. 2015 Mar 18;101(5):1047–1054. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.101857

TABLE 1.

Cross-sectional associations of plasma phospholipid VLSFAs with metabolic risk factors (n = 3179)¹

	Quartiles of plasma phospholipid fatty acids
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P-trend
Arachidic acid
Percentage of total fatty acids	0.41 (0.26–0.44)²	0.47 (0.45–0.50)	0.52 (0.51–0.55)	0.59 (0.56–0.82)
Blood lipids
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	115.2 ± 1.15³	124.6 ± 1.14	130.8 ± 1.04	139.2 ± 1.20	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	180.7 ± 3.79	141.2 ± 2.38	127.8 ± 1.92	111.9 ± 1.49	<0.001
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	54.9 ± 0.54	52.9 ± 0.42	54.8 ± 0.43	55.0 ± 0.41	0.30
Inflammation
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	311.1 ± 2.17	322.5 ± 2.22	331.9 ± 2.22	337.6 ± 2.42	<0.001
Ln-CRP,⁴ mg/dL	0.97 ± 0.04	0.81 ± 0.04	0.88 ± 0.04	1.02 ± 0.04	0.52
Glucose-insulin homeostasis
Ln-insulin sensitivity score,⁴^,⁵ U	3.87 ± 0.03	4.11 ± 0.03	4.21 ± 0.03	4.36 ± 0.02	<0.001
Ln-fasting insulin,⁴ μlU/mL	2.29 ± 0.02	2.27 ± 0.01	2.27 ± 0.01	2.26 ± 0.01	0.01
Ln-HOMA-IR, U	0.85 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.02	0.84 ± 0.02	0.84 ± 0.02	0.05
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	97.3 ± 0.35	97.9 ± 0.34	97.9 ± 0.32	98.0 ± 0.32	0.11
Adiposity
BMI, kg/m²	26.0 ± 0.15	26.0 ± 0.15	26.3 ± 0.16	27.1 ± 0.15	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	95.3 ± 0.44	95.9 ± 0.44	95.7 ± 0.46	97.1 ± 0.44	<0.001
Behenic acid
Percentage of total fatty acids	1.31 (0.09–1.45)	1.55 (1.46–1.65)	1.74 (1.66–1.85)	2.02 (1.86–3.36)
Blood lipids
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	110.3 ± 1.16	124.8 ± 1.08	132.6 ± 1.05	141.7 ± 1.14	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	174.3 ± 3.98	138.8 ± 2.22	131.2 ± 1.93	116.2 ± 1.55	<0.001
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	55.8 ± 0.54	54.4 ± 0.45	53.7 ± 0.39	53.7 ± 0.39	0.04
Inflammation
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	316.8 ± 2.52	325.7 ± 2.26	327.7 ± 2.19	333.7 ± 2.20	<0.001
Ln-CRP,⁴ mg/dL	0.99 ± 0.04	0.82 ± 0.04	0.89 ± 0.04	0.99 ± 0.04	0.22
Glucose-insulin homeostasis
Ln-insulin sensitivity score,⁴^,⁵ U	3.95 ± 0.03	4.14 ± 0.03	4.18 ± 0.03	4.28 ± 0.03	<0.001
Ln-fasting insulin,⁴ μlU/mL	2.27 ± 0.02	2.26 ± 0.01	2.28 ± 0.01	2.29 ± 0.01	0.07
Ln-HOMA-IR,⁴ U	0.84 ± 0.02	0.83 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.02	0.86 ± 0.02	0.21
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	97.8 ± 0.35	97.6 ± 0.34	98.0 ± 0.32	97.9 ± 0.32	0.10
Adiposity
BMI, kg/m²	25.8 ± 0.16	26.1 ± 0.15	26.6 ± 0.15	26.8 ± 0.15	0.007
Waist circumference, cm	95.1 ± 0.47	95.7 ± 0.45	96.4 ± 0.44	96.7 ± 0.42	0.06
Lignoceric acid
Percentage of total fatty acids	1.08 (0.52–1.19)	1.28 (1.20–1.36)	1.45 (1.37–1.56)	1.85 (1.57–3.42)
Blood lipids
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	111.2 ± 1.17	125.8 ± 1.09	133.0 ± 1.05	139.2 ± 1.15	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	181.1 ± 3.95	142.3 ± 2.21	126.4 ± 1.88	112.1 ± 1.58	<0.001
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	54.1 ± 0.52	54.3 ± 0.45	54.2 ± 0.42	54.8 ± 0.40	0.10
Inflammation
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	323.0 ± 2.69	326.4 ± 2.20	327.0 ± 2.23	327.9 ± 2.05	0.005
Ln-CRP,⁴ mg/dL	1.11 ± 0.04	0.92 ± 0.04	0.85 ± 0.04	0.83 ± 0.04	<0.001
Glucose-insulin homeostasis
Ln-insulin sensitivity score,⁴^,⁵ U	3.79 ± 0.03	4.08 ± 0.03	4.26 ± 0.03	4.41 ± 0.03	<0.001
Ln-fasting insulin,⁴ μlU/mL	2.35 ± 0.02	2.28 ± 0.01	2.24 ± 0.01	2.23 ± 0.01	<0.001
Ln-HOMA-IR,⁴ U	0.93 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.02	0.82 ± 0.02	0.80 ± 0.02	<0.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	98.3 ± 0.37	98.0 ± 0.33	97.9 ± 0.32	97.1 ± 0.32	0.93
Adiposity
BMI, kg/m²	26.6 ± 0.17	26.5 ± 0.16	26.2 ± 0.15	26.2 ± 0.15	0.002
Waist circumference, cm	97.1 ± 0.51	96.3 ± 0.45	95.7 ± 0.42	95.0 ± 0.41	<0.001

P-trend values were computed by assigning indicator variables to each fatty acid quartile. CRP, C-reactive protein; Q, quartile; VLSFA, very-long-chain SFA.

Median; range in parentheses (all such values).

Adjusted mean ± SE from linear regression models (all such values). Values were adjusted for age, sex, race, clinic, education, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, treated hypertension, ischemic heart disease, self-reported health status, BMI, and waist circumference.

⁴

Log₁₀-transformed for the analyses due to skewed distribution.

⁵

Defined as follows: exp[2.63 − 0.28 × log(fasting insulin) − 0.31 × log(fasting triglycerides)] (30).

TABLE 1.

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