Introduction: Every year, about 17,500 internationally-educated nurses (IENs) immigrate to Canada from countries like the Philippines, India, and China. While many IENs would like to practice in Canada, new immigration policies and professional regulations at the federal and provincial level limits their ability to do so. In response, migrants are increasingly using two-step immigration routes to enter the profession (e.g., international student-> permanent economic immigrant) or pursuing alternative careers in health (e.g., Personal Support Worker). These outcomes have significant policy implications for labour force planning in nursing, i ethical recruitment for international healthcare workers, the process of migrant workforce integration, ii and reproduction of migration as a form of gendered development for sending states. iii The purpose of this policy points is to summarize our findings from a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) knowledge synthesis report on how migrant transition programs intersect with labour force planning in the Canadian nursing sector. We consider the relevance of these issues for employers, regulators, the Canadian health system, and migrants themselves. Policy Context and Problem • According to the World Health Organization, health labour force shortages are the most serious obstacle to the right to health today, iv with an estimated global shortfall of 2.8 million nurses and midwives by 2015. v • Canada ranks 16 th (out of 34) in the OECD for nurse-to-population ratio, vi which has fallen since the early 1990s. vii The Canadian Nursing Association reports that, without policy intervention, Canada's shortfall will reach 60,000 full-time Registered Nurses (RNs) by 2022; viii this finding is supported by Human Resources and Skills Development Canada's nursing labour projections. ix • Because of this shortage and the difficulty of labour market planning, understanding how migration intersects with nursing is critical for Canada in order to plan for future skills demand.

Keegan Williams Research funded by the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Immigration and International Trade. IMRC Policy Points provide current and relevant policy briefings and recommendations drawn from scholarly research carried out by our Associates and Affiliates worldwide.

IMRC Policy Points provide current and relevant policy briefings and recommendations drawn from scholarly research carried out by our Associates and Affiliates worldwide. Follow our series at: imrc.ca New policies, new students, new direction? Trends in international student enrollment in Ontario's changing policy landscape.

The European Union (EU) implemented a maritime interdiction network using search and rescue which interdicted at least 462,813 “illegal migrants” in the Central Mediterranean Sea between 2006 and 2015. This involved 15 discrete, militarised and semi-secret maritime interdiction operations (MIOs) at a minimum cost of 126.9 million 2014 Euros. In this dissertation, I will explore and map these operations and their geographies between 2006 and 2015. First, and based on the given existence of the European Patrols Network, I examine how this network came into being in the first place. This serves to show that the EU purposely created regular maritime interdiction operations using search and rescue to interdict migrants by 2006. This approach also justifies and underpins my subsequent analyses of their histories, functions and outcomes, all of which depend on the network having two specific properties. First: that the EPN was a system intentionally designed to internalise migrants and boa...

Unprecedented human migration is an issue of critical importance in today’s rapidly globalizing world. International migrants constitute a group with more people than the population of Brazil, and they send more money home each year than the entire value of Argentina’s economy (International Organization for Migration [IOM], 2013). Migration flows have doubled since 1980 and show no signs of slowing down due to growing inequalities in global development, population pressure, environmental change and conflict (Koser, 2010). Compared to the majority of citizens in many countries, migrants face heightened risks because they do not receive adequate social protections such as health care, income security, education, housing or access to clean water and sanitation.

Much scholarship on border enforcement and loss of life asserts the relationship between enforcement and precarity. Little research attempts to correlate the two: enforcement operations and loss of life. In this article, we statistically analyse the relationship between increased border enforcement operations at sea and migrant losses of life around the EU between 2006 and 2015, and find them to be significantly and positively correlated. We also find evidence that increased enforcement leads to rerouting of migrant journeys to 'weak spots' in relation to borders. These findings bring empirical support to the commonly-asserted claim by social scientists that externalization creates greater loss of life. We argue that, although discourse about interception and externalization has shifted to humanitarian rescue narratives, offshore enforcement by any other name continues to be highly correlated with migrant deaths. We then construct two datasets documenting migrant boats lost at sea and state interdiction operations since 1980. These data serve as the basis of our statistical analysis.

This article documents the rise and fall of geography at Harvard University, from the earliest instruction in the seventeenth century to its demise in the mid-twentieth century. Analysis of recently released data from university archives enables deeper understandings than previously written in existing literature, including a focus on the roles of key figures central to the decision to end geography and the prolonged struggle to sustain geography at the college. The article refutes unfounded claims made by key figures to end geography and aims to tell a more nuanced, empirically detailed, queer account of this history. Of central importance to this account is the work of Harvard geography professor Derwent Whittlesey. By providing this more nuanced account, we endeavor to address what a 1951 report at the college identified as the "unfinished business" of geography at Harvard. We discuss an erasure that has long haunted both the discipline of geography and the campus by arguing that the feminization of geographical knowledge and the homophobic feminization of queer geographers at Harvard proved central to the suppression of geographical education and closure of the geography program.