Macedonia Utara

Republik Macedonia Utara
ريڤوبليق ماكيدونيا اوتارا‎code: ms is deprecated
Macedonia: Република Северна Македонијаcode: mk is deprecated
Albania: *Republika e Maqedonisë së Veriut*code: sq is deprecated
Republik Macedonia Utara; ريڤوبليق ماكيدونيا اوتارا‎ Macedonia: Република Северна Македонија; Albania: Republika e Maqedonisë së Veriut
Bendera	Jata
	Lagu kebangsaan: Денес над Македонија (Macedonia); (Melayu: "Hari ini di Macedonia");
	Lokasi the Macedonia Utara (jingga) di Eropah (putih) – [Petunjuk]
Ibu negara dan bandar terbesar	Skopje
Bahasa rasmi	Bahasa Macedonia
Kerajaan	Republik demokrasi berparlimen
• Presiden	Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova (Гордана Силјановска-Давкова)
• Perdana Menteri	Hristijan Mickoski (Христијан Мицкоски)
Badan perundangan	Perhimpunan Republik Macedonia Utara
Keluasan
• Jumlah	25,713 km2 (9,928 bt2) (ke-145)
• Perairan (%)	1.9
Penduduk
• Perkiraan 2017	kira-kira 2,103,721 orang
• Bancian Penduduk 2002	2,022,547
• Kepadatan	80.1/km2 (207.5/sq mi) (ke-122)
KDNK (PPP)	2019
• Jumlah	$33.822 billion
• Per kapita	$16,253
KDNK (nominal)	2019
• Jumlah	$12.383 billion
• Per kapita	$6,143
Gini (2016)	33.6; sederhana
HDI (2017)	▲ 0.757; tinggi · ke-80
Mata wang	Denar Macedonia ; (MKD)
Zon waktu	UTC+1 (CET)
• Musim panas (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Kod panggilan	389
DPT internet	.mk

Macedonia Utara (Macedonia: Северна Македонија, rumi: Severna Makedonijacode: mk is deprecated ), secara rasminya Republik Macedonia Utara (Macedonia: Република Северна Македонија, rumi: Republika Severna Makedonijacode: mk is deprecated ) adalah sebuah negara terletak di Semenanjung Balkan, Eropah Tenggara. Ia merupakan salah satu negara pecahan kepada Republik Persekutuan Sosialis Yugoslavia yang merdeka pada tahun 1991. Antara tempoh ia dimerdekakan 1991 dan Februari 2019, ia dikenali secara rasminya sebagai Republik Macedonia , atau secara pendeknya Macedonia.

Negara ini menganggotai Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu pada 1993, namun pertelingkahan nama "Macedonia" dengan negara Yunani (Greece) yang berjiranan menyebabkan ia didaftarkan bawah nama Republik Bekas Yugoslavia Macedonia (The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)^[5]^[6] Pada Jun 2018, pihak negara tersebut dan Yunani menandatangani Perjanjian Prespa yang mensyaratkan bahawa nama negara tersebut mesti ditukar kepada "Republik Macedonia Utara" erga omnes. Penamaan semula ini dikuatkuasakan pada 12 Februari 2019.^[7]^[8]

Penamaan

Negara ini dinamakan sempena sebuah kerajaan purba yang sendirinya bernama Makedonía (Yunani: Μακεδονίαcode: el is deprecated ).^[9]^[10] Ia dikaitkan kuat denga suatu rantau bernama sama merangkumi negara moden Yunani selatan negara ini, malah nama tersebut tidak begitu diketahui di kawasan moden Macedonia Utara^[11]^[12]^[13] sehingga petengahan abad ke-19 berikutan pergerakan nasionalisme yang berlaku menentang Empayar Uthmaniyah.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Nama "Macedonia" dalam konteks moden mula wujud dengan tertubuhnya Republik Sosialis Macedonia (Социјалистичка Република Македонија, Socijalistička Republika Makedonija) dalam gabungan Yugoslavia selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Terpecahnya gabungan ini pada tahun 1991 membawa kepada penukaran nama negara ini sebagai Republik Macedonia tahun 1991, namun ia mengungkitkan kemarahan dalam kalangan warga nasionalis Yunani.

Perselisihan nama antara Athena dan Skopje

Pertelingkahan ini akhirnya diselesaikan dengan penandatanganan Perjanjian Prespa antara kedua-dua negara pada 17 Jun 2018; hal ini menggiatkan penamaan semula negara "Republik Bekas Yugoslavia Macedonia" kepada "Republik Macedonia Utara" lapan tahun kemudian.^[17]^[18]

Sejarah

Sejarah Macedonia Utara merangkumi sejarah wilayah negara moden Macedonia Utara.

Geografi

Macedonia Utara ialah sebuah negara yang terletak di tenggara Eropah dengan koordinat geografi 41°50′N 22°00′E / 41.833°N 22.000°E / 41.833; 22.000, bersempadan dengan Kosovo dan Serbia di utara, Bulgaria di timur, Yunani di selatan dan Albania di barat. Negara ini adalah sebahagian daripada kawasan Macedonia yang lebih luas dan membentuk sebahagian besar Vardar Macedonia. Negara ini merupakan koridor pengangkutan utama dari Eropah Barat dan Tengah ke Eropah Selatan dan Laut Aegia. Macedonia Utara ialah sebuah negara yang terkurung daratan tetapi mempunyai tiga tasik semula jadi utama: Tasik Ohrid, Tasik Prespa dan Tasik Dojran. Ia mempunyai keluasan air 857 km², manakala keluasan daratannya ialah 24,856 km².

Secara fitogeogtafi, Macedonia tergolong dalam provinsi Illyrian di kawasan Circumboreal dalam Kerajaan Boreal. Menurut WWF dan Peta Digital Kawasan Ekologi Eropah oleh Agensi Alam Sekitar Eropah, wilayah Macedonia Utara boleh dibahagikan kepada empat ekokawasan: hutan campuran Pergunungan Pindus, hutan campuran Balkan, hutan campuran Rhodope dan hutan sklerofil dan campuran Aegean.

Politik

Republik Macedonia Utara memerintah di bawah suatu sistem parlimen yang di mana pemerintahannya terdiri dari perikatan parti-parti dalam suatu parlimen ekadewan (Собрание, Sobranie) dan sebuah badan kehakiman bebas yang dilengkapi sebuah mahkamah perlembagaan. Parlimen Macedonia Utara terdiri dari 120 anggota yang dilantik setiap 4 tahun sekali. Presiden memegang peranan yang cukup besar dan penting dalam pemerintah Republik sebagai Panglima Angakatan Bersenjata Macedonia serta Jawatankuasa Keselamatan Macedonia Utara. Presiden Republik dipilih setiap 5 tahun sekali dan dapat menjawat sebanyak 2 kali dalam satu-satu masa.

Pemaktuban undang-undang baru pada tahun 2005 menyebabkan pemerintah setempat dibahagi dan diagihkan kepada 78 daerah. Ibu kota Skopje sendiri terdiri daripada 10 daerah pentadbiran yang digabung dalam sebuah daerah bernama "Skopje Raya". Daerah pentadbiran di Macedonia mengontrol pemerintahannya sendiri-sendiri. Beberapa daerah pentadbiran berkerjasama dalam berbagai-bahai bidang. Parti-parti politik di Macedonia Utara kebanyakannya wujud berdasarkan asal etnik - terutamanya antara bangsa etnik Macedonia yang majoriti dan bangsa Albania yang minoriti. Isu ketidaksetimbangan kekuasaan kedua-dua etnik ini membawa kepada konflik sivil tahun 2001, dan perselisihan ini diselesaikan dengan Persetujuan Ohrid pada tahun 2004 yang memperuntukkan perwakilan politik lebih kepada etnik bangsa Albania. Pada tahun 2004, Parlimen Macedonia memberikan autonomi yang lebih besar pada daerah-daerah berpendudukan etnik Albania yang besar.

Ekonomi

Ekonomi Macedonia Utara telah menjadi lebih liberal, dengan persekitaran perniagaan yang bertambah baik, sejak kemerdekaannya daripada Yugoslavia pada tahun 1991, yang telah melucutkan pasaran utama dilindungi negara dan pembayaran pemindahan yang besar dari Belgrade. Sebelum kemerdekaan, Macedonia Utara adalah republik termiskin di Yugoslavia (hanya 5% daripada jumlah keluaran persekutuan bagi barangan dan perkhidmatan). Ketiadaan infrastruktur, sekatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu ke atas pasaran terbesarnya (Republik Persekutuan Yugoslavia),^[19] dan sekatan ekonomi Yunani menghalang pertumbuhan ekonomi sehingga 1996.^{[perlu rujukan]}

Kiriman wang pekerja dan bantuan asing telah melembutkan tempoh pemulihan yang tidak menentu. KDNK negara telah meningkat setiap tahun kecuali pada 2001, meningkat sebanyak 5% pada 2000. Walau bagaimanapun, pertumbuhan pada 1999 telah dihalang oleh kemerosotan ekonomi serantau yang teruk yang disebabkan oleh Perang Kosovo.

Demografi

Ciri demografi penduduk Macedonia Utara termasuk kepadatan penduduk, etnik, tahap pendidikan, kesihatan penduduk, status ekonomi, pertalian agama dan aspek lain penduduk.

Jumlah penduduk

Tahun	Pemastautin penduduk	Kadar pertumbuhan	Kepadatan penduduk per km²
1921	808,724	-	31.5
1931	949,958	+17.46%	36.9
1948	1,152,986	+21.37%	44.8
1953	1,304,514	+13.14%	50.7
1961	1,406,003	+7.78%	54.7
1971	1,647,308	+17.16%	64.1
1981	1,909,136	+15.89%	74.2
1991	2,033,964	+6.54%	79.1
1994	1,945,932	-4.33%	75.7
2002	2,022,547	+3.94%	78.7
2021	1,836,713	-9.19%	71.4
Sumber: Pejabat Perangkaan Negeri, Macedonia Utara^[20]

Kebudayaan

Kebudayaan Macedonia Utara ialah budaya Republik Macedonia Utara, sebuah negara Eropah di Balkan.

Lihat juga

Senarai negara berdaulat

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b "CIA World Factbook – Macedonia". Agensi Perisikan Pusat. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 28 Januari 2018. Dicapai pada 23 April 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. 20 Oktober 2018.
^ "Државен завод за статистика – Соопштенија по области". www.stat.gov.mk.
^ "2018 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2017. Dicapai pada 23 Mac 2017.
^ PBB, A/RES/47/225, 8 April 1993
^ Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 817 dari 7 April dan 845 dari 18 Jun, 1993, lihat Resolusi PBB yang dibuat pada tahun 1993
^ Announcement of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia for entry into force of the Final Agreement, Constitutional Amendments and Constitutional Law for Implementation of Amendments
^ "Balkan Nation Is North Macedonia Now". VOA.
^ Μακεδονία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ Macedonia, Online Etymology Dictionary
^ "What is often overlooked is how Bulgarians and Greeks collaborated unknowingly from the middle decades of the 19th century onward in breathing new life into the geographical name Macedonia, which was all but forgotten during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. In the late Ottoman period, ‘‘Macedonia’’ as such did not exist as an administrative unit in the empire... Greek nationalism, fixated on the continuity between ancient and modern Hellenes, was keen to project the name Macedonia as a way to assert the Greek historical character of the area. In 1845, for instance, the story of Alexander was published in a Slavo-Macedonian dialect scripted in Greek characters... For their part, Bulgarian nationalists readily accepted Macedonia as a regional denomination... Macedonia had become one of the ‘‘historic’’ Bulgarian lands... and ‘‘Macedonian Bulgarian’’ turned into a standard phrase." Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, Introduction, p. VII.
^ "In the early 19th c. the modern Greeks with their Western-derived obsession with antiquity played a crucial role in reviving the classical name ‘Macedonia’ in the popular consciousness of the Balkan peoples. For a thousand years before that the name ‘Macedonia’ had meant different things for Westerners and Balkan Christians: for Westerners it always denoted the territories of the ancient Macedonians, but for the Greeks and all other Balkan Christians the name ‘Macedonia’ – if at all used – covered the territories of the former Byzantine theme ‘Macedonia’, situated between Adrianople (Edrine) and the river Nestos (Mesta) in classical and present-day Thrace. The central and northern parts of present-day ‘geographic Macedonia’ were traditionally called either ‘Bulgaria’ and ‘Lower Moesia’, but within a generation after Greek independence (gained in 1830) these names were replaced by ‘Macedonia’ in the minds of both Greeks and non-Greeks." Drezov K. (1999) Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims. In: Pettifer J. (eds) The New Macedonian Question. St Antony’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London, ISBN 0230535798, pp. 50-51.
^ "In 1813 Macedonia did not exist. A century later, it had become a hotly contested nationalist cause, a battlefield, and an obsession. What led to this dramatic transformation was modernity: a chilly wind of West European provenance that propelled to the Balkans concepts that few in the region understood, wanted or cared about. Among these, the idea of nationalism was the most potent, and the most lethal. Before the 1850s, Macedonia was a poverty-stricken province of the Ottoman Empire, where an Orthodox Christian and mostly peasant population speaking a variety of Slavonic idioms, Greek, or Vlach, was trying to eke out a modest living, and protect it from rapacious brigands and a decaying Ottoman administrative system. Religion was the only collective identity that most of them could make sense of, for ethnicity and language played little role in shaping their loyalties. But the winds of change quickly gathered momentum, and eventually shattered that multi-ethnic community, producing a 'Greek', or a 'Bulgarian', out of a 'Christian'." D. Livanios' review of Vemund Aarbakke, Ethnic Rivalry and the Quest for Macedonia, 1870-1913 in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Jan., 2005), pp. 141-142
^ The ancient name 'Macedonia' disappeared during the period of Ottoman rule and was only restored in the nineteenth century originally as geographical term. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 0199209197, p. 192.
^ The region was not called "Macedonia" by the Ottomans, and the name "Macedonia" gained currency together with the ascendance of rival nationalism. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0275976483, p. 89.
^ The Greeks were amongst the first to define these lands since the beginning of the 19th century. For educated Greeks, Macedonia was the historical Greek land of kings Philip and Alexander the Great. John S. Koliopoulos, Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History since 1821. A New History of Modern Europe, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 1444314831, p. 48.
^ "Greece and Macedonia sign agreement on name change". www.aljazeera.com.
^ Niki Kitsantonis (17 Jun 2018). "Macedonia and Greece Sign Historic Deal on Name Change". The New York Times.
^ "Doing Business in Macedonia, FYR 2013". Bank Dunia. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 23 Oktober 2012. Dicapai pada 21 Oktober 2012.
^ "MakStat database".

[cia-wf-1] "CIA World Factbook – Macedonia". Agensi Perisikan Pusat. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 28 Januari 2018. Dicapai pada 23 April 2018.

[imf2-2] "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. 20 Oktober 2018.

[3] "Државен завод за статистика – Соопштенија по области". www.stat.gov.mk.

[HDI-4] "2018 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2017. Dicapai pada 23 Mac 2017.

[5] PBB, A/RES/47/225, 8 April 1993

[6] Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 817 dari 7 April dan 845 dari 18 Jun, 1993, lihat Resolusi PBB yang dibuat pada tahun 1993

[7] Announcement of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia for entry into force of the Final Agreement, Constitutional Amendments and Constitutional Law for Implementation of Amendments

[8] "Balkan Nation Is North Macedonia Now". VOA.

[9] Μακεδονία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus

[Macedonia-10] Macedonia, Online Etymology Dictionary

[11] "What is often overlooked is how Bulgarians and Greeks collaborated unknowingly from the middle decades of the 19th century onward in breathing new life into the geographical name Macedonia, which was all but forgotten during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. In the late Ottoman period, ‘‘Macedonia’’ as such did not exist as an administrative unit in the empire... Greek nationalism, fixated on the continuity between ancient and modern Hellenes, was keen to project the name Macedonia as a way to assert the Greek historical character of the area. In 1845, for instance, the story of Alexander was published in a Slavo-Macedonian dialect scripted in Greek characters... For their part, Bulgarian nationalists readily accepted Macedonia as a regional denomination... Macedonia had become one of the ‘‘historic’’ Bulgarian lands... and ‘‘Macedonian Bulgarian’’ turned into a standard phrase." Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, Introduction, p. VII.

[12] "In the early 19th c. the modern Greeks with their Western-derived obsession with antiquity played a crucial role in reviving the classical name ‘Macedonia’ in the popular consciousness of the Balkan peoples. For a thousand years before that the name ‘Macedonia’ had meant different things for Westerners and Balkan Christians: for Westerners it always denoted the territories of the ancient Macedonians, but for the Greeks and all other Balkan Christians the name ‘Macedonia’ – if at all used – covered the territories of the former Byzantine theme ‘Macedonia’, situated between Adrianople (Edrine) and the river Nestos (Mesta) in classical and present-day Thrace. The central and northern parts of present-day ‘geographic Macedonia’ were traditionally called either ‘Bulgaria’ and ‘Lower Moesia’, but within a generation after Greek independence (gained in 1830) these names were replaced by ‘Macedonia’ in the minds of both Greeks and non-Greeks." Drezov K. (1999) Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims. In: Pettifer J. (eds) The New Macedonian Question. St Antony’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London, ISBN 0230535798, pp. 50-51.

[13] "In 1813 Macedonia did not exist. A century later, it had become a hotly contested nationalist cause, a battlefield, and an obsession. What led to this dramatic transformation was modernity: a chilly wind of West European provenance that propelled to the Balkans concepts that few in the region understood, wanted or cared about. Among these, the idea of nationalism was the most potent, and the most lethal. Before the 1850s, Macedonia was a poverty-stricken province of the Ottoman Empire, where an Orthodox Christian and mostly peasant population speaking a variety of Slavonic idioms, Greek, or Vlach, was trying to eke out a modest living, and protect it from rapacious brigands and a decaying Ottoman administrative system. Religion was the only collective identity that most of them could make sense of, for ethnicity and language played little role in shaping their loyalties. But the winds of change quickly gathered momentum, and eventually shattered that multi-ethnic community, producing a 'Greek', or a 'Bulgarian', out of a 'Christian'." D. Livanios' review of Vemund Aarbakke, Ethnic Rivalry and the Quest for Macedonia, 1870-1913 in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Jan., 2005), pp. 141-142

[14] The ancient name 'Macedonia' disappeared during the period of Ottoman rule and was only restored in the nineteenth century originally as geographical term. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 0199209197, p. 192.

[15] The region was not called "Macedonia" by the Ottomans, and the name "Macedonia" gained currency together with the ascendance of rival nationalism. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0275976483, p. 89.

[16] The Greeks were amongst the first to define these lands since the beginning of the 19th century. For educated Greeks, Macedonia was the historical Greek land of kings Philip and Alexander the Great. John S. Koliopoulos, Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History since 1821. A New History of Modern Europe, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 1444314831, p. 48.

[17] "Greece and Macedonia sign agreement on name change". www.aljazeera.com.

[18] Niki Kitsantonis (17 Jun 2018). "Macedonia and Greece Sign Historic Deal on Name Change". The New York Times.

[World_Bank_and_International_Financial_Corporation-19] "Doing Business in Macedonia, FYR 2013". Bank Dunia. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 23 Oktober 2012. Dicapai pada 21 Oktober 2012.

[20] "MakStat database".

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