Abstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Bacterial Infections / immunology*
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Bacterial Infections / microbiology
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Bacterial Infections / pathology
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CD57 Antigens / genetics
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CD57 Antigens / immunology
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Clonal Anergy
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Cytokines / genetics
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Cytokines / immunology
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Gene Expression Regulation
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Humans
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Immunologic Memory
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Lymphocyte Activation
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Neoplasms / immunology*
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Neoplasms / pathology
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Signal Transduction
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T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / immunology*
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T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / pathology
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T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / immunology*
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T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / pathology
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Transcription, Genetic
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Virus Diseases / immunology*
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Virus Diseases / pathology
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Virus Diseases / virology