In the UK and elsewhere, restorative justice and policing are core components of a range of unive... more In the UK and elsewhere, restorative justice and policing are core components of a range of university programmes; however, currently no such text exists on the intersection of these two areas of study. This book draws together these diverse theoretical perspectives to provide an innovative, knowledge-rich text that is essential reading for all those engaged with the evolution and practice of restorative policing.
Restorative Policing surveys the twenty-five year history of restorative policing practice, during which its use and influence over criminal justice has slowly grown. It then situates this experience within a criminological discussion about neo-liberal responses to crime control. There has been insufficient debate about how the concepts of ‘restorative justice’ and ‘policing’ sit alongside each other and how they may be connected or disconnected in theoretical and conceptual terms. The book seeks to fill this gap through an exploration of concepts, theory, policy and practice. In doing so, the authors make a case for a more transformative vision of restorative policing that can impact positively upon the shape and practice of policing and outline a framework for the implementation of such a strategy.
This pathbreaking book will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses on restorative justice, policing and crime control, as well as professionals interested in the implementation of restorative practices in the police force.
A concise and up to date introduction to criminology for those undertaking degrees and foundation... more A concise and up to date introduction to criminology for those undertaking degrees and foundation degrees in policing, police studies and related subjects. It provides an introduction to criminological perspectives on the development of the Police Service over the last 200 years alongside an overview of contemporary themes. Key topics include the changing role of policing, police governance and accountability, policing philosophies and strategies and the globalisation of policing. The book also examines the role criminology has played in the modernisation agenda and police reform, the shift to evidence-led policing, and the relationship between criminological theory and police practice.
Since the 1980s the British government has promoted the role of the private security industry wit... more Since the 1980s the British government has promoted the role of the private security industry within criminal justice. Privately run prisons, young offender institutions, secure training centres for children and immigration detention centres are all now components of a commercial market in incarceration. The electronic monitoring of offenders represents an extension of commercial forms of social control beyond prisons and into domestic spaces. This monograph looks at the role of the commercial sector as service providers of electronic monitoring and outlines how multinational corporations have come to dominate, and subsequently expand, the global market in technocorrections and incarceration. The monograph provides an ethnographic study of TagCo, an electronic monitoring service provider, in order to introduce the reader to the administration of commercial criminal justice and the impact this has upon offenders and other criminal justice institutions.
The global policy drift towards community policing and an enhanced philosophical and practical or... more The global policy drift towards community policing and an enhanced philosophical and practical orientation towards victims of crime has been slow but incrementally successful in some jurisdictions. This article uses a comparative approach to review the different conceptual and theoretical assumptions that underpin thinking about policing to tentatively identify the factors that support victim-oriented police reform. The article draws on evidence from India and Argentina plus England and Wales to assess how different policing models have translated victim-oriented language into practice. It is notable that while police forces across the globe often share a common understanding of police functions, there is less agreement when referring to how to engage with citizens and balancing the broader panoply of policing priorities. Conceptual understandings of policing often contain unarticulated assumptions about how policing should be done, and this partly explains why placing citizenship a...
This article assesses the development and implementation of the Community Remedy anti-social beha... more This article assesses the development and implementation of the Community Remedy anti-social behaviour policy by Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in England and Wales. The Community Remedy, introduced by the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act (2014), allows victims of ‘low-level’ anti-social behaviour to select an informal action for their offender from a list designed by their local PCC via consultation with the public. This article reports the results of a benchmarking exercise that investigates how PCCs have translated this policy into practice by examining: public consultation procedures; the contents of the Community Remedy documents; and police usage. The findings indicate an uneven implementation across regions with variable levels of engagement from PCCs, police forces and members of the public. We assess the enactment and adoption of this new power alongside its potential to stimulate democratic localism.
International Journal of Law and Public Administration
Policing develops in different ways at different times and to differing demands in states around ... more Policing develops in different ways at different times and to differing demands in states around the world. Thus, policing and security models are established and evolve in the context of the host society. In England and Wales, modern bureaucratic policing emerged from a locally focused and administered system. Following on from this, contemporary Anglo-American policing aligns, to varying degrees, with the political, socio-cultural, legal and ideological aspects of contemporary liberal democratic society with its emphasis on democratic localism and decentralised accountability. Policing is also a field where Anglo-American and other western states provide support to transitional states with often different developmental paths. The transitional states seek, or have imposed on them (depending upon your perspective), western democratic models of policing and the policies, programmes, institutions and tactics associated with these models. This paper reviews the conceptual and theoretic...
SINCE THE 1980S, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT HAS ACTIVELY PROMOTED THE ROLE OF the private security in... more SINCE THE 1980S, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT HAS ACTIVELY PROMOTED THE ROLE OF the private security industry within the criminal justice system. Privately run prisons, young offender institutions, and secure training centers for children aged 12 to 17 years ...
This special edition outlines the changing landscape of policing and mental health and provides r... more This special edition outlines the changing landscape of policing and mental health and provides readers with an introduction to a multitude of policy and practice innovations from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada, the United States and Brazil. These examples of innovative and evolving practice address the challenge of providing fair, effective and efficient responses to people suffering from mental health crises. The special edition takes, as its starting point, a presumption that knowledge of mental ill-health within policing, as elsewhere, is limited. This is not to state that there is little discussion about mental health and policing. On the contrary, mental health is subject to much discussion at the policy level but there remains a gap between policy noise and consistent actionable change. The articles that follow thus represent an attempt to enhance and expand the research agenda in this area and to build an evidence-base to help inform future decision-making using global and multidisciplinary perspectives from police officers, health workers, policy-makers and academics.
This chapter explores the role of leadership in restorative policing in England and Wales and the... more This chapter explores the role of leadership in restorative policing in England and Wales and the impact of the external criminal justice policy environment on attempts to embed restorative approaches into police practice. It is clear that certain aspects of restorative justice chime with longstanding values in police culture, not least the emphasis on common-sense decision-making and the removal of unnecessary bureaucracy advocated by a focus on informal resolution. Yet, we argue that restorative policing cannot work where these ideas are placed solely in individual programmes. Instead, a clear vision needs to be articulated by police leaders with subsequent programmes being built around this over-arching philosophy of ‘restorative policing’ that encourages leadership to ‘bubble up’ from below.
Electronically monitored (EM) punishment developed as a response to the problem of prison overcro... more Electronically monitored (EM) punishment developed as a response to the problem of prison overcrowding as well as the enhanced focus placed upon re-introducing market values to the criminal justice sector and incorporating advances in information and communication technological (ICT) infrastructures to establish a new mode of crime control. The preference for market delivery of previously „public‟ goods and services, initially described as „privatisation‟, became a feature of governmental projects in the (mainly) English speaking countries that favoured neoliberal political and economic reforms during the 1980s and 1990s and enabled EM entrepreneurs in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand to experiment with this new criminal justice tool. Thus, the evolution of EM as a penal innovation is best understood as an adjunct to broader developments in the commercial crime control market that laid its roots in the United States after the Second World War. This market, grounded in private security, benefited from growth spurts provided by the end of the Cold War, the liberalisation of economic markets, and rising concern about uncontrolled migration, global crime and international terrorism, to develop into a global market in commercial crime control and technocorrections.
The evolution of the policing role over the last decade has led to 33 police forces in England an... more The evolution of the policing role over the last decade has led to 33 police forces in England and Wales integrating restorative justice practices in one form or another into their responses to minor crime committed by both youths and adults for the first time. Most recently, this reform dynamic has been used in response to more serious offences committed by persistent offenders and expanded to include all stages of the criminal justice process. Despite the significant positive rhetoric that surrounds the adoption and use of restorative justice, there are a number of procedural and cultural challenges that pose a threat to the extent to which restorative justice may become embedded within the policing response. This paper explores these developments and highlights where potential problems for implementation may arise as well as some strategies to overcome them.
This paper reviews the current English-language literature on developments in police training and... more This paper reviews the current English-language literature on developments in police training and education in order to identify common areas where higher education ‘adds value’ to police learning and development. Reforms in training and education are constituent parts of the ongoing shift to a service-oriented professional police in a number of countries. A comparative analysis of the literature on police training and education is provided here which focuses primarily on the United States, the European Union, Australia and India. The review provides a contribution to international policy debates about future developments in this area.
The Liberal Democrat experimentation with Community Justice Panels (now being referred to as Neig... more The Liberal Democrat experimentation with Community Justice Panels (now being referred to as Neighbourhood Justice Panels or NJPs) in the run-up to the 2010 UK general election has been highlighted as a measure that will be introduced to combat low-level offending and antisocial behaviour. This is given particular consideration as it involves local communities and victims themselves responding to offending behaviour rather than the state. NJPs, it is claimed, have a dramatic impact on recidivism rates in comparison to the traditional criminal justice process and a corresponding reduction on police time and resources. However, as Crawford & Newburn (2002) highlight, England has traditionally adopted a more punitive approach towards dealing with offending behaviour due to widespread public anxiety about crime and political competition to secure votes. Thus, this paper seeks to explore the potential implementational difficulties and resistance that may come from communities and criminal justice practitioners, particularly the police, to this model.
In the UK and elsewhere, restorative justice and policing are core components of a range of unive... more In the UK and elsewhere, restorative justice and policing are core components of a range of university programmes; however, currently no such text exists on the intersection of these two areas of study. This book draws together these diverse theoretical perspectives to provide an innovative, knowledge-rich text that is essential reading for all those engaged with the evolution and practice of restorative policing.
Restorative Policing surveys the twenty-five year history of restorative policing practice, during which its use and influence over criminal justice has slowly grown. It then situates this experience within a criminological discussion about neo-liberal responses to crime control. There has been insufficient debate about how the concepts of ‘restorative justice’ and ‘policing’ sit alongside each other and how they may be connected or disconnected in theoretical and conceptual terms. The book seeks to fill this gap through an exploration of concepts, theory, policy and practice. In doing so, the authors make a case for a more transformative vision of restorative policing that can impact positively upon the shape and practice of policing and outline a framework for the implementation of such a strategy.
This pathbreaking book will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses on restorative justice, policing and crime control, as well as professionals interested in the implementation of restorative practices in the police force.
A concise and up to date introduction to criminology for those undertaking degrees and foundation... more A concise and up to date introduction to criminology for those undertaking degrees and foundation degrees in policing, police studies and related subjects. It provides an introduction to criminological perspectives on the development of the Police Service over the last 200 years alongside an overview of contemporary themes. Key topics include the changing role of policing, police governance and accountability, policing philosophies and strategies and the globalisation of policing. The book also examines the role criminology has played in the modernisation agenda and police reform, the shift to evidence-led policing, and the relationship between criminological theory and police practice.
Since the 1980s the British government has promoted the role of the private security industry wit... more Since the 1980s the British government has promoted the role of the private security industry within criminal justice. Privately run prisons, young offender institutions, secure training centres for children and immigration detention centres are all now components of a commercial market in incarceration. The electronic monitoring of offenders represents an extension of commercial forms of social control beyond prisons and into domestic spaces. This monograph looks at the role of the commercial sector as service providers of electronic monitoring and outlines how multinational corporations have come to dominate, and subsequently expand, the global market in technocorrections and incarceration. The monograph provides an ethnographic study of TagCo, an electronic monitoring service provider, in order to introduce the reader to the administration of commercial criminal justice and the impact this has upon offenders and other criminal justice institutions.
The global policy drift towards community policing and an enhanced philosophical and practical or... more The global policy drift towards community policing and an enhanced philosophical and practical orientation towards victims of crime has been slow but incrementally successful in some jurisdictions. This article uses a comparative approach to review the different conceptual and theoretical assumptions that underpin thinking about policing to tentatively identify the factors that support victim-oriented police reform. The article draws on evidence from India and Argentina plus England and Wales to assess how different policing models have translated victim-oriented language into practice. It is notable that while police forces across the globe often share a common understanding of police functions, there is less agreement when referring to how to engage with citizens and balancing the broader panoply of policing priorities. Conceptual understandings of policing often contain unarticulated assumptions about how policing should be done, and this partly explains why placing citizenship a...
This article assesses the development and implementation of the Community Remedy anti-social beha... more This article assesses the development and implementation of the Community Remedy anti-social behaviour policy by Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in England and Wales. The Community Remedy, introduced by the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act (2014), allows victims of ‘low-level’ anti-social behaviour to select an informal action for their offender from a list designed by their local PCC via consultation with the public. This article reports the results of a benchmarking exercise that investigates how PCCs have translated this policy into practice by examining: public consultation procedures; the contents of the Community Remedy documents; and police usage. The findings indicate an uneven implementation across regions with variable levels of engagement from PCCs, police forces and members of the public. We assess the enactment and adoption of this new power alongside its potential to stimulate democratic localism.
International Journal of Law and Public Administration
Policing develops in different ways at different times and to differing demands in states around ... more Policing develops in different ways at different times and to differing demands in states around the world. Thus, policing and security models are established and evolve in the context of the host society. In England and Wales, modern bureaucratic policing emerged from a locally focused and administered system. Following on from this, contemporary Anglo-American policing aligns, to varying degrees, with the political, socio-cultural, legal and ideological aspects of contemporary liberal democratic society with its emphasis on democratic localism and decentralised accountability. Policing is also a field where Anglo-American and other western states provide support to transitional states with often different developmental paths. The transitional states seek, or have imposed on them (depending upon your perspective), western democratic models of policing and the policies, programmes, institutions and tactics associated with these models. This paper reviews the conceptual and theoretic...
SINCE THE 1980S, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT HAS ACTIVELY PROMOTED THE ROLE OF the private security in... more SINCE THE 1980S, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT HAS ACTIVELY PROMOTED THE ROLE OF the private security industry within the criminal justice system. Privately run prisons, young offender institutions, and secure training centers for children aged 12 to 17 years ...
This special edition outlines the changing landscape of policing and mental health and provides r... more This special edition outlines the changing landscape of policing and mental health and provides readers with an introduction to a multitude of policy and practice innovations from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada, the United States and Brazil. These examples of innovative and evolving practice address the challenge of providing fair, effective and efficient responses to people suffering from mental health crises. The special edition takes, as its starting point, a presumption that knowledge of mental ill-health within policing, as elsewhere, is limited. This is not to state that there is little discussion about mental health and policing. On the contrary, mental health is subject to much discussion at the policy level but there remains a gap between policy noise and consistent actionable change. The articles that follow thus represent an attempt to enhance and expand the research agenda in this area and to build an evidence-base to help inform future decision-making using global and multidisciplinary perspectives from police officers, health workers, policy-makers and academics.
This chapter explores the role of leadership in restorative policing in England and Wales and the... more This chapter explores the role of leadership in restorative policing in England and Wales and the impact of the external criminal justice policy environment on attempts to embed restorative approaches into police practice. It is clear that certain aspects of restorative justice chime with longstanding values in police culture, not least the emphasis on common-sense decision-making and the removal of unnecessary bureaucracy advocated by a focus on informal resolution. Yet, we argue that restorative policing cannot work where these ideas are placed solely in individual programmes. Instead, a clear vision needs to be articulated by police leaders with subsequent programmes being built around this over-arching philosophy of ‘restorative policing’ that encourages leadership to ‘bubble up’ from below.
Electronically monitored (EM) punishment developed as a response to the problem of prison overcro... more Electronically monitored (EM) punishment developed as a response to the problem of prison overcrowding as well as the enhanced focus placed upon re-introducing market values to the criminal justice sector and incorporating advances in information and communication technological (ICT) infrastructures to establish a new mode of crime control. The preference for market delivery of previously „public‟ goods and services, initially described as „privatisation‟, became a feature of governmental projects in the (mainly) English speaking countries that favoured neoliberal political and economic reforms during the 1980s and 1990s and enabled EM entrepreneurs in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand to experiment with this new criminal justice tool. Thus, the evolution of EM as a penal innovation is best understood as an adjunct to broader developments in the commercial crime control market that laid its roots in the United States after the Second World War. This market, grounded in private security, benefited from growth spurts provided by the end of the Cold War, the liberalisation of economic markets, and rising concern about uncontrolled migration, global crime and international terrorism, to develop into a global market in commercial crime control and technocorrections.
The evolution of the policing role over the last decade has led to 33 police forces in England an... more The evolution of the policing role over the last decade has led to 33 police forces in England and Wales integrating restorative justice practices in one form or another into their responses to minor crime committed by both youths and adults for the first time. Most recently, this reform dynamic has been used in response to more serious offences committed by persistent offenders and expanded to include all stages of the criminal justice process. Despite the significant positive rhetoric that surrounds the adoption and use of restorative justice, there are a number of procedural and cultural challenges that pose a threat to the extent to which restorative justice may become embedded within the policing response. This paper explores these developments and highlights where potential problems for implementation may arise as well as some strategies to overcome them.
This paper reviews the current English-language literature on developments in police training and... more This paper reviews the current English-language literature on developments in police training and education in order to identify common areas where higher education ‘adds value’ to police learning and development. Reforms in training and education are constituent parts of the ongoing shift to a service-oriented professional police in a number of countries. A comparative analysis of the literature on police training and education is provided here which focuses primarily on the United States, the European Union, Australia and India. The review provides a contribution to international policy debates about future developments in this area.
The Liberal Democrat experimentation with Community Justice Panels (now being referred to as Neig... more The Liberal Democrat experimentation with Community Justice Panels (now being referred to as Neighbourhood Justice Panels or NJPs) in the run-up to the 2010 UK general election has been highlighted as a measure that will be introduced to combat low-level offending and antisocial behaviour. This is given particular consideration as it involves local communities and victims themselves responding to offending behaviour rather than the state. NJPs, it is claimed, have a dramatic impact on recidivism rates in comparison to the traditional criminal justice process and a corresponding reduction on police time and resources. However, as Crawford & Newburn (2002) highlight, England has traditionally adopted a more punitive approach towards dealing with offending behaviour due to widespread public anxiety about crime and political competition to secure votes. Thus, this paper seeks to explore the potential implementational difficulties and resistance that may come from communities and criminal justice practitioners, particularly the police, to this model.
Since the 1980s the British government has actively promoted the role of the private security ind... more Since the 1980s the British government has actively promoted the role of the private security industry within the criminal justice system. Privately run prisons, young offender institutions and secure training centres for children aged 12-17 years old are now acknowledged components of the criminal justice landscape. Added to this, new immigration detention centres have been opened by commercial organisations to supplement their crime control interests and to create a broader market in incarceration. The electronic monitoring (EM) of offenders and, more recently, those subject to immigration controls represents another growth area in public sector privatisation and the extension of commercial forms of social control into domestic spaces.
Portugese translation of 'Commercial Crime Control and the Electronic Monitoring of Offenders’. P... more Portugese translation of 'Commercial Crime Control and the Electronic Monitoring of Offenders’. Previously published in 2008 in Social Justice: A Journal of Crime, Conflict and World Order. 34(3-4): 98-110.
The 2010 UK parliamentary expenses scandal provided a temporary diversion from more sustained con... more The 2010 UK parliamentary expenses scandal provided a temporary diversion from more sustained concerns surrounding the relationship between politics, commerce and public policy development.
There is a historical pattern of inter-connections between political figures, commercial organisations and unelected officials - with the potential to exert undue influence over policy.
Commercial lobbying in parliament and the 'revolving door' between politics and business lack transparency. The case of the private security industry offers insight into the role these opaque relationships can have over public policy.
The 1980s saw a Conservative government being lobbied by an aggressive private security industry. After 1997, Labour ministers increased demands on the private security industry to produce new and innovative modes of control. This experience shows the need to regulate both sides of the revolving door.
Ministerial figures can give commercial organisations influence over policy and the 'revolving door' gives them a financial incentive to do just that. This raises serious questions about the process through which commercial organisations become preferred bidders for contracts.
The historical pattern for the past three decades has revolved around public concern, calls for reform, parliamentary debate and subsequent inertia. Although the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition has promised to introduce a statutory register of commercial lobbyists this reform will not fully address ongoing concerns about 'the revolving door'.
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Books by Craig Paterson
Restorative Policing surveys the twenty-five year history of restorative policing practice, during which its use and influence over criminal justice has slowly grown. It then situates this experience within a criminological discussion about neo-liberal responses to crime control. There has been insufficient debate about how the concepts of ‘restorative justice’ and ‘policing’ sit alongside each other and how they may be connected or disconnected in theoretical and conceptual terms. The book seeks to fill this gap through an exploration of concepts, theory, policy and practice. In doing so, the authors make a case for a more transformative vision of restorative policing that can impact positively upon the shape and practice of policing and outline a framework for the implementation of such a strategy.
This pathbreaking book will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses on restorative justice, policing and crime control, as well as professionals interested in the implementation of restorative practices in the police force.
Papers by Craig Paterson
Restorative Policing surveys the twenty-five year history of restorative policing practice, during which its use and influence over criminal justice has slowly grown. It then situates this experience within a criminological discussion about neo-liberal responses to crime control. There has been insufficient debate about how the concepts of ‘restorative justice’ and ‘policing’ sit alongside each other and how they may be connected or disconnected in theoretical and conceptual terms. The book seeks to fill this gap through an exploration of concepts, theory, policy and practice. In doing so, the authors make a case for a more transformative vision of restorative policing that can impact positively upon the shape and practice of policing and outline a framework for the implementation of such a strategy.
This pathbreaking book will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses on restorative justice, policing and crime control, as well as professionals interested in the implementation of restorative practices in the police force.
There is a historical pattern of inter-connections between political figures, commercial organisations and unelected officials - with the potential to exert undue influence over policy.
Commercial lobbying in parliament and the 'revolving door' between politics and business lack transparency. The case of the private security industry offers insight into the role these opaque relationships can have over public policy.
The 1980s saw a Conservative government being lobbied by an aggressive private security industry. After 1997, Labour ministers increased demands on the private security industry to produce new and innovative modes of control. This experience shows the need to regulate both sides of the revolving door.
Ministerial figures can give commercial organisations influence over policy and the 'revolving door' gives them a financial incentive to do just that. This raises serious questions about the process through which commercial organisations become preferred bidders for contracts.
The historical pattern for the past three decades has revolved around public concern, calls for reform, parliamentary debate and subsequent inertia. Although the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition has promised to introduce a statutory register of commercial lobbyists this reform will not fully address ongoing concerns about 'the revolving door'.