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241Index

Numbers in italics denote illustrations.

absentee landlords, 105, 114–15, 157, 221n. 35

advertising. See place promotion

Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, 182, 184, 186

alley(s), 81, 162

alley-houses, 178

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 50

at Apollo mill, 67–70, 191

problems faced by, 50–52, 65–66

steel strike of 1901, 137–42, 146–47, 170–73

American Federation of Labor, 171–72

American Sheet and Tin Plate Company: and Gary, Ind., 167

labor relations, 170– 71

and McMurtry, 164–65

and Vandergrift, Pa., 166

American Sheet Steel Company: and Apollo mill, 20

creation, 134–36

and McMurtry, 164–65

St. Louis World’s Fair (1904), 189

steel strike of 1901, 138–49

and Vandergrift mill, 134, 153–54, 166

American Tin Plate Company (N.J.): and Apollo mill, 20, 133

creation, 133, 135– 36

steel strike of 1901, 139, 141, 146–47

American Tin Plate Company (Wellsville, Ohio), 26

Apollo, Pa., 81, 155

commercial functions, 16–18, 58–59, 61–62

early conditions, 14, 18–20, 23

labor disputes in, 67–70, 142, 144, 147, 171–72, 176, 190–91, 195–201

name change, 17–18

political attitudes in, 144, 165–66

social characteristics, 33–35, 61–64, 108, 110, 154, 158, 211–12n. 48

spatial organization, 57–62, 58, 59, 60, 64, 190, 207n. 5

and Vandergrift, Pa.: —compared, 95, 101, 110, 116, 120, 122

—migration to, 102, 105, 115–16, 195–201

Apollo Iron and Steel Company: and Apollo, Pa., 100

—disinvestments, 133, 165–66

and company housing, 105, 107, 109

creation, 20, 213n. 11

historical analysis of, 176

lockout and strike of 1893, 66–70

merger into U.S. Steel, 167

and Olmsted firm, 76–77, 84–93

relationship to Moore group, 134–35

and Vandergrift, Pa.: —images, 97, 100–101, 166–67, 181, 182

—lot sales, 87–89, 100, 112–13, 190

—investments in, 64– 65, 87

and Vandergrift Heights, Pa., lot sales, 114–16

Apollo mill: anti-unionism at, 67–68

equipment, 52, 53 52–57, 54, 56, 57, 190–91, 210–11n. 40

and industrial restructuring, 24–28, 30, 52–57, 64–65, 165–66

innovation at, 26–27

Kiskiminetas Valley context, 33 – 35

during labor disputes, 66 –70, 142

occupational structure, 26, 32– 33, 210 –11n. 40

ownership history, 19 –20, 23 –24, 26 –28, 30 – 32, 37, 43, 133, 165 – 66

production capacity, 47, 57

products, 210–11n. 40

spatial organization, 52, 53 52–57, 54, 56, 57, 190–91

unionism at, 31, 67–70

and Vandergrift mill, 153

working conditions, 31–32

Archbold, John D.: and Apollo Iron and

Steel Company, 65

and Standard Oil, 41

Bache, Wallace P., 76–81, 88–89, 105, 150, 219n. 9, 230n. 11

Beamer, William S., 122

Beck, Harry, 143–44, 196

Biddle, James, 19, 21

birthplaces, resident, 110, 158

“Black Valley.” See Kiskiminetas Valley

boarding, 107, 117–18, 122, 178, 211–12n. 48

boardinghouses, 109, 157, 160

Bolton, Edward D., 78–81

boosterism, 17–18, 191, 193

Bowen, O. (Hugo), 173

Braddock, Pa., 64, 223n. 52, 224n. 8

Brody, David, 138–9, 147

Bucci, Giuseppi, 116

Buchanan, James I., 29, 43, 65, 87–88, 102, 105, 219n. 9

Buffington, Eugene, 168–70

Burchfield, Thomas, 20, 24

business districts, 82, 118, 155, 184, 187

Buzzard, John, 115, 145, 198

Calogrides, George, 158

Cambria Iron Company, 209n. 23

canals, 14–16, 23–24, 207–8n. 7

Carmount, John, 145

Carnegie, Andrew, 51, 75, 95, 224n. 9

Carnegie Company (and subsidiaries), 135–36, 147, 214n. 25, 224n. 8

Casino Municipal Building, 86, 126

historical marker site, 180

and historic preservation, 187–88

steel strike of 1901, 142– 45

Cass, George and Ellen, 19–20, 23

Cass & McClintock, 20, 23–24

Central Park (New York City), 76

Chambers, James H., 172

Chambers, William, 121

churches, 29, 160, 221n. 32

clerical workers, 34, 62, 103, 108, 154

coal mining, 14

Collins, R. G., 87

company housing: Apollo Iron and Steel, and, 105, 107, 109

East Vandergrift, Pa., 122

Vandergrift, Pa., 105–7, 122

company towns, xii, 74–75, 183, 203n. 5

complementarity, 127

comprehensive infrastructure planning. See urban planning corporate culture, 176

corporate form: iron and steel industry, 132–37

tin industry, 133–34

Cosgrove, Denis, 203n. 3

craftsworkers, 34, 48, 62, 103, 108, 154

“craftsman’s empire,” 32, 176

Crane, James and Theresa, 19–20

Culp family: Harry, 115, 154, 156

James, 115

Daugherty, Joseph T., 105, 143

and McMurtry loving cup, 149–50; 197

deeds, 102–3

de-industrialization, 182–84, 186–87, 193

deskilling, 153, 159

Detar, John, 107, 157

Detwiler, R. C., 161

Dewees Wood, 134, 138–42

division(s) of labor, 26, 29, 33, 48, 80, 159, 174–75

Dunn, Job, 171

Earle, Carville, xv–xvi, 4

East Liberty, Pittsburgh, Pa., 42

East Vandergrift, Pa. 155, 186

attitudes toward, 159–60, 174

commercial functions, 119

early conditions, 121–23, 160

real estate market in, 122

social characteristics, xiv, 108, 122–23, 154, 158, 178

spatial organization, 122–23, 160, 178

and Vandergrift, Pa., compared, 122–27

economic downswings, 27–30, 37, 49, 66, 170

economic geography, xvi

Eliot, Charles. See Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot

environmental determinism, 74, 77, 84, 124, 149, 167, 169, 177, 191, 193

Essen, Germany, 73, 75, 228n. 26

ethnic segregation, xiv–xv, 80, 123, 160

family structure, 108–9, 123, 178

farmers, 33–35, 62, 103, 108, 154

fire protection, 111, 118, 162, 169

first-day buyers: and 1893 Apollo lockout and strike, 195–201

and steel strike of 1901, 143–44

Vandergrift settlements, 102–3, 104, 105, 114–15, 222n. 40

“flat” settlements, 123, 159–60

Fourth of July. See Independence Day

fraternal orders, 126

Frick, Henry Clay, 51–52

functional interdependence, 126–27

garbage collection, 161–63

Gary, Elbert: and McMurtry, 141

and U.S. Steel Corporation, 135–37

Gary, Ind., 167, 229n. 5

and Vandergrift, Pa., compared, 168–70, 175, 177

geographical history, xv–xvi, 4

geography: economic, xvi

historical, xv–xvi, 207n. 3

and history, xv–xvi

George G. McMurtry Fire Department No. 1, 111, 118

“God-forsaken Vandergrift” image, 166, 170, 173, 192–93

government, 168, 173–74

Hamilton, S. W., 154, 156

Hartley Addition (Vandergrift, Pa.), 154, 156

Harvey, David, 176–77

Heaters and Rollers’ Union, 49

Henry, Harry T., 218n. 1, 219n. 12

and Apollo Iron and Steel, 67–68

employment history, 196

heritage politics, 188–93

historical geography, xv–xvi, 207n. 3

historical interpretation: accuracy of, 190–93

politics of, xiii, xvi, 182, 188–93

selectivity of, 190–93

historical markers, 180, 181, 182, 189–90, 192

historic preservation, 187–89

history, and geography, xv–xvi

Holdsworth, Deryck, xvi, 103

holidays, 110, 143, 172, 228n. 41

home ownership: at Apollo, 64

and inertia, 177

at Krupp estates, 75

at Le Creusot, 74

and social control, 80, 142, 144–45, 176–77, 229n. 46

at Vandergrift settlements, 80, 103, 107, 115, 117–18, 156–57, 167–69, 173–4, 178, 181, 182, 185, 186, 191

Homestead, Pa., 63, 183, 223n. 52, 224n. 8

1892 lockout and strike, 51–52, 75

horizontal integration. See integration

Hoskinson, Thomas, 20, 24

household structure, 33, 107–10, 116–17, 122–23

housing, 64, 101, 106–7, 124, 154, 156–57, 184, 184

Humartus, Nicholas, 116

Hunger, George, 105, 223n. 55, 228n. 41

Hyde Park, Pa., 147, 177

mill, 153

Iagnemma, Eugene, 182, 187–88

ideals, and landscape, xi

imagery, place. See place imagery

Independence Day, 110, 111, 228n. 41

Indiana Steel, 167

“industrial betterment,” 189, 228n. 31

industrial location: iron and steel industry, 21–22

theory, 208–9n. 20

industrial restructuring, xvi, 5–6

Apollo mill, 24–28, 52–57

corporatism, 132– 35

and Gary, Ind., 229n. 5

geographical-historical interpretation of, 193

iron to steel transition, 45–49

iron to tin transition, 24–28

late-twentieth-century, 178, 182–84, 186–87

infrastructure: and comprehensive urban planning, 177

historical marker, 190

and social geography, 178

and suburbs, 218n. 38

at Vandergrift settlements, 89, 95, 97, 106, 110–14, 118, 120–21, 154, 155, 161–65, 169–70

innovation, process and product, 26–27

integration: horizontal, 133

vertical, 133–34, 136, 167, 224n. 9

iron industry: and Civil War, 49

conditions, 31–32, 49–50, 66

early-nineteenth-century, 19–20

labor relations, 49–50

location, 21–23

process, 20–23

puddlers and rollers, 22–23

restructuring, 24–28, 45–49

workforce, 29, 30, 33–35

Jewart, Jack E., 180

Jones, Benjamin, 44–45, 49

Jones, Frank C., 154, 223n. 55

Jones & Laughlin(s), 45, 63, 66, 135–36

Kennedy, John (police chief), 171

Kerr, James, xiv, 182, 186–87

Kier, Thomas, 16

Kirkpatrick, J. C., 28, 134

Kirkpatrick & Co., during labor disputes, 66, 69, 139, 142

Kiski Area High School, 180–82, 189

Kiskiminetas Iron Company, 19, 23

Kiskiminetas River, 12–13, 186

Kiskiminetas Valley, 15

as “Black Valley,”68, 172

historical geography, 17, 207n. 3

occupational structure, 33–35

political attitudes, 68, 165–66, 172, 182

labor disputes: Apollo lockout and strike (1893), 66–70, 176, 190–91, 195–201; (1875) 50

Homestead, Pa. (1892), 75

Pullman, Ill. (1894), 74

and Something Better than the Best, 191

steel strike: —of 1901, 139–51

—of 1909, 171–72, 176

labor, division of. See division(s) of labor

laborers, 33–35, 62, 102–3, 108, 154, 195–201

labor relations, 137–42, 168–69, 177

Lanegran, David, xi–xii

Laufman & McElroy, 30–32, 37

Laufman family: David, 30

Philip Harrington, 20, 28, 30, 37, 43, 134

Wilmer, 30

Laufman mill, 165

Le Creusot, France, 73, 75

Lee, Carol, xv

Leech, David, 16

Leechburg, Pa., 176

commercial functions, 17–18

early conditions, 16

iron industry, 24

labor disputes in, 139, 142, 147, 172

occupational structure, 33–35

political attitudes, 144

population growth, 18

tin-plate manufacturing, 24–28

Leechburg mill: equipment, 210–11n. 40

innovation at, 26–27

during labor disputes, 66, 69, 139, 142

occupational structure, 26, 210–11n. 40

ownership history, 20, 24–28

products, 210–11n. 40

tinplate production, 24–28

and Vandergrift (Pa.) mill, 153

Leverhulme, Lord William (Lever), 74

Lewis, Llewellyn, 171, 173

Lindquist family: Oscar, 109–10, 171–72, 221n. 31, 223n. 55

Otto, 109–10, 218n. 1

lots: availability, 89

prices, 82, 87–88, 100–103, 105, 113–15, 117, 122

sales, 87–89, 100–103, 104, 105, 112–16, 122, 154–56, 190, 218n. 33, 219n. 11

sizes, 81, 87, 114–15

loyalty. See worker loyalty

Maher Coal and Coke Company, 121–22

managers, 34, 62, 103, 108, 154

Marshall, James, 198, 219

McAdoo, William, 17

McAwley, James, 17

McClintock, Washington, 19–20, 23

McElroy, Sarah, 20, 28, 30, 37, 43

McIntyre, J. F., 145

McKeesport, Pa., 61, 63–64, 138–42, 146, 183

mill, 146

McKim family: James S., 109

John, 109

McKisson, Robert, 17

McMurtry, Clara Lothrop, 45, 152, 163–64

McMurtry, George G., Sr.: and American Sheet Steel, 133–35, 223n. 4

anti-union attitudes, 141

and Apollo Iron and Steel Company, 65

and Apollo mill, 20, 43, 65, 192

attitudes toward, 69, 112, 150, 164– 66, 170, 173–75

European model town visits, 73, 75

historical interpretation of, xii–xiv, 176–78, 190–92, 213–14n. 14

life history, 43–45, 152, 163–64, 191

memorialized, 163–65, 181, 182, 190

amd Olmsted firm, 78–81, 84, 88–89

personal philosophy, 75, 78–79, 141

and Sheet Iron Association, 66

steel strike of 1901, 138–39, 141, 144–45, 147

and Vandergrift, Pa., 75, 78–81, 87–89, 111– 12, 149–50, 166–68, 170, 173–75, 190– 91, 217n. 55, 221n. 32, 230n. 11

and Vandergrift Land and Improvement Company, 102, 219n. 9

and whitewashed fence, 123

McNutt, Thomas, 198, 219n. 12

memory, 192, 230n. 13

merchants, 34, 62, 103, 108, 154

methodology, 195, 219–20n. 12, 226–27n. 9

model towns, 73–76, 84, 167–70, 175, 177, 190, 203n. 5

Monessen, Pa., 223n. 5

mill, 146

Montgomery, David, 32, 215n. 32

Moore, William H., 133–136, 223n. 4

Moore Group, 133–36

Moorfield, Rev. Claude, 181

Moorhead, John, 45

Moorhead, McClene & Company, 29

Morgan, J. P.: and steel strike of 1901, 146–47

and U.S. Steel Corporation, 135–37

Morgan Group, 135–36

Morning Sun, Pa. See East Vandergrift, Pa.

Morrill Tariff Law (1861), 25–26

mortgages, 64, 95, 117, 156, 219n. 11

Muller, Edward K., xii, xv, 206n. 1

Munhall, Pa., 75, 95, 224n. 8

municipal finances, 162–63, 184

national historic places, 188

New Kensington, Pa., 177, 183

New York City, 137, 163–64, 207–8n. 7

North Vandergrift, Pa., 155

nuclear families. See family structure

occupational structure, 33–35, 62–63, 102–3, 107–8, 116–17, 122, 154, 208n. 10

officials, 34, 62, 103, 108, 154

oil industry, 16, 38–41

oil region, Pennsylvania, 40, 41–42

Old Meadow (Scottdale, Pa.) mill, 139–42, 146–47

Olmsted family: Frederick Law, Jr., 91, 193, 230n. 11

Frederick Law, Sr., xi, 76–77, 81, 181, 182, 189–90, 230n. 11

John C., 77–93, 230n. 11

Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot: and Apollo Iron and Steel, 76–77, 84–93

Vandergrift, Pa.: —site visits, 78–81

—town plan, xiv, 81–83, 89–93, 91, 92, 154, 155, 156, 177–78, 184, 162

and Vandergrift Heights, Pa., plan, 89–93

open-hearth process, 53–55

operatives, 34, 62, 103, 108, 154

Owen, James, 67–68, 197

Owens, John “Jack,” xiv, 123, 192

Pargny, Eugene, 144, 224n. 17

Park Plan (Vandergrift, Pa.), 161

parks, 76–77, 81, 185

paternalism, 74–75, 80

Paterson, John, 115–16

patriotism, 110

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 189–90, 226–27n. 9

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, 14–17, 23–24

Pennsylvania Railroad (P.R.R.), 16–18, 224n. 9

Penn Tube, 43, 65

Perrysville, Pa., 38

Pierce, J. D., 171–72

Pittsburgh Electro-Plating Company, 62

Pittsburgh Trust Company, 164

Pittsburgh: historical geographic interpretation of, 206n. 1

spatial organization, 63– 64, 81, 223n. 52

steel mill locations in, 224n. 8

place imagery: and boosters, 18

Kiskiminetas Valley, 172

and unions, 170–73

Vandergrift, 97, 100–101, 166–67, 169–70, 172–73, 175, 181, 182

place promotion, 97, 100–101, 113–14, 120–21

place: pride of, 167

sense of, 191

planning. See urban planning

political attitudes, toward: McMurtry, 165–66

unions, 144, 172

U.S. Steel, 165–66

Vandergrift, Pa., 165–66

Port Sunlight, England, 74

power brokers, xii, 4

Preston, Veryl: steel strike of 1901, 141, 147

and Vandergrift Land and Improvement Company, 219n. 9

product life cycle, 24–26, 28

professionals, 34, 62, 103, 108, 154

proprietors, 34, 62, 103, 108, 154

Prospect Park (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 76

Protestant work ethic, 79

public health, 78–79

public space: academic debates about, 204n. 4

prohibited use of, 172–73, 191

public works. See infrastructure puddlers, 22, 31–32, 48, 50–53, 63

puddling process, 22, 65–66

Pullman, Ill., 74–75, 80, 168

railroads, 16–18, 24, 27, 53, 61, 85–86, 94, 224n. 9

real estate market, 87–89, 154, 156–57

speculation, 100, 105, 114–15.

See also lots

Realty Plan (Vandergrift, Pa.) 154, 156

representational politics, xvi

Reps, John, 83–84

Republic Steel, 135–36

restrictive covenants, 82–83, 102

restructuring, industrial. See industrial restructuring

Rhodes, Joshua B., 42–43, 65, 105, 219n. 9

“rise of big business,” 132–37

Riverside, Ill., 76

Roberts, Percival, 141

Rockefeller, John D., 41–42, 212–13n. 8

Rock Furnace, 19

Rogers, Henry H., 41, 65

Rogers, Laufman & McElroy, 20, 28

Rogers, William S., Sr., 176

in business, 20, 26–28

life history, 23–24, 29

and product life cycle, 26–28

rollers, 22–23

1893 Apollo lockout and strike, 195–201

subcontracting system, 32, 48

training, 67–68

Vandergrift, Pa., 102, 105

Roll Hands’ Union, 49

rolling process, 22–23, 55–56, 99, 209n. 23

Rossi, Frank, 116

sales clerks, 34, 62, 103, 108, 154

salt industry, 13–17, 208n. 10

Saltaire, England, 74

Saltsburg, Pa.: commercial functions, 17–18

founding, 14

labor disputes, 140–42, 146–47

mill, 140–42, 146–47, 153

political attitudes, 144

salt industry, 16

sanitary ideal, 78–79

Schneider family, 73–75

schools, 160

Schwab, Charles M., 136, 140, 147, 149

Scottdale, Pa., 139–142, 146–47

Scottdale (Pa.) Iron and Steel Company mill, 139, 142

segregation, 63–64, 80, 116–17, 123 “self-help,” 101, 126, 168–70, 173–74, 177, 193

service workers, 34, 62, 103, 108, 122, 154

sewers, 161–63, 169

Shaffer, Theodore J., 139–42, 146–47

Shaner, Daniel, 34

Shaner, Harry, 67, 197

Sheet Iron (Manufacturers’) Association, 66

Shepler, Van T.: borough council president, 161, 163–64

development of Realty Plan, 154, 156

and Vandergrift Masons, 223n. 55

Smith, Persifor F., 138, 140

social clubs, 160

social control, xiv, 169, 193

social geography: Gary, Ind., 170

Vandergrift settlements, 103–7, 127, 160, 174, 178

Something Better than the Best, 190–91

Sons of Vulcan, 31, 49–50

speculation. See real estate

Spencer, Herbert, 169

St. Louis World’s Fair (1904), 189–90, 228n. 31

Standard Oil, 41–42, 95, 137, 174, 176, 213n. 9

steel industry: geography, 47

restructuring, 132–37, 182–84, 193

steel production: labor requirements, 47–48

processes, 45–47, 49

stereotyping, social, 159–60

“Steve” (pro-unionist), 145

Stitt family: Adam, 109

Levi, 35, 109

Thomas, 109–10

street: conditions, 118, 125, 161–63

patterns, 81, 88–89, 113, 122, 177

strikes. See labor disputes

suburbs, 76–77, 81–83, 177, 218n. 38

Sudbrook (Baltimore), 82

Sutton & Flude, 159–60

Szymczak, Robert, 121–22

Tarbell, Ida, 166, 174–75, 177, 181, 182, 189–90

tariffs, 25–26, 28, 134

taxes, 110

assessment records, 215n. 36

temperance, 79

Thierry, E. M., 173–74

Tiffany & Co., 149–50, 150

tinplate industry: Apollo and Leechburg mills, 24–28

corporate form, 133–34

process, 25

tariffs, 25–26, 28, 134, 176

toponymy, 17–18, 81, 84, 95, 208n. 12

tourism, 191

town council. See Vandergrift Borough Council

transportation, 14–16, 18–19, 24, 38–41, 207–8n. 7

Trust National Bank of Vandergrift, 162

Uncapher, Milton, 220n. 19, 223n. 55

unions (see also under specific unions), 49–52, 138–42, 170–73, 176

Union Supply Company, 135–36

United Foundries, 153

United Pipelines of Vandergrift, Foreman and Company, 40, 41, 213n. 9

United States Iron and Tin Plate Manufacturing Company (Demmler, Pa.), 26

United States Steel Corporation (U.S. Steel,

USX, USS): attitudes toward, 137, 165– 66, 184

executive committee, 137, 140– 41

formation, 135–37

and Gary, Ind., plan, 168–70

industrial restructuring, 20, 166–67, 183–84, 186, 229n. 3

St. Louis World’s Fair (1904), 189

steel strike of 1901, 137–42, 146–47

and Vandergrift, Pa., 177, 182

—mill closure, 183–84, 186

United Steel Workers, 229n. 46

Universal Portland Cement, 167

urban planning, xi–xiii, 3–4, 78–79, 97, 100–101, 113, 203n. 1, 203n. 3, 204n. 2

urban revitalization, 182, 187–89

Vancouver, British Columbia, 103

Vandergrift: Its Homes and Industries, 123–26

Vandergrift, Jacob J., Sr., 39

and Apollo

Iron and Steel Company, 65

and Apollo mill, 20, 42–43

and company housing, 183

historical interpretation of, xiii, 176, 181, 182, 190

life history, 38–40

oil investments, 212n. 5, 213n. 9

and Olmsted plan, 88

and Standard Oil, 41–42

and Vandergrift Land and Improvement Company, 219n. 9

and Volta Iron, 37–38

Vandergrift, Pa., 173–77

alleys, 81, 162

“American-ness,” 110–11, 157–60, 222n. 47

annexation, 169

anti-unionism, 142– 45, 148–49, 191

and Apollo, Pa.: —compared, 95, 101

—migration from, 102, 105, 115–16, 195–201

attitudes toward, xii, 148–49, 165–66, 170–74, 189–93

Casino Municipal Building, 86, 126, 142– 45, 180, 187–88

Civil War veterans, 163

commercial functions, 118–19

community institutions in, 110, 124, 126, 160

commuting from, 186

and comprehensive planning, 78–79

council, 110–12, 123

deeds, 102

and de-industrialization, 182–84, 186–87, 193

early conditions, 123–26

and East Vandergrift, Pa., compared, 122–27

fire district, 155, 162

first-day buyers, 102–3, 104, 105, 222n. 40

and Gary, Ind., compared, 168–70, 175

goals for, 75, 78–80, 167, 169, 193

government, 110–12, 123, 126, 163

and heritage politics, 182, 188–93

historical analysis of, 173–77

historical marker, 180–82, 181, 189–90, 192

holidays, 110, 111

home ownership, 75, 80, 95, 103, 106–7, 156–57, 168–69, 173, 178, 191, 219n. 11

horticultural plantings, 82, 85, 169–70

houses, 106, 106–7, 109, 124, 157, 160, 218n. 33

housing market, 116– 17, 154, 156–57

images, xii, 120–21, 148–49, 165–66, 169–74, 189–93

infrastructure, 78–79, 87, 89, 95, 97, 110–12, 118, 120–21, 154, 155, 161–65, 169–70, 190, 228n. 41

labor disputes in, 139–40, 142–51, 170–73, 191

landlords, 105, 107, 157

landscape, 173–75, 183

lots, xiv, 81–82, 87–88, 100–103, 105, 112– 13, 154, 156, 190, 218n. 33, 219n. 11

loyalty to McMurtry, 112, 166–68, 170, 173–75

municipal finances, 110, 158, 162–63

name, 95

as national historic place, 188

occupational structure, 102–3, 107–8, 154

Olmsted plan, xiv, 83–84, 87, 89–90, 91, 92, 95, 153–56; 230n. 11

ordinances, 168–69, 172–73, 191

parks, 81, 185

place promotion, 97, 100–101, 120–21

political attitudes in, 142–45, 148–49, 166–70, 173–75, 191, 222n. 47

real estate market in, 87–88, 105, 107, 154, 156–57

restrictive covenants, 82– 83, 102

“self-help,” 126, 168–70, 193

sense of place, 191

social characteristics, 107–10, 112, 117–18, 156–59, 169, 173, 193, 195–201, 219–20n. 12

spatial organization, xiv, 78–83, 85–96, 86, 91–92, 103–7, 123, 155, 160, 178, 184, 187, 193

stereotyping, social, 159–60

street conditions, 118, 161–62

Tarbell visit, 166, 174–75

toponymy, 81, 84

and tourism, 191

and urban revitalization, 182, 187– 89

and Vandergrift Heights, Pa.: —compared, 89, 116–18, 120–21, 222n. 47

—consolidation with, 160–61, 163

Village Green, 82, 85–86, 86

Vandergrift Borough Council, 123, 180

and Casino Municipal Building, 187–89

composition, 112, 221n. 31

duties, 110–12, 161–65

and immigrant labor, 158

and McMurtry, 111

McMurtry memorial, 163–64

and municipal finances, 184, 187

and Tarbell visit, 174

and whitewashed fence, 123

Vandergrift estate, 105

Vandergrift family, 20, 37–38, 43.

See also

Vandergrift, Jacob J., Sr.

Vandergrift Heights, Pa., 155

“Americanness,” 116

Apollo, Pa., migration from, 102, 105, 115–16, 195–201

commercial functions, 118–19

community institutions in, 160

first-day buyers, 114–15, 222n. 40

home ownership, 115, 117–18, 178, 185

housing, 116–17

infrastructure, 89, 113–14, 118, 161–63

labor disputes in, 144

landlords, 114–15, 221n. 35

landscape, 118, 120–21

lots, 113–16

place promotion, 113–14, 120–21

political attitudes in, 144, 222n. 47

real estate market in, 114–16

social characteristics, xiv, 108, 117–18, 121, 154, 158, 222n. 47

spatial organization, 89, 90, 113, 115– 16, 118, 160, 178

and Vandergrift, Pa.: —compared, 89, 116–21, 222n. 47

—consolidation with, 163, 160–61

Vandergrift Land and Improvement Company: composition, 102, 141

and McMurtry memorial, 163

Vandergrift, Pa., lot sales, 101–3, 105, 154, 156, 169

Vandergrift Heights, Pa., lot sales, 115–16, 154, 156

Vandergrift mill: early operation, 67, 94

and industrial restructuring, 134, 153–54

occupational structure, 153–54

ownership history, 134, 183–84, 186

production capacity, 97, 99, 134

spatial organization, 96–97, 98

steel strike of 1901, 139–40, 142–48

Tarbell’s assessment of, 174

unionism at, 170–73, 229n. 46

workforce size, 97, 153

Vandergrift Museum and Historical Society, 180, 182, 188

Vandergrift Realty Company, 154, 156

Vandergrift, Forman and Company, 40, 41

Vaux, Calvert, 77

vertical integration.

See integration veterans, Civil War, 163

Volta Iron Company, 20, 213n. 11

wages, 139–40, 158, 174

Walker, Robert A., 43

Walters, Jonathan, 157

Warden, William, 42

Warren, Pa. See Apollo, Pa.

Watson, William, 103, 218n. 1, 221n. 31

Wellsville, Ohio, 139

mill, 141, 146–47

Welsh family: E. H., 110

William, 110

Welsh immigrants, 26, 211–12n. 48

Western Pennsylvania Railroad (W.P.R.R.), 18, 24, 27, 53, 61, 85–86, 94

Westmoreland County Commissioner’s office, 182

Whitehead family: James, 156, 159, 223n. 55

John, 159

white-washed fence, East Vandergrift and

Vandergrift, Pa., 123

Whitworth, J. S., 144, 223n. 55

Wilkins & Davison, 87, 230n. 11

Wolverhampton, England, 23

women, working, 108–9

Wood, Richard, 45

worker loyalty, 68–69, 112, 149–50, 166–68, 170, 173–75

“Workingman’s Paradise” image, xii, 166–67, 173–74, 189–93

world’s fairs: Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), xii, 76, 82

St. Louis (1904), 189, 228n. 31

World War II, 177

Zwickle, Kurt, 189–90