. Transendothelial migration into the interstitial space started one hour after LPS-exposure and increased continuously until a plateau was reached between twelve and 24 hours.

Female tree crickets (Oecanthus nigricornis) prefer large males but do not receive larger glandular courtship gifts from these males. This finding is puzzling from both the male and female perspectives, because females should prefer males providing more direct benefits, and because males who provide larger gifts achieve higher insemination success. We tested for differences in the quality of male secretions and found that larger males provided more proteinaceous food gifts than did rivals, which could explain why they are preferred by females. The preference in turn could cause depletion of food gift reserves in favored males, because natural remating rates are high and because even a single feeding bout negatively affects glandular stores. Most intriguingly, we showed that preferred males can adaptively decrease the size of courtship food-gifts provided (in order to conserve gifts for future mating events) when they perceive that the probability of multiple future mating opportunities is high. Thus, the elevated mating rates of preferred males (both before and after a focal mating event) could account for the small size of their courtship food-gifts.

This paper proposes a novel heterogeneous software architecture GFTSA (Generic Fault Tolerant Software Architecture) which can guide the development of safety critical distributed systems. GFTSA incorporates an idealized fault tolerant component concept, and coordinated error recovery mechanism in the early system design phase. It can be reused in the high level model design of specific safety critical distributed systems with reliability requirements. To provide precise common idioms & patterns for the system designers, formal language Object-Z is used to specify GFTSA. Formal proofs based on Object-Z reasoning rules are constructed to demonstrate that the proposed GFTSA model can preserve significant fault tolerant properties. The inheritance & instantiation mechanisms of Object-Z can contribute to the customization of the GFTSA formal model. By analyzing the customization process, we also present a template of GFTSA, expressed in x-frames using the XVCL (XML-based Variant Configuration Language) methodology to make the customization process more direct & automatic. We use an LDAS (Line Direction Agreement System) case study to illustrate that GFTSA can guide the development of specific safety critical distributed systems.

All patients if given proper guidance and education regarding diabetes care would be able to make significant improvement in their life-style which is helpful for good glycemic control. Education to diabetic patients would be more effective if we know the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of our patients. Thus a study was conducted to assess the general characteristics, knowledge, attitude and practices of type 2 diabetic patients attending the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (Karachi, Pakistan). Fifty-seven percent of the patients were overweight or obese. Only 10.7% had good glycemic control. Sixty seven percent did not do exercise of any kind. The overall awareness about the risk of complications was satisfactory but the misconceptions regarding diet, insulin and diabetes were quite common. This study highlights the need for better health information to the patient through large scale awareness programmes so as to change the attitude of our public regarding diabetes.

Education has been considered an important and elementary tool for the development of any society. Institutions of the societies cannot grow of their own in isolation from each other, so is the case with education. Educational upliftment of a society has strong relations with the developments of the rest of the institutions of the society. Education takes support from the economy for its development as well as it extends support to the society for the economic and social development. The present paper explores the impact of economic and social development upon the educational development of a society. It is an ethnographic exploration of a village panchayat that chosen on purposive ground as a representative of the area. The paper is enriched with a detailed socio-economic account of the village panchayat. The paper puts forth the role of economy and other social dynamics of the society in shaping the behaviour of people towards education. It also illustrates the role of education i...

Now, consider or not to ignore the 49% of our population has become the popular saying of the day. That 49% population has been constituted by women. Historically they have been deprived from many of their basic rights, denied from many basic things and from participating in various social processes. Social advancements brought many changes at various levels regarding women. Women stood for equality, participation and for empowerment. But it all became possible, along with other factors, through education. In the said context an attempt has been made to explore the female participation in higher education. A university, which has been given a unique mandate by the Parliament itself to educate women, has been chosen to study. Data has been taken from the statistical cell of the university, and classified course, stream, year and level wise. All the classified data have been presented in tabular form. It is found that their participation is near to equal and even more than their male counterpart in some courses. The study also reveals that their participation also varies from course top course.

The paper illustrates the role of religion in shaping the educational behaviour of people,  especially  Muslims, in  rural India.  Rural  society  is  relatively  much influenced by religion. Religious ethos plays a significant role in determining  the social  conditioning  of  human  beings.  The  paper  draws  attention  towards  the educational trends among rural Muslims in the State of Uttar Pradesh in India. The paper  is  empirically  rich  where  it  explains  the  demographic  profile  of  sample villages  of  Siddharthnagar  district.  Five  villages  of  five  sub‐divisions  have  been studied  and  an  interpretative  understanding  has  been  attempted  of  Maktab Muslim religious educational institutionsሻ at the village level. It brings to light the educational behaviour of rural Muslims.
The  paper  briefly  aims  to  arrive  at  two  points.  First,  parents  realize  the importance  of  modern  education,  which  is  the  need  of  the  day,  but  at  the  same time,  they  are  not  ready  to  leave  their  religious  education.  The  rural  Muslim population is inclined  to  adopt  the  curriculum which is  the  combination  of  both modern  and  traditional  elements.  Muslim  religious  educational  institutions,  that have  introduced  modern  subjects,  have  attracted  larger  chunk  of  students although government schools have offered several incentives in various forms.

The paper puts forth one of the important dimensions about co-education among Muslims that was missing in the debate between Ulma and liberal Muslims. It reveals the opinion of the Muslim students who constitute the real concern and were neglected in the aforementioned debate. The paper draws attention towards Aligarh Muslim University campus and its students' perception about coeducation. The paper is empirically very rich and methodologically sound. Four hundred and fifty samples were selected and interviewed using an interview schedule. Statistical tools were extensively used for sample selection, allocation and data analysis.

Juma sermons have been used as a platform to disseminate knowledge from the day of its start. It was never confined with the religious knowledge only because in Islam there is no division of sacred and profane. Consequently anything delivered comes under the preview of religion. Its importance has also been realised by organisations and tried to use them for their purpose in India. Its emerging popularity as a medium to disseminate knowledge attracted to enquire and understand the message delivered, its nature and approaches used. This paper is an attempt in the fore mentioned direction. Of course in India, various religious movements have emerged in due course of time with slight differences of their ideologies. These ideologies reflects in their activities so in their Juma sermons. In this study, six major religious movements of India have been covered with the presupposition that they cover directly or indirectly the entire Muslim population of India. Two sermons from the headquarters' mosque of each movement have been recorded simultaneously to maintain the standardisation. Finally, the paper puts forth that social issues are, if discussed does not have the scientific or practical approach in offering the solutions.