Obiekt IV (tabl. I/IV): grób ciałopalny, jamowy, z resztkami stosu, uszkodzony (ar G12) Jama grob... more Obiekt IV (tabl. I/IV): grób ciałopalny, jamowy, z resztkami stosu, uszkodzony (ar G12) Jama grobowa widoczna na powierzchni gruntu, rozwleczona przez orkę. Na głęb. ok. 30 cm owalna, o wym. 85 × 76 cm, w profilu nieckowata, o miąższości do 18 cm. Wypełnisko stanowiła zbita spalenizna z drobnymi węglami drzewnymi (brzoza). Wyraźne skupisko przepalonych kości w części północno-zachodniej jamy. Zabytki znajdowały się w górnej partii jamy. I. Nieokreślony. Inwentarz (tabl. I/IV): 1. Zapinka żelazna o konstrukcji późnolateńskiej typu N-b. Sprężyna czterozwojowa z dolną cięciwą. Grzebyk kabłąka niski i wąski. Pochewka pełna, zdobiona poprzecznymi liniami rytymi. Dług. 6 cm, wys. 2,7 cm. 2. Zapinka żelazna o konstrukcji późnolateńskiej typu N-b. Sprężyna czterozwojowa z dolną cięciwą. Grzebyk kabłąka wydatny. Pochewka ażurowa z motywem elementów schodkowych i kolistych otworów. Dług. 6,3 cm, wys. 2,5 cm. 3. Fragment kabłąka zapinki żelaznej. Zach. dług. 2,7 cm. 4. Fragment żelazny tordowanego trzonka nożyka sierpikowatego, przypuszczalnie typu III. Zach. dług. 3,5 cm. 5. Paciorek bursztynowy wykonany w ręku, krążko-waty typu TM.389. Wys. 0,6 cm, średn. 1,5 cm. 6. Uszkodzony paciorek bursztynowy wykonany w ręku, krążkowaty typu TM.388. Wys. 0,4 cm, średn. 0,9 cm. 7. Trzy niecharakterystyczne fragmenty ceramiki. Powierzchnia zew. gładka, czarna; wew. wygładzana, czarna. Domieszka w glinie drobnoziarnistego piasku i drobnego białego tłucznia z udziałem miki. Grub. ścianek 0,4-0,7 cm. Datowanie: MOPR, faza A 3 /B 1 Obiekt 1: grób ciałopalny (ar E10) Datowanie: EB lub WEŻ Obiekt 2 (tabl. II/2): grób ciałopalny, popielnicowy, z resztkami stosu (ar F10) Zarys grobu uchwycono na głęb. 46 cm od powierzchni gruntu. W rzucie poziomym jama zbliżona do owalu, o wym. 90 × 140 cm. W profilu nieregularna, o maks. miąższości do 40 cm. Wypełnisko stanowiła II.2. obIekty Obiekt (tabl. XIX/19 i 23): grób ciałopalny, popielnicowy, uszkodzony (ar G12) Zarys grobu wyróżniono na głęb. 28 cm od powierzchni gruntu. Na głęb. 30 cm w rzucie poziomym jama kolista, o średn. ok. 40 cm, z wyraźną koncentracją przepalonych kości rozciągniętych na skutek orki w kierunku zachodnim. W profilu jama nieckowata, o miąższości dochodzącej do 11 cm, z widocznym dnem naczynia (8). Na powierzchni grobu zabytki (1-5), a kilkanaście centymetrów na północ od obiektu trzpień nitu i nit (6, 7), prawdopodobnie pierwotnie z wyposażenia obiektu. Wypełnisko jamy średnio zbite, szarobrunatne. I. Dorosły, maturus (?). Inwentarz (tabl. XVIII/23): 1. Fragment zapinki żelaznej o konstrukcji późnolateńskiej typu J. Sprężyna czterozwojowa z dolną cięciwą, główka miseczkowata. Zach. dług. 1,7 cm. 2. Dwa fragmenty zapinki żelaznej o konstrukcji późnolateńskiej. Sprężyna czterozwojowa z górną cięciwą. Zach. dług. 0,9 cm i 2,7 cm. 3. Uszkodzony nóż żelazny z jednostronnie wyodrębnionym trzpieniem i zachowaną drewnianą rękojeścią (dąb). Zach. dług. 13,4 cm, szer. 1,5-2,7 cm. 4. Fragment szydła żelaznego. Zach. dług. 8,3 cm. 5. Dwa druciki żelazne, o kolistym przekroju, być może od zapinki, ew. szydła. Zach. dług. 1,1 cm i 0,8 cm. 6. Uszkodzony trzpień nitu żelaznego. Zach. dług. 1,6 cm. 7. Nit żelazny o kolistej, płaskiej główce i kolistej, płaskiej podkładce. Trzpień masywny o przekroju kolistym. Główka i podkładka zdobione motywem koła. Średn. główki 1,2 cm, średn. podkładki 0,8 cm, dług. nitu 2,1 cm, w tym trzpienia 0,8 cm. 8. Przydenna część naczynia glinianego. Powierzchnia zew. gładka, czarna, wew. wygładzana, barwy niejednolitej-ciemnobrunatnej i brunatnej. Domieszka w glinie białego, drobno-i średnioziarnistego tłucznia z udziałem miki. Średn. dna 14 cm.
The Brzyno village, Krokowa Commune, Puck County,
Pomerania Province, is located in Pobrzeże Kosz... more The Brzyno village, Krokowa Commune, Puck County, Pomerania Province, is located in Pobrzeże Koszalińskie [Koszalin Coastland], within the distinctly separated mesoregion of Wysoczyzna Żarnowiecka (Żarnowiec Heights). The site no. 7 (formerly no. 12) in Brzyno is situated at the culmination of the elevation located south-east of the buildings of the Brzyno village and over 1 km west of the banks of the Żarnowieckie Lake (Fig. 1, 2). The first information about the site dates back to 1936 (formerly Prüssau, Kr. Lauenburg). It refers to over 50 finds from that place, including numerous barrows that are still visible today in the form of two elevation groups (Fig. 3) and dated presumably on the Bronze Age. In one of them, in a pit after a fallen tree, weapons, an amber bead and human skeleton bones were found (Fig. 5). In the opinion of H. J. Eggers, the chronology of the aforementioned archaeological objects should be assigned to the Late Roman Period or the Migration Period. Over 70 years later, in 2008, finds from the destroyed graves of the Oksywie Culture were found during surface examinations (ZL/12.36–39). Some of them, discovered within ares D5 and E5 (Fig. 4), formed visible concentrations and were marked as graves (I–III). In the following year, further artefacts and a cremation grave were found (IV). Regular rescue archaeological researches were taken undertaken in 2011 and continued in successive years. The area of works has been used intensively for agricultural purposes for a long time, which affects the preservation of features. Excavations carried out in 2011–2016 resulted in the examination of the area of almost 20 ares. As a consequence of them, including the first four graves (I–IV), 279 features have been discovered at the site so far, 263 of which have become the subject of the work.
The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the Early Middle Ages 4: 500 BC - 500 AD. In 5 volumes, 2016
Chief Editor: Przemysław Urbańczyk; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Scie... more Chief Editor: Przemysław Urbańczyk; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences;
Editor of Volume 4: Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz;
ISBN: 978-83-63760-91-5;
Warsaw 2016
As far as Polish archaeology is concerned, the time has clearly come for preparing such a synthesis, since the previous work of this kind (Prahistoria ziem polskich l-V) was published over 25 years ago. The new discoveries, new interpretations, and new research approaches developed by the new generation of scholars studying the material remains of the past urgently require a proper synopsis. [...]
The present volumes are the work of 60 authors formally divided into five teams. In order to curb the "separatist" effects of the traditional systematization of prehistory and protohistory (into the Palaeolithic Era, the Mesolithic Era, the Neolithic Era, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and the Early Middle Ages), we employed a strictly chronological criterion: volume one encompasses the period between ca. 500,000 BC and 5,500 BC; volume two - between 5,500 BC and 2,000 BC; volume three - between 2,000 BC and 500 BC; volume four - between 500 BC and 500 AD; and volume five - between 500 AD and 1000 AD. Such an artificial division mitigates the sharpness of the traditional "pivotal moments" and at the same time emphasizes the accelerating nature of socio-cultural changes. [...]
The article concerns one-piece belt-hooks with hooks pointing in opposite directions referred to ... more The article concerns one-piece belt-hooks with hooks pointing in opposite directions referred to as J. Kostrzewski types Ib and IIb. The diversity of their shapes and body formation, as well as the various forms of the long attachment hook, made it possible to distinguish several varieties and variants. The recent state of research shows that the titular belt-hooks, used from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period, were characteristic of the women’s attire of the Oksywie Culture and the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture communities. In the case of the former cultural unit, the impetus for the manufacture of some belt-hook varieties was familiarity with imported belt fasteners.
Abstract: Cremation was the predominant form of burial among members of the Oksywie Culture group... more Abstract: Cremation was the predominant form of burial among members of the Oksywie Culture group. The first inhumation graves appeared in Pomerania, similarly as in the Przeworsk Culture, in the middle phase of the late Pre-Roman period. The grave inventories in these cases show a close resemblance to contemporaneous burials from Kuyavia. Inhumation burial numbers grow from the beginning of phase A3. Other changes are also observed at the same time in the cemeteries of the Oksywie Culture, including the elimination of weapons from grave inventories and a reduced number of cremation urn graves. The largest number of inhumation graves has been recorded for the transitional phase A3/B1, which is chronologically related to phase B1. The socio-religious changes initiated among population groups of the Oksywie Culture in the late Pre-Roman period popularized the changeover to the inhumation rite. The emergence of a new culture, the Wielbark Culture, characterized by a biritual form of funerary rites, was the effect of these changes associated with the broader economic and political transformation taking place in Europe at this time.
Rada Naukowa Scientific Advisory Board Tłumaczenia Translation Korekta tłumaczeń Linguistic revis... more Rada Naukowa Scientific Advisory Board Tłumaczenia Translation Korekta tłumaczeń Linguistic revision Korekta Proofreading Skład i łamanie Layout Rycina na okładce Cover picture Adres redakcji Editorial office Strona www Home Page Tomy archiwalne Archival issues ISSN dr Wojciech Brzeziński dr hab. Jacek Andrzejowski Grażyna Orlińska, Radosław Prochowicz, An drzej Jacek Tomaszewski, Katarzyna Watemborska-Rakowska, Kaja Jaroszewska prof. dr hab. Wojciech Nowakowski (Wydział Nauk o Kulturze i Sztuce Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego), prof. dr Audronė Bliujienė (Klaipėdos universitetas), prof. dr hab. Claus von Carnap-Bornheim (Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie, Schleswig), prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Kobyliński (Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego), prof. dr hab. Jerzy Maik (Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk), prof. dr hab. Dieter Quast (Forschungsinstitut für Archäologie, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz), prof. dr hab. Paweł Valde-Nowak (Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego)
In 1873, at the foot of Carlsberg hill (currently Góra Pachołek), in the field of a Mr Zywietz lo... more In 1873, at the foot of Carlsberg hill (currently Góra Pachołek), in the field of a Mr Zywietz located in the Oliva commune, a cemetery from the younger pre-Roman and Roman period was discovered. The following year, further research was carried out under the supervision of Abraham Lissauer. In total, on an area of approximately 14 ares, 40 cremation graves (21 urn and 19 pit ones) were discovered, the contents of which were handed over by the owner to the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk. Some of the artefacts from the necropolis in Gdańsk-Oliwa were published in two articles by A. Lissauer. The importance of the finds was emphasised by the fact that in the literature on the subject, starting from the second half of the 19th century, until the end of World War II, the name of the necropolis appeared relatively often. The source materials were used for study work by leading researchers of that period. Unfortunately, at the end of the war, the artefacts were lost, and the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk now includes two clay vessels. The most information about the artefacts found in Oliwa is provided by the Józef Kostrzewski’s Archive, containing the research notes by the scholar who got acquainted with the items during the museum query in 1912. Based on this, new information was obtained that can be used for further material analyses. Most of the artefacts should be dated to the younger pre-Roman period (phases A2 and A3), and to a lesser extent to the Roman period (phases B1b-B2/C1). Unfortunately, the reconstruction of individual burial assemblages is not possible, because from the very beginning the materials from the cemetery formed a collection of artefacts. Based on the Kostrzewski’s Archive and the publications it was established (see the catalogue) that the most numerous group of artefacts were brooches, in total 16 specimens. Among the nine made of iron, more detailed information is avail¬able about seven of them; they represent types K, L, M according to J. Kostrzewski and Almgren 18a. The bronze brooches are represented by types 68, 39, 128 and group V, series 1 according to O. Almgren. The belt elements consisted of four iron and bronze belt hooks and a buckle. In one cremation pit grave there was a pair of snake-headed bracelets. The weaponry is represented by two one-edged swords, as well as iron fittings of the sword scabbard, two or three shield bosses and one shield grip. Determining the number of spearheads discovered in the cemetery in Oliwa is problematic, but it seems that there were nine of them; in addition, one spear butt was found with preserved wood remains. The group of tools included a straight knife dated to the Roman period, as well as three clay spindle whorls. The collection of the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk also included 10 clay vessels of the Oksywie and the Wielbark cultures. It is known that in the Zywietz’s field, apart from the graves of the Oksywie and the Wielbark cultures, burials of the Pomeranian culture were discovered (sites 4 and 5). It indicates that there was a multicultural cemetery at the foot of Góra Pachołek; the youngest archaeological materials, including a temple ring, can be dated to the early Middle Ages. The reminded information about the site of the 19th-century archaeological discoveries at the former Renneberg Street and near Köllner Chaussée, indicate the location of the Zywietz’s field in the immediate vicinity of the initial numbers of cur¬rent Spacerowa Street, towards Karwieńska Street. The information gathered about the somewhat forgotten cemetery in Gdańsk-Oliwa shows that the site has not been fully explored. The inspection of the place of the alleged location of the site showed that the area was heavily transformed by the access road to the already completed housing investment, and the history of archaeological research on this site has been completed.
Die Fundstelle 3 in Lipianki liegt im Tal der unteren Weichsel in der Nähe von Kwidzyn. Während d... more Die Fundstelle 3 in Lipianki liegt im Tal der unteren Weichsel in der Nähe von Kwidzyn. Während der großflächigen Rettungsgrabung im Jahr 2010 wurden insgesamt 1127 Gräber und Siedlungsbefunde von der jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenbis zur Völkerwanderungszeit registriert. Die Untersuchung der zahlreichen Gefäßscherben zeigt eindeutig, dass die Siedlung in der Stufe A2 der jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenzeit entstand. Bemerkenswert ist die Anwesenheit von keramischen Formen, die in der Przeworsk-Kultur beheimatet sind, was auf enge Verbindungen des Unterweichselgebietes zu dieser benachbarten Kulturzone verweist. Festzustellen ist dabei die Fortsetzung der ‚Oksywie‘-Stilistik bei der Keramik, die in die Übergangszeit zwischen der jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenzeit und der Römischen Kaiserzeit (A3/B1) datiert sowie bei einigen Gefäßen der Wielbark-Kultur
One or Two? A Traunstein-type Belt Hook from the Cemetery in Brzyno, Site 7 (Woj. Pomorskie / PL)... more One or Two? A Traunstein-type Belt Hook from the Cemetery in Brzyno, Site 7 (Woj. Pomorskie / PL) In a cremation grave of the Oksywie culture at the cemetery in Brzyno, site 7, a Traunstein-type belt hook of bronze was discovered. After conservation, it turned out that the object had been repaired. Most likely, a second specimen of the same type was used to repair the belt hook. These observations are confirmed by traces visible on the object, and also by the chemical analyses carried out. This discovery indicates that this prestigious element of female attire was used in Pomerania more often than archaeological sources indicate. It also seems that the knowledge of imported belt hooks in the Oksywie culture inspired local smiths to produce similar items locally. This was influenced by the trans-regional contacts with Central Germany visible during the A2 and A3 phases.
A detailed study of iron unipartite belt hook type Ia was presented in Die ostgermanische Kultur ... more A detailed study of iron unipartite belt hook type Ia was presented in Die ostgermanische Kultur der Spätlatènezeit by Józef Kostrzewski. On the list 19 he presented belt hooks of this type from the Oder and Vistula river basins. At the time, they were very rare and appeared mainly in the area dominated by the Jastorf Culture, more precisely in the Oder Group and the Gubin Group. A rare variant of type Ia belt hooks is represented in the Oksywie culture by specimens with shaft end. The first one was discovered a in burial pit nr 205 in Podwiesk (fig. 2: 1), in which bone remains, supposedly female, adultus, were also found. The remaining elements of the assemblage included two iron brooches type B–IIa. The second belt hook was discovered in burial pit 224 at cemetery in Pruszcz Gdański, site 7 (fig. 2: 2). The inventory also included two bronze brooches, one of them well-preserved, with solid decorative bronze appliqué; the second brooch was probably analogical. The third belt hook comes from cremation pit (site 196) discovered in 2016 at cemetery in Babi Dół-Borcz, which also contained two decorative iron brooches type B (short variant) and large pottery shreds (fig. 1). In terms of shape, the belt hooks resemble willow leaf and lanceolate. In all the three cases, there is a distinct decorative end. On the basis of the brooches, the belt hooks can be dated stadium A1a (Babi Dół-Borcz) and somewhat later, phase A1 and the beginning of phase A2 (Pruszcz Gdański and Podwiesk). The area of more frequent occurrence of belt hooks type Ia with one shaft end is the Jastorf Culture (fig. 6). Specimens similar to those from the area of the Oksywie Culture and connected to the late pre-Roman period come from sites in Meklemburg, Brandenburg and Sachsen-Anhalt (fig. 3–4). Analogical belt hooks can be also found in Bornholm, where they are dated phase A1 and A2 (fig. 5: 1–2, 6). Based on the discovered unipartite belt hooks with shaft end it can be assumed that in the area of the Oksywie Culture settlement, the use of such belt fastening begins already at the beginning of phase A1. It seems that their appearance was inspired by western and northern influences that shaped the cultural identity of the newly-formed Oksywie culture. Their acceptance was reflected in the adaptation of the Jastorf model of female attire.
Tripartite bronze belt hooks of type Kostrzewski III are indicators of female attire in the Late ... more Tripartite bronze belt hooks of type Kostrzewski III are indicators of female attire in the Late Pre-Roman Period in Pomerania. Here, belt hooks from 31 sites have been collected, all of them related to the Oksywie or Wielbark Cultures, or to the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture. Finds from outside of Pomerania are also included as comparative objects. The most common form of such belt hooks in Pomerania was type IIIb, being in use from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Roughly at the same time, these belt hooks appeared in Brandenburg. Belt hooks of type IIIa are somewhat older, while belt hooks of type IIIc are younger, as they were in use from phase A3 up to phase B2 of the Roman Period. Chronology of the artefacts, indicates that Pre-Roman traditions persisted in the Roman Period, even though belt buckles had been already introduced.
With gold and sword. Contacts of Celts and early Germanics in central Europe. The historical background: 3rd-1st c. BC
The chapter written together with M. Rudnicki and A. Strobin in a book: "The Past Societ... more The chapter written together with M. Rudnicki and A. Strobin in a book: "The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the early Middle Ages", vol. 4: "500 BC - 500 AD" (ed. A. Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz), Warszawa 2016, pp. 133-161.
Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
Archaeological artefacts made of copper alloys are a particularly valuable source of knowledge ab... more Archaeological artefacts made of copper alloys are a particularly valuable source of knowledge about ancient societies; in recent years these finds have been more and more often analysed in terms of their chemical composition. Observations based on the results of these analyses are conducive to indicating alloys characteristic of specific chronological periods and to considering the origin of the materials and the operations of workshops.
Obiekt IV (tabl. I/IV): grób ciałopalny, jamowy, z resztkami stosu, uszkodzony (ar G12) Jama grob... more Obiekt IV (tabl. I/IV): grób ciałopalny, jamowy, z resztkami stosu, uszkodzony (ar G12) Jama grobowa widoczna na powierzchni gruntu, rozwleczona przez orkę. Na głęb. ok. 30 cm owalna, o wym. 85 × 76 cm, w profilu nieckowata, o miąższości do 18 cm. Wypełnisko stanowiła zbita spalenizna z drobnymi węglami drzewnymi (brzoza). Wyraźne skupisko przepalonych kości w części północno-zachodniej jamy. Zabytki znajdowały się w górnej partii jamy. I. Nieokreślony. Inwentarz (tabl. I/IV): 1. Zapinka żelazna o konstrukcji późnolateńskiej typu N-b. Sprężyna czterozwojowa z dolną cięciwą. Grzebyk kabłąka niski i wąski. Pochewka pełna, zdobiona poprzecznymi liniami rytymi. Dług. 6 cm, wys. 2,7 cm. 2. Zapinka żelazna o konstrukcji późnolateńskiej typu N-b. Sprężyna czterozwojowa z dolną cięciwą. Grzebyk kabłąka wydatny. Pochewka ażurowa z motywem elementów schodkowych i kolistych otworów. Dług. 6,3 cm, wys. 2,5 cm. 3. Fragment kabłąka zapinki żelaznej. Zach. dług. 2,7 cm. 4. Fragment żelazny tordowanego trzonka nożyka sierpikowatego, przypuszczalnie typu III. Zach. dług. 3,5 cm. 5. Paciorek bursztynowy wykonany w ręku, krążko-waty typu TM.389. Wys. 0,6 cm, średn. 1,5 cm. 6. Uszkodzony paciorek bursztynowy wykonany w ręku, krążkowaty typu TM.388. Wys. 0,4 cm, średn. 0,9 cm. 7. Trzy niecharakterystyczne fragmenty ceramiki. Powierzchnia zew. gładka, czarna; wew. wygładzana, czarna. Domieszka w glinie drobnoziarnistego piasku i drobnego białego tłucznia z udziałem miki. Grub. ścianek 0,4-0,7 cm. Datowanie: MOPR, faza A 3 /B 1 Obiekt 1: grób ciałopalny (ar E10) Datowanie: EB lub WEŻ Obiekt 2 (tabl. II/2): grób ciałopalny, popielnicowy, z resztkami stosu (ar F10) Zarys grobu uchwycono na głęb. 46 cm od powierzchni gruntu. W rzucie poziomym jama zbliżona do owalu, o wym. 90 × 140 cm. W profilu nieregularna, o maks. miąższości do 40 cm. Wypełnisko stanowiła II.2. obIekty Obiekt (tabl. XIX/19 i 23): grób ciałopalny, popielnicowy, uszkodzony (ar G12) Zarys grobu wyróżniono na głęb. 28 cm od powierzchni gruntu. Na głęb. 30 cm w rzucie poziomym jama kolista, o średn. ok. 40 cm, z wyraźną koncentracją przepalonych kości rozciągniętych na skutek orki w kierunku zachodnim. W profilu jama nieckowata, o miąższości dochodzącej do 11 cm, z widocznym dnem naczynia (8). Na powierzchni grobu zabytki (1-5), a kilkanaście centymetrów na północ od obiektu trzpień nitu i nit (6, 7), prawdopodobnie pierwotnie z wyposażenia obiektu. Wypełnisko jamy średnio zbite, szarobrunatne. I. Dorosły, maturus (?). Inwentarz (tabl. XVIII/23): 1. Fragment zapinki żelaznej o konstrukcji późnolateńskiej typu J. Sprężyna czterozwojowa z dolną cięciwą, główka miseczkowata. Zach. dług. 1,7 cm. 2. Dwa fragmenty zapinki żelaznej o konstrukcji późnolateńskiej. Sprężyna czterozwojowa z górną cięciwą. Zach. dług. 0,9 cm i 2,7 cm. 3. Uszkodzony nóż żelazny z jednostronnie wyodrębnionym trzpieniem i zachowaną drewnianą rękojeścią (dąb). Zach. dług. 13,4 cm, szer. 1,5-2,7 cm. 4. Fragment szydła żelaznego. Zach. dług. 8,3 cm. 5. Dwa druciki żelazne, o kolistym przekroju, być może od zapinki, ew. szydła. Zach. dług. 1,1 cm i 0,8 cm. 6. Uszkodzony trzpień nitu żelaznego. Zach. dług. 1,6 cm. 7. Nit żelazny o kolistej, płaskiej główce i kolistej, płaskiej podkładce. Trzpień masywny o przekroju kolistym. Główka i podkładka zdobione motywem koła. Średn. główki 1,2 cm, średn. podkładki 0,8 cm, dług. nitu 2,1 cm, w tym trzpienia 0,8 cm. 8. Przydenna część naczynia glinianego. Powierzchnia zew. gładka, czarna, wew. wygładzana, barwy niejednolitej-ciemnobrunatnej i brunatnej. Domieszka w glinie białego, drobno-i średnioziarnistego tłucznia z udziałem miki. Średn. dna 14 cm.
The Brzyno village, Krokowa Commune, Puck County,
Pomerania Province, is located in Pobrzeże Kosz... more The Brzyno village, Krokowa Commune, Puck County, Pomerania Province, is located in Pobrzeże Koszalińskie [Koszalin Coastland], within the distinctly separated mesoregion of Wysoczyzna Żarnowiecka (Żarnowiec Heights). The site no. 7 (formerly no. 12) in Brzyno is situated at the culmination of the elevation located south-east of the buildings of the Brzyno village and over 1 km west of the banks of the Żarnowieckie Lake (Fig. 1, 2). The first information about the site dates back to 1936 (formerly Prüssau, Kr. Lauenburg). It refers to over 50 finds from that place, including numerous barrows that are still visible today in the form of two elevation groups (Fig. 3) and dated presumably on the Bronze Age. In one of them, in a pit after a fallen tree, weapons, an amber bead and human skeleton bones were found (Fig. 5). In the opinion of H. J. Eggers, the chronology of the aforementioned archaeological objects should be assigned to the Late Roman Period or the Migration Period. Over 70 years later, in 2008, finds from the destroyed graves of the Oksywie Culture were found during surface examinations (ZL/12.36–39). Some of them, discovered within ares D5 and E5 (Fig. 4), formed visible concentrations and were marked as graves (I–III). In the following year, further artefacts and a cremation grave were found (IV). Regular rescue archaeological researches were taken undertaken in 2011 and continued in successive years. The area of works has been used intensively for agricultural purposes for a long time, which affects the preservation of features. Excavations carried out in 2011–2016 resulted in the examination of the area of almost 20 ares. As a consequence of them, including the first four graves (I–IV), 279 features have been discovered at the site so far, 263 of which have become the subject of the work.
The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the Early Middle Ages 4: 500 BC - 500 AD. In 5 volumes, 2016
Chief Editor: Przemysław Urbańczyk; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Scie... more Chief Editor: Przemysław Urbańczyk; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences;
Editor of Volume 4: Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz;
ISBN: 978-83-63760-91-5;
Warsaw 2016
As far as Polish archaeology is concerned, the time has clearly come for preparing such a synthesis, since the previous work of this kind (Prahistoria ziem polskich l-V) was published over 25 years ago. The new discoveries, new interpretations, and new research approaches developed by the new generation of scholars studying the material remains of the past urgently require a proper synopsis. [...]
The present volumes are the work of 60 authors formally divided into five teams. In order to curb the "separatist" effects of the traditional systematization of prehistory and protohistory (into the Palaeolithic Era, the Mesolithic Era, the Neolithic Era, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and the Early Middle Ages), we employed a strictly chronological criterion: volume one encompasses the period between ca. 500,000 BC and 5,500 BC; volume two - between 5,500 BC and 2,000 BC; volume three - between 2,000 BC and 500 BC; volume four - between 500 BC and 500 AD; and volume five - between 500 AD and 1000 AD. Such an artificial division mitigates the sharpness of the traditional "pivotal moments" and at the same time emphasizes the accelerating nature of socio-cultural changes. [...]
The article concerns one-piece belt-hooks with hooks pointing in opposite directions referred to ... more The article concerns one-piece belt-hooks with hooks pointing in opposite directions referred to as J. Kostrzewski types Ib and IIb. The diversity of their shapes and body formation, as well as the various forms of the long attachment hook, made it possible to distinguish several varieties and variants. The recent state of research shows that the titular belt-hooks, used from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period, were characteristic of the women’s attire of the Oksywie Culture and the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture communities. In the case of the former cultural unit, the impetus for the manufacture of some belt-hook varieties was familiarity with imported belt fasteners.
Abstract: Cremation was the predominant form of burial among members of the Oksywie Culture group... more Abstract: Cremation was the predominant form of burial among members of the Oksywie Culture group. The first inhumation graves appeared in Pomerania, similarly as in the Przeworsk Culture, in the middle phase of the late Pre-Roman period. The grave inventories in these cases show a close resemblance to contemporaneous burials from Kuyavia. Inhumation burial numbers grow from the beginning of phase A3. Other changes are also observed at the same time in the cemeteries of the Oksywie Culture, including the elimination of weapons from grave inventories and a reduced number of cremation urn graves. The largest number of inhumation graves has been recorded for the transitional phase A3/B1, which is chronologically related to phase B1. The socio-religious changes initiated among population groups of the Oksywie Culture in the late Pre-Roman period popularized the changeover to the inhumation rite. The emergence of a new culture, the Wielbark Culture, characterized by a biritual form of funerary rites, was the effect of these changes associated with the broader economic and political transformation taking place in Europe at this time.
Rada Naukowa Scientific Advisory Board Tłumaczenia Translation Korekta tłumaczeń Linguistic revis... more Rada Naukowa Scientific Advisory Board Tłumaczenia Translation Korekta tłumaczeń Linguistic revision Korekta Proofreading Skład i łamanie Layout Rycina na okładce Cover picture Adres redakcji Editorial office Strona www Home Page Tomy archiwalne Archival issues ISSN dr Wojciech Brzeziński dr hab. Jacek Andrzejowski Grażyna Orlińska, Radosław Prochowicz, An drzej Jacek Tomaszewski, Katarzyna Watemborska-Rakowska, Kaja Jaroszewska prof. dr hab. Wojciech Nowakowski (Wydział Nauk o Kulturze i Sztuce Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego), prof. dr Audronė Bliujienė (Klaipėdos universitetas), prof. dr hab. Claus von Carnap-Bornheim (Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie, Schleswig), prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Kobyliński (Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego), prof. dr hab. Jerzy Maik (Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk), prof. dr hab. Dieter Quast (Forschungsinstitut für Archäologie, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz), prof. dr hab. Paweł Valde-Nowak (Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego)
In 1873, at the foot of Carlsberg hill (currently Góra Pachołek), in the field of a Mr Zywietz lo... more In 1873, at the foot of Carlsberg hill (currently Góra Pachołek), in the field of a Mr Zywietz located in the Oliva commune, a cemetery from the younger pre-Roman and Roman period was discovered. The following year, further research was carried out under the supervision of Abraham Lissauer. In total, on an area of approximately 14 ares, 40 cremation graves (21 urn and 19 pit ones) were discovered, the contents of which were handed over by the owner to the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk. Some of the artefacts from the necropolis in Gdańsk-Oliwa were published in two articles by A. Lissauer. The importance of the finds was emphasised by the fact that in the literature on the subject, starting from the second half of the 19th century, until the end of World War II, the name of the necropolis appeared relatively often. The source materials were used for study work by leading researchers of that period. Unfortunately, at the end of the war, the artefacts were lost, and the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk now includes two clay vessels. The most information about the artefacts found in Oliwa is provided by the Józef Kostrzewski’s Archive, containing the research notes by the scholar who got acquainted with the items during the museum query in 1912. Based on this, new information was obtained that can be used for further material analyses. Most of the artefacts should be dated to the younger pre-Roman period (phases A2 and A3), and to a lesser extent to the Roman period (phases B1b-B2/C1). Unfortunately, the reconstruction of individual burial assemblages is not possible, because from the very beginning the materials from the cemetery formed a collection of artefacts. Based on the Kostrzewski’s Archive and the publications it was established (see the catalogue) that the most numerous group of artefacts were brooches, in total 16 specimens. Among the nine made of iron, more detailed information is avail¬able about seven of them; they represent types K, L, M according to J. Kostrzewski and Almgren 18a. The bronze brooches are represented by types 68, 39, 128 and group V, series 1 according to O. Almgren. The belt elements consisted of four iron and bronze belt hooks and a buckle. In one cremation pit grave there was a pair of snake-headed bracelets. The weaponry is represented by two one-edged swords, as well as iron fittings of the sword scabbard, two or three shield bosses and one shield grip. Determining the number of spearheads discovered in the cemetery in Oliwa is problematic, but it seems that there were nine of them; in addition, one spear butt was found with preserved wood remains. The group of tools included a straight knife dated to the Roman period, as well as three clay spindle whorls. The collection of the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk also included 10 clay vessels of the Oksywie and the Wielbark cultures. It is known that in the Zywietz’s field, apart from the graves of the Oksywie and the Wielbark cultures, burials of the Pomeranian culture were discovered (sites 4 and 5). It indicates that there was a multicultural cemetery at the foot of Góra Pachołek; the youngest archaeological materials, including a temple ring, can be dated to the early Middle Ages. The reminded information about the site of the 19th-century archaeological discoveries at the former Renneberg Street and near Köllner Chaussée, indicate the location of the Zywietz’s field in the immediate vicinity of the initial numbers of cur¬rent Spacerowa Street, towards Karwieńska Street. The information gathered about the somewhat forgotten cemetery in Gdańsk-Oliwa shows that the site has not been fully explored. The inspection of the place of the alleged location of the site showed that the area was heavily transformed by the access road to the already completed housing investment, and the history of archaeological research on this site has been completed.
Die Fundstelle 3 in Lipianki liegt im Tal der unteren Weichsel in der Nähe von Kwidzyn. Während d... more Die Fundstelle 3 in Lipianki liegt im Tal der unteren Weichsel in der Nähe von Kwidzyn. Während der großflächigen Rettungsgrabung im Jahr 2010 wurden insgesamt 1127 Gräber und Siedlungsbefunde von der jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenbis zur Völkerwanderungszeit registriert. Die Untersuchung der zahlreichen Gefäßscherben zeigt eindeutig, dass die Siedlung in der Stufe A2 der jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenzeit entstand. Bemerkenswert ist die Anwesenheit von keramischen Formen, die in der Przeworsk-Kultur beheimatet sind, was auf enge Verbindungen des Unterweichselgebietes zu dieser benachbarten Kulturzone verweist. Festzustellen ist dabei die Fortsetzung der ‚Oksywie‘-Stilistik bei der Keramik, die in die Übergangszeit zwischen der jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenzeit und der Römischen Kaiserzeit (A3/B1) datiert sowie bei einigen Gefäßen der Wielbark-Kultur
One or Two? A Traunstein-type Belt Hook from the Cemetery in Brzyno, Site 7 (Woj. Pomorskie / PL)... more One or Two? A Traunstein-type Belt Hook from the Cemetery in Brzyno, Site 7 (Woj. Pomorskie / PL) In a cremation grave of the Oksywie culture at the cemetery in Brzyno, site 7, a Traunstein-type belt hook of bronze was discovered. After conservation, it turned out that the object had been repaired. Most likely, a second specimen of the same type was used to repair the belt hook. These observations are confirmed by traces visible on the object, and also by the chemical analyses carried out. This discovery indicates that this prestigious element of female attire was used in Pomerania more often than archaeological sources indicate. It also seems that the knowledge of imported belt hooks in the Oksywie culture inspired local smiths to produce similar items locally. This was influenced by the trans-regional contacts with Central Germany visible during the A2 and A3 phases.
A detailed study of iron unipartite belt hook type Ia was presented in Die ostgermanische Kultur ... more A detailed study of iron unipartite belt hook type Ia was presented in Die ostgermanische Kultur der Spätlatènezeit by Józef Kostrzewski. On the list 19 he presented belt hooks of this type from the Oder and Vistula river basins. At the time, they were very rare and appeared mainly in the area dominated by the Jastorf Culture, more precisely in the Oder Group and the Gubin Group. A rare variant of type Ia belt hooks is represented in the Oksywie culture by specimens with shaft end. The first one was discovered a in burial pit nr 205 in Podwiesk (fig. 2: 1), in which bone remains, supposedly female, adultus, were also found. The remaining elements of the assemblage included two iron brooches type B–IIa. The second belt hook was discovered in burial pit 224 at cemetery in Pruszcz Gdański, site 7 (fig. 2: 2). The inventory also included two bronze brooches, one of them well-preserved, with solid decorative bronze appliqué; the second brooch was probably analogical. The third belt hook comes from cremation pit (site 196) discovered in 2016 at cemetery in Babi Dół-Borcz, which also contained two decorative iron brooches type B (short variant) and large pottery shreds (fig. 1). In terms of shape, the belt hooks resemble willow leaf and lanceolate. In all the three cases, there is a distinct decorative end. On the basis of the brooches, the belt hooks can be dated stadium A1a (Babi Dół-Borcz) and somewhat later, phase A1 and the beginning of phase A2 (Pruszcz Gdański and Podwiesk). The area of more frequent occurrence of belt hooks type Ia with one shaft end is the Jastorf Culture (fig. 6). Specimens similar to those from the area of the Oksywie Culture and connected to the late pre-Roman period come from sites in Meklemburg, Brandenburg and Sachsen-Anhalt (fig. 3–4). Analogical belt hooks can be also found in Bornholm, where they are dated phase A1 and A2 (fig. 5: 1–2, 6). Based on the discovered unipartite belt hooks with shaft end it can be assumed that in the area of the Oksywie Culture settlement, the use of such belt fastening begins already at the beginning of phase A1. It seems that their appearance was inspired by western and northern influences that shaped the cultural identity of the newly-formed Oksywie culture. Their acceptance was reflected in the adaptation of the Jastorf model of female attire.
Tripartite bronze belt hooks of type Kostrzewski III are indicators of female attire in the Late ... more Tripartite bronze belt hooks of type Kostrzewski III are indicators of female attire in the Late Pre-Roman Period in Pomerania. Here, belt hooks from 31 sites have been collected, all of them related to the Oksywie or Wielbark Cultures, or to the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture. Finds from outside of Pomerania are also included as comparative objects. The most common form of such belt hooks in Pomerania was type IIIb, being in use from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Roughly at the same time, these belt hooks appeared in Brandenburg. Belt hooks of type IIIa are somewhat older, while belt hooks of type IIIc are younger, as they were in use from phase A3 up to phase B2 of the Roman Period. Chronology of the artefacts, indicates that Pre-Roman traditions persisted in the Roman Period, even though belt buckles had been already introduced.
With gold and sword. Contacts of Celts and early Germanics in central Europe. The historical background: 3rd-1st c. BC
The chapter written together with M. Rudnicki and A. Strobin in a book: "The Past Societ... more The chapter written together with M. Rudnicki and A. Strobin in a book: "The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the early Middle Ages", vol. 4: "500 BC - 500 AD" (ed. A. Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz), Warszawa 2016, pp. 133-161.
Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
Archaeological artefacts made of copper alloys are a particularly valuable source of knowledge ab... more Archaeological artefacts made of copper alloys are a particularly valuable source of knowledge about ancient societies; in recent years these finds have been more and more often analysed in terms of their chemical composition. Observations based on the results of these analyses are conducive to indicating alloys characteristic of specific chronological periods and to considering the origin of the materials and the operations of workshops.
Archaeological artefacts made of copper alloys are a particularly valuable source of knowledge ab... more Archaeological artefacts made of copper alloys are a particularly valuable source of knowledge about ancient societies; in recent years these finds have been more and more often analysed in terms of their chemical composition. Observations based on the results of these analyses are conducive to indicating alloys characteristic of specific chronological periods and to considering the origin of the materials and the operations of workshops.
1 Deutsche Ortsnamen werden nur für Fundstellen genannt, die in der Fachliteratur vor 1945 erwähn... more 1 Deutsche Ortsnamen werden nur für Fundstellen genannt, die in der Fachliteratur vor 1945 erwähnt wurden.
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Books by Anna Strobin
Pomerania Province, is located in Pobrzeże Koszalińskie
[Koszalin Coastland], within the distinctly separated mesoregion
of Wysoczyzna Żarnowiecka (Żarnowiec Heights).
The site no. 7 (formerly no. 12) in Brzyno is situated at the
culmination of the elevation located south-east of the buildings
of the Brzyno village and over 1 km west of the banks
of the Żarnowieckie Lake (Fig. 1, 2).
The first information about the site dates back to 1936
(formerly Prüssau, Kr. Lauenburg). It refers to over 50 finds
from that place, including numerous barrows that are still visible
today in the form of two elevation groups (Fig. 3) and
dated presumably on the Bronze Age. In one of them, in a pit
after a fallen tree, weapons, an amber bead and human skeleton
bones were found (Fig. 5). In the opinion of H. J. Eggers,
the chronology of the aforementioned archaeological objects
should be assigned to the Late Roman Period or the Migration
Period.
Over 70 years later, in 2008, finds from the destroyed graves
of the Oksywie Culture were found during surface examinations
(ZL/12.36–39). Some of them, discovered within
ares D5 and E5 (Fig. 4), formed visible concentrations and
were marked as graves (I–III). In the following year, further
artefacts and a cremation grave were found (IV). Regular
rescue archaeological researches were taken undertaken in
2011 and continued in successive years. The area of works
has been used intensively for agricultural purposes for a long
time, which affects the preservation of features.
Excavations carried out in 2011–2016 resulted in the examination
of the area of almost 20 ares. As a consequence of
them, including the first four graves (I–IV), 279 features have
been discovered at the site so far, 263 of which have become
the subject of the work.
Editor of Volume 4: Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz;
ISBN: 978-83-63760-91-5;
Warsaw 2016
As far as Polish archaeology is concerned, the time has clearly come for preparing such a synthesis, since the previous work of this kind (Prahistoria ziem polskich l-V) was published over 25 years ago. The new discoveries, new interpretations, and new research approaches developed by the new generation of scholars studying the material remains of the past urgently require a proper synopsis. [...]
The present volumes are the work of 60 authors formally divided into five teams. In order to curb the "separatist" effects of the traditional systematization of prehistory and protohistory (into the Palaeolithic Era, the Mesolithic Era, the Neolithic Era, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and the Early Middle Ages), we employed a strictly chronological criterion: volume one encompasses the period between ca. 500,000 BC and 5,500 BC; volume two - between 5,500 BC and 2,000 BC; volume three - between 2,000 BC and 500 BC; volume four - between 500 BC and 500 AD; and volume five - between 500 AD and 1000 AD. Such an artificial division mitigates the sharpness of the traditional "pivotal moments" and at the same time emphasizes the accelerating nature of socio-cultural changes. [...]
Papers by Anna Strobin
changes initiated among population groups of the Oksywie Culture in the late Pre-Roman period popularized the changeover to the inhumation rite. The emergence of a new culture, the Wielbark Culture, characterized by a biritual form of funerary rites, was the effect of these changes associated
with the broader economic and political transformation taking place in Europe at this time.
Some of the artefacts from the necropolis in Gdańsk-Oliwa were published in two articles by A. Lissauer. The importance of the finds was emphasised by the fact that in the literature on the subject, starting from the second half of the 19th century, until the end of World War II, the name of the necropolis appeared relatively often. The source materials were used for study work by leading researchers of that period. Unfortunately, at the end of the war, the artefacts were lost, and the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk now includes two clay vessels.
The most information about the artefacts found in Oliwa is provided by the Józef Kostrzewski’s Archive, containing the research notes by the scholar who got acquainted with the items during the museum query in 1912. Based on this, new information was obtained that can be used for further material analyses. Most of the artefacts should be dated to the younger pre-Roman period (phases A2 and A3), and to a lesser extent to the Roman period (phases B1b-B2/C1). Unfortunately, the reconstruction of individual burial assemblages is not possible, because from the very beginning the materials from the cemetery formed a collection of artefacts.
Based on the Kostrzewski’s Archive and the publications it was established (see the catalogue) that the most numerous group of artefacts were brooches, in total 16 specimens. Among the nine made of iron, more detailed information is avail¬able about seven of them; they represent types K, L, M according to J. Kostrzewski and Almgren 18a. The bronze brooches are represented by types 68, 39, 128 and group V, series 1 according to O. Almgren. The belt elements consisted of four iron and bronze belt hooks and a buckle. In one cremation pit grave there was a pair of snake-headed bracelets. The weaponry is represented by two one-edged swords, as well as iron fittings of the sword scabbard, two or three shield bosses and one shield grip. Determining the number of spearheads discovered in the cemetery in Oliwa is problematic, but it seems that there were nine of them; in addition, one spear butt was found with preserved wood remains. The group of tools included a straight knife dated to the Roman period, as well as three clay spindle whorls. The collection of the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk also included 10 clay vessels of the Oksywie and the Wielbark cultures.
It is known that in the Zywietz’s field, apart from the graves of the Oksywie and the Wielbark cultures, burials of the Pomeranian culture were discovered (sites 4 and 5). It indicates that there was a multicultural cemetery at the foot of Góra Pachołek; the youngest archaeological materials, including a temple ring, can be dated to the early Middle Ages.
The reminded information about the site of the 19th-century archaeological discoveries at the former Renneberg Street and near Köllner Chaussée, indicate the location of the Zywietz’s field in the immediate vicinity of the initial numbers of cur¬rent Spacerowa Street, towards Karwieńska Street. The information gathered about the somewhat forgotten cemetery in Gdańsk-Oliwa shows that the site has not been fully explored. The inspection of the place of the alleged location of the site showed that the area was heavily transformed by the access road to the already completed housing investment, and the history of archaeological research on this site has been completed.
In a cremation grave of the Oksywie culture at the cemetery in Brzyno, site 7, a Traunstein-type belt hook of bronze was
discovered. After conservation, it turned out that the object had been repaired. Most likely, a second specimen of the
same type was used to repair the belt hook. These observations are confirmed by traces visible on the object, and also
by the chemical analyses carried out. This discovery indicates that this prestigious element of female attire was used in
Pomerania more often than archaeological sources indicate. It also seems that the knowledge of imported belt hooks
in the Oksywie culture inspired local smiths to produce similar items locally. This was influenced by the trans-regional
contacts with Central Germany visible during the A2 and A3 phases.
Spätlatènezeit by Józef Kostrzewski. On the list 19 he presented belt hooks of this type from the Oder and Vistula
river basins. At the time, they were very rare and appeared mainly in the area dominated by the Jastorf Culture,
more precisely in the Oder Group and the Gubin Group.
A rare variant of type Ia belt hooks is represented in the Oksywie culture by specimens with shaft end. The
first one was discovered a in burial pit nr 205 in Podwiesk (fig. 2: 1), in which bone remains, supposedly female,
adultus, were also found. The remaining elements of the assemblage included two iron brooches type B–IIa. The
second belt hook was discovered in burial pit 224 at cemetery in Pruszcz Gdański, site 7 (fig. 2: 2). The inventory also included two bronze brooches, one of them well-preserved, with solid decorative bronze appliqué; the second brooch was probably analogical. The third belt hook comes from cremation pit (site 196) discovered in
2016 at cemetery in Babi Dół-Borcz, which also contained two decorative iron brooches type B (short variant) and
large pottery shreds (fig. 1). In terms of shape, the belt hooks resemble willow leaf and lanceolate. In all the three
cases, there is a distinct decorative end. On the basis of the brooches, the belt hooks can be dated stadium A1a
(Babi Dół-Borcz) and somewhat later, phase A1 and the beginning of phase A2 (Pruszcz Gdański and Podwiesk).
The area of more frequent occurrence of belt hooks type Ia with one shaft end is the Jastorf Culture (fig. 6).
Specimens similar to those from the area of the Oksywie Culture and connected to the late pre-Roman period
come from sites in Meklemburg, Brandenburg and Sachsen-Anhalt (fig. 3–4). Analogical belt hooks can be also
found in Bornholm, where they are dated phase A1 and A2 (fig. 5: 1–2, 6).
Based on the discovered unipartite belt hooks with shaft end it can be assumed that in the area of the Oksywie Culture settlement, the use of such belt fastening begins already at the beginning of phase A1. It seems that their appearance was inspired by western and northern influences that shaped the cultural identity of the newly-formed Oksywie culture. Their acceptance was reflected in the adaptation of the Jastorf model of female attire.
Pomerania Province, is located in Pobrzeże Koszalińskie
[Koszalin Coastland], within the distinctly separated mesoregion
of Wysoczyzna Żarnowiecka (Żarnowiec Heights).
The site no. 7 (formerly no. 12) in Brzyno is situated at the
culmination of the elevation located south-east of the buildings
of the Brzyno village and over 1 km west of the banks
of the Żarnowieckie Lake (Fig. 1, 2).
The first information about the site dates back to 1936
(formerly Prüssau, Kr. Lauenburg). It refers to over 50 finds
from that place, including numerous barrows that are still visible
today in the form of two elevation groups (Fig. 3) and
dated presumably on the Bronze Age. In one of them, in a pit
after a fallen tree, weapons, an amber bead and human skeleton
bones were found (Fig. 5). In the opinion of H. J. Eggers,
the chronology of the aforementioned archaeological objects
should be assigned to the Late Roman Period or the Migration
Period.
Over 70 years later, in 2008, finds from the destroyed graves
of the Oksywie Culture were found during surface examinations
(ZL/12.36–39). Some of them, discovered within
ares D5 and E5 (Fig. 4), formed visible concentrations and
were marked as graves (I–III). In the following year, further
artefacts and a cremation grave were found (IV). Regular
rescue archaeological researches were taken undertaken in
2011 and continued in successive years. The area of works
has been used intensively for agricultural purposes for a long
time, which affects the preservation of features.
Excavations carried out in 2011–2016 resulted in the examination
of the area of almost 20 ares. As a consequence of
them, including the first four graves (I–IV), 279 features have
been discovered at the site so far, 263 of which have become
the subject of the work.
Editor of Volume 4: Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz;
ISBN: 978-83-63760-91-5;
Warsaw 2016
As far as Polish archaeology is concerned, the time has clearly come for preparing such a synthesis, since the previous work of this kind (Prahistoria ziem polskich l-V) was published over 25 years ago. The new discoveries, new interpretations, and new research approaches developed by the new generation of scholars studying the material remains of the past urgently require a proper synopsis. [...]
The present volumes are the work of 60 authors formally divided into five teams. In order to curb the "separatist" effects of the traditional systematization of prehistory and protohistory (into the Palaeolithic Era, the Mesolithic Era, the Neolithic Era, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and the Early Middle Ages), we employed a strictly chronological criterion: volume one encompasses the period between ca. 500,000 BC and 5,500 BC; volume two - between 5,500 BC and 2,000 BC; volume three - between 2,000 BC and 500 BC; volume four - between 500 BC and 500 AD; and volume five - between 500 AD and 1000 AD. Such an artificial division mitigates the sharpness of the traditional "pivotal moments" and at the same time emphasizes the accelerating nature of socio-cultural changes. [...]
changes initiated among population groups of the Oksywie Culture in the late Pre-Roman period popularized the changeover to the inhumation rite. The emergence of a new culture, the Wielbark Culture, characterized by a biritual form of funerary rites, was the effect of these changes associated
with the broader economic and political transformation taking place in Europe at this time.
Some of the artefacts from the necropolis in Gdańsk-Oliwa were published in two articles by A. Lissauer. The importance of the finds was emphasised by the fact that in the literature on the subject, starting from the second half of the 19th century, until the end of World War II, the name of the necropolis appeared relatively often. The source materials were used for study work by leading researchers of that period. Unfortunately, at the end of the war, the artefacts were lost, and the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk now includes two clay vessels.
The most information about the artefacts found in Oliwa is provided by the Józef Kostrzewski’s Archive, containing the research notes by the scholar who got acquainted with the items during the museum query in 1912. Based on this, new information was obtained that can be used for further material analyses. Most of the artefacts should be dated to the younger pre-Roman period (phases A2 and A3), and to a lesser extent to the Roman period (phases B1b-B2/C1). Unfortunately, the reconstruction of individual burial assemblages is not possible, because from the very beginning the materials from the cemetery formed a collection of artefacts.
Based on the Kostrzewski’s Archive and the publications it was established (see the catalogue) that the most numerous group of artefacts were brooches, in total 16 specimens. Among the nine made of iron, more detailed information is avail¬able about seven of them; they represent types K, L, M according to J. Kostrzewski and Almgren 18a. The bronze brooches are represented by types 68, 39, 128 and group V, series 1 according to O. Almgren. The belt elements consisted of four iron and bronze belt hooks and a buckle. In one cremation pit grave there was a pair of snake-headed bracelets. The weaponry is represented by two one-edged swords, as well as iron fittings of the sword scabbard, two or three shield bosses and one shield grip. Determining the number of spearheads discovered in the cemetery in Oliwa is problematic, but it seems that there were nine of them; in addition, one spear butt was found with preserved wood remains. The group of tools included a straight knife dated to the Roman period, as well as three clay spindle whorls. The collection of the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk also included 10 clay vessels of the Oksywie and the Wielbark cultures.
It is known that in the Zywietz’s field, apart from the graves of the Oksywie and the Wielbark cultures, burials of the Pomeranian culture were discovered (sites 4 and 5). It indicates that there was a multicultural cemetery at the foot of Góra Pachołek; the youngest archaeological materials, including a temple ring, can be dated to the early Middle Ages.
The reminded information about the site of the 19th-century archaeological discoveries at the former Renneberg Street and near Köllner Chaussée, indicate the location of the Zywietz’s field in the immediate vicinity of the initial numbers of cur¬rent Spacerowa Street, towards Karwieńska Street. The information gathered about the somewhat forgotten cemetery in Gdańsk-Oliwa shows that the site has not been fully explored. The inspection of the place of the alleged location of the site showed that the area was heavily transformed by the access road to the already completed housing investment, and the history of archaeological research on this site has been completed.
In a cremation grave of the Oksywie culture at the cemetery in Brzyno, site 7, a Traunstein-type belt hook of bronze was
discovered. After conservation, it turned out that the object had been repaired. Most likely, a second specimen of the
same type was used to repair the belt hook. These observations are confirmed by traces visible on the object, and also
by the chemical analyses carried out. This discovery indicates that this prestigious element of female attire was used in
Pomerania more often than archaeological sources indicate. It also seems that the knowledge of imported belt hooks
in the Oksywie culture inspired local smiths to produce similar items locally. This was influenced by the trans-regional
contacts with Central Germany visible during the A2 and A3 phases.
Spätlatènezeit by Józef Kostrzewski. On the list 19 he presented belt hooks of this type from the Oder and Vistula
river basins. At the time, they were very rare and appeared mainly in the area dominated by the Jastorf Culture,
more precisely in the Oder Group and the Gubin Group.
A rare variant of type Ia belt hooks is represented in the Oksywie culture by specimens with shaft end. The
first one was discovered a in burial pit nr 205 in Podwiesk (fig. 2: 1), in which bone remains, supposedly female,
adultus, were also found. The remaining elements of the assemblage included two iron brooches type B–IIa. The
second belt hook was discovered in burial pit 224 at cemetery in Pruszcz Gdański, site 7 (fig. 2: 2). The inventory also included two bronze brooches, one of them well-preserved, with solid decorative bronze appliqué; the second brooch was probably analogical. The third belt hook comes from cremation pit (site 196) discovered in
2016 at cemetery in Babi Dół-Borcz, which also contained two decorative iron brooches type B (short variant) and
large pottery shreds (fig. 1). In terms of shape, the belt hooks resemble willow leaf and lanceolate. In all the three
cases, there is a distinct decorative end. On the basis of the brooches, the belt hooks can be dated stadium A1a
(Babi Dół-Borcz) and somewhat later, phase A1 and the beginning of phase A2 (Pruszcz Gdański and Podwiesk).
The area of more frequent occurrence of belt hooks type Ia with one shaft end is the Jastorf Culture (fig. 6).
Specimens similar to those from the area of the Oksywie Culture and connected to the late pre-Roman period
come from sites in Meklemburg, Brandenburg and Sachsen-Anhalt (fig. 3–4). Analogical belt hooks can be also
found in Bornholm, where they are dated phase A1 and A2 (fig. 5: 1–2, 6).
Based on the discovered unipartite belt hooks with shaft end it can be assumed that in the area of the Oksywie Culture settlement, the use of such belt fastening begins already at the beginning of phase A1. It seems that their appearance was inspired by western and northern influences that shaped the cultural identity of the newly-formed Oksywie culture. Their acceptance was reflected in the adaptation of the Jastorf model of female attire.