The objectives of the project were to identify important issues of traffic law enforcement in the... more The objectives of the project were to identify important issues of traffic law enforcement in the EU, examine traditional and innovative enforcement approaches and tools, and assess their potential to improve compliance for increased safety on roads. The following main issues were addressed: the extent of non-compliance with traffic laws and its contribution to accidents; how enforcement is organised and carried out in practice in EU countries; traffic law enforcement needs, issues and constraints, old and new; the potential for new approaches, technologies and tools to improve compliance through more efficient enforcement.
Emphasis was put on speeding, drink driving, non-use of personal safety devices and “aggressive” driving. The project focused more on the policing function as compared to legal functions. The analysis was largely qualitative because of the complexity of the systems, their intricate social context, and lack of reliable quantitative data in many
countries. Attention was also given to organisational and legal issues of the system and not only to policing tactics and the behaviours targeted for enforcement. Other foci were anticipated enforcement issues in a larger, more integrated and even more motorised EU, and the special needs of EEC countries.
In examining new approaches and tools, the following were specifically considered: the potential of automated camera systems for enforcement of speeding and other violations the possible role of non-police organisations in enforcement, the necessity for monitoring tools, the application of a cost benefit analysis tool to enforcement, and the extent of professional and public support to various traffic enforcement practices and initiatives.
One of the leading guidelines of the project was to address traffic law enforcement issues at a practical level and to propose potential solutions with a good chance of being accepted by enforcement professionals.
There is clear public support for existing traffic legislation in the four focus areas of speeding, alcohol, belts, and young drivers as well as effectively enforcing them. Considering the traffic system as a whole, including the role and resources of the police, it is clear that enforcement based on very high subjective detection probabilities only, will not be able to achieve even on a satisfactory level the compliance of all traffic rules.
There are currently available systems that can be used directly preventively without the fear of punishment such as speed limiters. Moreover, the use of such “directly preventive” systems can be realised with much lower costs than extensive monitoring systems requiring manpower even when fully automated.
Only by realising that traffic enforcement is a part of integrated traffic safety work, where the whole system must be developed, can unnecessary pressures and unrealistic expectations concerning the impacts of enforcement be avoided. The use of new technologies in traffic safety work in both assisting and controlling road user behaviour also serve this purpose well.
This report addresses the question of how legal and administrative systems may support the operat... more This report addresses the question of how legal and administrative systems may support the operation or effectiveness of the total system of traffic law enforcement. In Chapter 1 road safety and traffic enforcement are presented as the efforts of several inter-linked organisations and subsequently we discuss the possible meanings of the term "support" for police enforcement. In our modern society we will increasingly find many organisations committed to or involved with road safety problems. Success or failure of an enforcement policy is not only determined by the internal functioning of the police organisation, but determined by the way in which different organisations, police, road authorities, publicity organisations etc. work together in a professional network and coordinate their activities. In this view, the quality of traffic law enforcement is determined by the extent to which activities are geared to each other to make up an effective chain of enforcement and supporting measures. Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the various links in the traffic law enforcement chain. Table1 gives an overview of the main structure the traffic law (Goldenbeld, Jayet, Fuller and Mäkinen, 1999). Special attention is given to the distinction between criminal and civil law systems. In practice, in almost every European country the legal system for processing of traffic violations is always a mix of criminal and administrative procedures.
Partners: Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen (BASt) Institut National de Recherche sur les Transport... more Partners: Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen (BASt) Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS) Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit (KfV) Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV) The Institute of Traffic Planning and Traffic Engineering (TUW-IVV) Institute of ...
Das Institut fur Verkehrspsychologie des Kuratoriums fur Verkehrssicherheit fuhrte Im Auftrag der... more Das Institut fur Verkehrspsychologie des Kuratoriums fur Verkehrssicherheit fuhrte Im Auftrag der OSAG (Osterreichische Autobahnen- und Schnellstrasen-Aktiengesellschaft) eine empirische Feldstudie zum Fahrverhalten in Autobahntunneln durch. Dazu wurden von 69 Versuchspersonen (als Lenker) Fahr- und Verhaltensdaten uber funf Tunnel in beide Fahrtrichtungen mit einem instrumentierten Fahrzeug (SAF, System zur Analyse des Fahrverhaltens) erhoben. Im Anschluss an die Fahrten wurden die Versuchspersonen ausfuhrlich zu den Fahrten und zu verwandten Themen befragt. Die Studie zeigt, dass viele Merkmale von Tunneln von den Verkehrsteilnehmern sehr bewusst wahrgenommen werden und Unterschiede in der Tunnelgestaltung auch als verhaltensrelevant erlebt werden. Es bestehen aber auch Hinweise, dass die Informationsaufnahme stark durch Routinen uberlagert und auch gesteuert wird. Die Erinnerung an Informationen ist auserst selektiv, was fur die Gestaltung von Einrichtungen eine besondere Herausf...
The Austrian health reform of 2013 aims to strengthen primary health care. In 2014, a new primary... more The Austrian health reform of 2013 aims to strengthen primary health care. In 2014, a new primary care concept was adopted which outlined the content of the law endorsed in 2017 that defines inter- and multi-disciplinary primary health care units (PCUs) as a new organisational structure. For the first time, health promotion, prevention and health literacy are defined as tasks of these PCUs. Until now, health promotion in primary care focused on individual risk prevention instead of developing resources at the individual and community level. A project to systematically implement health promotion, disease prevention and health literacy into these new PCUs was initiated. Given the lack of a tradition in health promotion in Austrian health care, a clear vision of the intended reorientation of primary health care is needed, accompanied by measures to build capacity for health professionals, framework conditions for appropriate health promotion structures and processes, and implementatio...
Aufbauend auf der Wiener Fahrprobe wurde am Kuratorium fuer Verkehrssicherheit ein neues System z... more Aufbauend auf der Wiener Fahrprobe wurde am Kuratorium fuer Verkehrssicherheit ein neues System zur Analyse des Fahrverhaltens entwickelt. Das System kombiniert instrumentell erhobene Daten mit Dateneingaben eines mitfahrenden Beobachters und Aufzeichnungen von vier Videokameras. Diese unterschiedlichen Datenquellen erlauben eine verbesserte Ueberpruefung von Plausibilitaet, Objektivitaet und Reliabilitaet der erhobenen Daten. Mehrere Schritte zur Datenaufbereitung und zur Extraktion der relevanten Informationen wurden entwickelt, zur Klassifikation von Ereignissen werden auch neuronale Netze (kuenstliche Intelligenz) angewandt. Eine erste umfangreiche Anwendung dieser Methodik erfolgte im Rahmen eines Experiments zur Pruefung der Einfluesse des Tempomaten auf das Fahrverhalten. Jeweils 25 Fahrer mit und ohne Tempomaterfahrung mussten zweimal eine Strecke von etwa 150 km befahren, wobei jeweils einmal Tempomatverwendung ermoeglicht war und einmal nicht. Die Fragestellungen, die im R...
Die vorliegende Studie wurde im Auftrag der Oesterreichischen Autobahnen- und Schnellstrassen-AG ... more Die vorliegende Studie wurde im Auftrag der Oesterreichischen Autobahnen- und Schnellstrassen-AG (OESAG) durchgefuehrt. Auf einem Abschnitt der Pyhrnautobahn wurden mit einem instrumentierten Fahrzeug von 69 Lenkern Fahr- und Verhaltensdaten in fuenf Tunneln in beiden Fahrtrichtungen erhoben. Im Anschluss an die Fahrten wurden die Versuchspersonen ausfuehrlich zu den Fahrten und zu verwandten Themen befragt. Die Studie zeigt, dass viele Merkmale von Tunneln von den Verkehrsteilnehmern sehr bewusst wahrgenommen werden und Unterschiede in der Tunnelgestaltung auch als verhaltensrelevant erlebt werden. Die Erinnerung an Informationen ist aeusserst selektiv. Informationen, die nicht fuer das routinemaessige Durchfahren eines Tunnels von Bedeutung sind, werden besonders schlecht wahrgenommen und erinnert. Vor allem fuer den Notfall sind daher zusaetzliche Informationskanaele zu erschliessen. Dafuer kommen verstaerkte Aufklaerung, die Fahrausbildung oder die Erhoehung der Intensitaet der ...
In der vorliegenden Validierungsstudie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der verkehrspsychologische... more In der vorliegenden Validierungsstudie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der verkehrspsychologischen Testbatterie des Kuratoriums fur Verkehrssicherheit und dem Fahrverhalten im Strasenverkehr uberpruft. Auf Pradiktorenseite gingen insgesamt 12 Testverfahren zu den wesentlichen kraftfahrspezifischen Leistungsbereichen in die Untersuchung ein. Auf Kriterienseite kam ein neues System zur Fahrverhaltensbeobachtung (SAF) zum Einsatz. An der Studie nahmen 123 Manner aus der Fahreignungsbegutachtung teil, die die verkehrspsychologische Testung an dem Testsystem ART2020 sowie die Fahrprobe auf einer standardisierten Fahrstrecke mit einem Fahrschulwagen absolvierten. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte auf univariater Ebene in Abhangigkeit von Skalenniveau und Verteilungsannahmen mittels Produkt-Moment- bzw. Spearman- bzw. partieller Korrelationen, t- bzw. U-Tests, Varianzanalysen/ Rangvarianzanalysen bzw. Analysen auf Residualniveau sowie Kontingenzkoeffizienten. Auf multivariater Ebene wurden zur Dat...
The increased population of aged drivers raises the question of driver suitability for older peop... more The increased population of aged drivers raises the question of driver suitability for older people. Risk factors increasing with age and compensation strategies are discussed. As developments concern both changes in mental and physical performance and changes in the personal situation and personality, the conclusion is drawn that a professional assessment is necessary which considers several dimensions. Results of psychophysiological performance tests and driving tests will be described. The validity of performance tests regarding driver behavior is discussed based on empirical results. Guidelines for performance assessment and interpretation of test results will be presented. Personality assessment is proposed as a necessary supplementary information to performance data. Strategies for personality assessment based on standardized personality tests and on results of semi structured interviews are described. Indicators favorable for risk compensation and indicators for additional ri...
The objectives of the project were to identify important issues of traffic law enforcement in the... more The objectives of the project were to identify important issues of traffic law enforcement in the EU, examine traditional and innovative enforcement approaches and tools, and assess their potential to improve compliance for increased safety on roads. The following main issues were addressed: the extent of non-compliance with traffic laws and its contribution to accidents; how enforcement is organised and carried out in practice in EU countries; traffic law enforcement needs, issues and constraints, old and new; the potential for new approaches, technologies and tools to improve compliance through more efficient enforcement.
Emphasis was put on speeding, drink driving, non-use of personal safety devices and “aggressive” driving. The project focused more on the policing function as compared to legal functions. The analysis was largely qualitative because of the complexity of the systems, their intricate social context, and lack of reliable quantitative data in many
countries. Attention was also given to organisational and legal issues of the system and not only to policing tactics and the behaviours targeted for enforcement. Other foci were anticipated enforcement issues in a larger, more integrated and even more motorised EU, and the special needs of EEC countries.
In examining new approaches and tools, the following were specifically considered: the potential of automated camera systems for enforcement of speeding and other violations the possible role of non-police organisations in enforcement, the necessity for monitoring tools, the application of a cost benefit analysis tool to enforcement, and the extent of professional and public support to various traffic enforcement practices and initiatives.
One of the leading guidelines of the project was to address traffic law enforcement issues at a practical level and to propose potential solutions with a good chance of being accepted by enforcement professionals.
There is clear public support for existing traffic legislation in the four focus areas of speeding, alcohol, belts, and young drivers as well as effectively enforcing them. Considering the traffic system as a whole, including the role and resources of the police, it is clear that enforcement based on very high subjective detection probabilities only, will not be able to achieve even on a satisfactory level the compliance of all traffic rules.
There are currently available systems that can be used directly preventively without the fear of punishment such as speed limiters. Moreover, the use of such “directly preventive” systems can be realised with much lower costs than extensive monitoring systems requiring manpower even when fully automated.
Only by realising that traffic enforcement is a part of integrated traffic safety work, where the whole system must be developed, can unnecessary pressures and unrealistic expectations concerning the impacts of enforcement be avoided. The use of new technologies in traffic safety work in both assisting and controlling road user behaviour also serve this purpose well.
This report addresses the question of how legal and administrative systems may support the operat... more This report addresses the question of how legal and administrative systems may support the operation or effectiveness of the total system of traffic law enforcement. In Chapter 1 road safety and traffic enforcement are presented as the efforts of several inter-linked organisations and subsequently we discuss the possible meanings of the term "support" for police enforcement. In our modern society we will increasingly find many organisations committed to or involved with road safety problems. Success or failure of an enforcement policy is not only determined by the internal functioning of the police organisation, but determined by the way in which different organisations, police, road authorities, publicity organisations etc. work together in a professional network and coordinate their activities. In this view, the quality of traffic law enforcement is determined by the extent to which activities are geared to each other to make up an effective chain of enforcement and supporting measures. Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the various links in the traffic law enforcement chain. Table1 gives an overview of the main structure the traffic law (Goldenbeld, Jayet, Fuller and Mäkinen, 1999). Special attention is given to the distinction between criminal and civil law systems. In practice, in almost every European country the legal system for processing of traffic violations is always a mix of criminal and administrative procedures.
Partners: Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen (BASt) Institut National de Recherche sur les Transport... more Partners: Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen (BASt) Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS) Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit (KfV) Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV) The Institute of Traffic Planning and Traffic Engineering (TUW-IVV) Institute of ...
Das Institut fur Verkehrspsychologie des Kuratoriums fur Verkehrssicherheit fuhrte Im Auftrag der... more Das Institut fur Verkehrspsychologie des Kuratoriums fur Verkehrssicherheit fuhrte Im Auftrag der OSAG (Osterreichische Autobahnen- und Schnellstrasen-Aktiengesellschaft) eine empirische Feldstudie zum Fahrverhalten in Autobahntunneln durch. Dazu wurden von 69 Versuchspersonen (als Lenker) Fahr- und Verhaltensdaten uber funf Tunnel in beide Fahrtrichtungen mit einem instrumentierten Fahrzeug (SAF, System zur Analyse des Fahrverhaltens) erhoben. Im Anschluss an die Fahrten wurden die Versuchspersonen ausfuhrlich zu den Fahrten und zu verwandten Themen befragt. Die Studie zeigt, dass viele Merkmale von Tunneln von den Verkehrsteilnehmern sehr bewusst wahrgenommen werden und Unterschiede in der Tunnelgestaltung auch als verhaltensrelevant erlebt werden. Es bestehen aber auch Hinweise, dass die Informationsaufnahme stark durch Routinen uberlagert und auch gesteuert wird. Die Erinnerung an Informationen ist auserst selektiv, was fur die Gestaltung von Einrichtungen eine besondere Herausf...
The Austrian health reform of 2013 aims to strengthen primary health care. In 2014, a new primary... more The Austrian health reform of 2013 aims to strengthen primary health care. In 2014, a new primary care concept was adopted which outlined the content of the law endorsed in 2017 that defines inter- and multi-disciplinary primary health care units (PCUs) as a new organisational structure. For the first time, health promotion, prevention and health literacy are defined as tasks of these PCUs. Until now, health promotion in primary care focused on individual risk prevention instead of developing resources at the individual and community level. A project to systematically implement health promotion, disease prevention and health literacy into these new PCUs was initiated. Given the lack of a tradition in health promotion in Austrian health care, a clear vision of the intended reorientation of primary health care is needed, accompanied by measures to build capacity for health professionals, framework conditions for appropriate health promotion structures and processes, and implementatio...
Aufbauend auf der Wiener Fahrprobe wurde am Kuratorium fuer Verkehrssicherheit ein neues System z... more Aufbauend auf der Wiener Fahrprobe wurde am Kuratorium fuer Verkehrssicherheit ein neues System zur Analyse des Fahrverhaltens entwickelt. Das System kombiniert instrumentell erhobene Daten mit Dateneingaben eines mitfahrenden Beobachters und Aufzeichnungen von vier Videokameras. Diese unterschiedlichen Datenquellen erlauben eine verbesserte Ueberpruefung von Plausibilitaet, Objektivitaet und Reliabilitaet der erhobenen Daten. Mehrere Schritte zur Datenaufbereitung und zur Extraktion der relevanten Informationen wurden entwickelt, zur Klassifikation von Ereignissen werden auch neuronale Netze (kuenstliche Intelligenz) angewandt. Eine erste umfangreiche Anwendung dieser Methodik erfolgte im Rahmen eines Experiments zur Pruefung der Einfluesse des Tempomaten auf das Fahrverhalten. Jeweils 25 Fahrer mit und ohne Tempomaterfahrung mussten zweimal eine Strecke von etwa 150 km befahren, wobei jeweils einmal Tempomatverwendung ermoeglicht war und einmal nicht. Die Fragestellungen, die im R...
Die vorliegende Studie wurde im Auftrag der Oesterreichischen Autobahnen- und Schnellstrassen-AG ... more Die vorliegende Studie wurde im Auftrag der Oesterreichischen Autobahnen- und Schnellstrassen-AG (OESAG) durchgefuehrt. Auf einem Abschnitt der Pyhrnautobahn wurden mit einem instrumentierten Fahrzeug von 69 Lenkern Fahr- und Verhaltensdaten in fuenf Tunneln in beiden Fahrtrichtungen erhoben. Im Anschluss an die Fahrten wurden die Versuchspersonen ausfuehrlich zu den Fahrten und zu verwandten Themen befragt. Die Studie zeigt, dass viele Merkmale von Tunneln von den Verkehrsteilnehmern sehr bewusst wahrgenommen werden und Unterschiede in der Tunnelgestaltung auch als verhaltensrelevant erlebt werden. Die Erinnerung an Informationen ist aeusserst selektiv. Informationen, die nicht fuer das routinemaessige Durchfahren eines Tunnels von Bedeutung sind, werden besonders schlecht wahrgenommen und erinnert. Vor allem fuer den Notfall sind daher zusaetzliche Informationskanaele zu erschliessen. Dafuer kommen verstaerkte Aufklaerung, die Fahrausbildung oder die Erhoehung der Intensitaet der ...
In der vorliegenden Validierungsstudie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der verkehrspsychologische... more In der vorliegenden Validierungsstudie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der verkehrspsychologischen Testbatterie des Kuratoriums fur Verkehrssicherheit und dem Fahrverhalten im Strasenverkehr uberpruft. Auf Pradiktorenseite gingen insgesamt 12 Testverfahren zu den wesentlichen kraftfahrspezifischen Leistungsbereichen in die Untersuchung ein. Auf Kriterienseite kam ein neues System zur Fahrverhaltensbeobachtung (SAF) zum Einsatz. An der Studie nahmen 123 Manner aus der Fahreignungsbegutachtung teil, die die verkehrspsychologische Testung an dem Testsystem ART2020 sowie die Fahrprobe auf einer standardisierten Fahrstrecke mit einem Fahrschulwagen absolvierten. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte auf univariater Ebene in Abhangigkeit von Skalenniveau und Verteilungsannahmen mittels Produkt-Moment- bzw. Spearman- bzw. partieller Korrelationen, t- bzw. U-Tests, Varianzanalysen/ Rangvarianzanalysen bzw. Analysen auf Residualniveau sowie Kontingenzkoeffizienten. Auf multivariater Ebene wurden zur Dat...
The increased population of aged drivers raises the question of driver suitability for older peop... more The increased population of aged drivers raises the question of driver suitability for older people. Risk factors increasing with age and compensation strategies are discussed. As developments concern both changes in mental and physical performance and changes in the personal situation and personality, the conclusion is drawn that a professional assessment is necessary which considers several dimensions. Results of psychophysiological performance tests and driving tests will be described. The validity of performance tests regarding driver behavior is discussed based on empirical results. Guidelines for performance assessment and interpretation of test results will be presented. Personality assessment is proposed as a necessary supplementary information to performance data. Strategies for personality assessment based on standardized personality tests and on results of semi structured interviews are described. Indicators favorable for risk compensation and indicators for additional ri...
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Papers by Rainer Christ
Emphasis was put on speeding, drink driving, non-use of personal safety devices and “aggressive” driving. The project focused more on the policing function as compared to legal functions. The analysis was largely qualitative because of the complexity of the systems, their intricate social context, and lack of reliable quantitative data in many
countries. Attention was also given to organisational and legal issues of the system and not only to policing tactics and the behaviours targeted for enforcement. Other foci were anticipated enforcement issues in a larger, more integrated and even more motorised EU, and the special needs of EEC countries.
In examining new approaches and tools, the following were specifically considered: the potential of automated camera systems for enforcement of speeding and other violations the possible role of non-police organisations in enforcement, the necessity for monitoring tools, the application of a cost benefit analysis tool to enforcement, and the extent of professional and public support to various traffic enforcement practices and initiatives.
One of the leading guidelines of the project was to address traffic law enforcement issues at a practical level and to propose potential solutions with a good chance of being accepted by enforcement professionals.
There is clear public support for existing traffic legislation in the four focus areas of speeding, alcohol, belts, and young drivers as well as effectively enforcing them. Considering the traffic system as a whole, including the role and resources of the police, it is clear that enforcement based on very high subjective detection probabilities only, will not be able to achieve even on a satisfactory level the compliance of all traffic rules.
There are currently available systems that can be used directly preventively without the fear of punishment such as speed limiters. Moreover, the use of such “directly preventive” systems can be realised with much lower costs than extensive monitoring systems requiring manpower even when fully automated.
Only by realising that traffic enforcement is a part of integrated traffic safety work, where the whole system must be developed, can unnecessary pressures and unrealistic expectations concerning the impacts of enforcement be avoided. The use of new technologies in traffic safety work in both assisting and controlling road user behaviour also serve this purpose well.
Emphasis was put on speeding, drink driving, non-use of personal safety devices and “aggressive” driving. The project focused more on the policing function as compared to legal functions. The analysis was largely qualitative because of the complexity of the systems, their intricate social context, and lack of reliable quantitative data in many
countries. Attention was also given to organisational and legal issues of the system and not only to policing tactics and the behaviours targeted for enforcement. Other foci were anticipated enforcement issues in a larger, more integrated and even more motorised EU, and the special needs of EEC countries.
In examining new approaches and tools, the following were specifically considered: the potential of automated camera systems for enforcement of speeding and other violations the possible role of non-police organisations in enforcement, the necessity for monitoring tools, the application of a cost benefit analysis tool to enforcement, and the extent of professional and public support to various traffic enforcement practices and initiatives.
One of the leading guidelines of the project was to address traffic law enforcement issues at a practical level and to propose potential solutions with a good chance of being accepted by enforcement professionals.
There is clear public support for existing traffic legislation in the four focus areas of speeding, alcohol, belts, and young drivers as well as effectively enforcing them. Considering the traffic system as a whole, including the role and resources of the police, it is clear that enforcement based on very high subjective detection probabilities only, will not be able to achieve even on a satisfactory level the compliance of all traffic rules.
There are currently available systems that can be used directly preventively without the fear of punishment such as speed limiters. Moreover, the use of such “directly preventive” systems can be realised with much lower costs than extensive monitoring systems requiring manpower even when fully automated.
Only by realising that traffic enforcement is a part of integrated traffic safety work, where the whole system must be developed, can unnecessary pressures and unrealistic expectations concerning the impacts of enforcement be avoided. The use of new technologies in traffic safety work in both assisting and controlling road user behaviour also serve this purpose well.