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University of North Florida/Paul Halsall/Fall 2004
EUH 3300 Byzantine History
UNF: Byzantium

Office: Building 8, Room 2215.
Office Hours: Mon 3:30-5pm, Wed 12-1pm, + appointment
Class Hours: Building 2/Room 2083:  Mon., Wed. 1:30-2:45 pm
Office Tel: (904) 620 1856
Email: phalsall@unf.edu
Class Website: www.unf.edu/classes/byzantium/
Byzantine Studies Page: www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium

The Course

The Later Roman Empire, known as Byzantium, upheld the Christian Greco-Roman traditions of the ancient world and remained the most powerful and splendid medieval society until the 13th century. Its politics and culture have an intrinsic interest, but also contributed mightily to later Slavic culture and to the Latin west. The course will examine the ability of the Empire periodically to renew itself from 325 to 1453. In doing so, we shall not overlook the artistic, musical and literary achievement of Byzantine civilization and the heritage of Byzantium in later cultures.

The course is informed by a definition of culture drawn from the sinologist Patrica Ebrey. It sees culture as the system of shared ideas and meanings, explicit and implicit, which a people use to interpret the world and which serve to pattern their behavior. This concept of culture includes an understanding of the art, literature, and history of a society, but also less tangible aspects such as attitudes, prejudices, folklore and so forth. With Byzantium we find a tradition of culture marked for over 1000 years by a conscious amalgam of aspects of ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian cultures; the domination of one immense urban center; a developed artistic tradition which was able to reinforce cultural norms through a widely dispersed set of cultural symbols; and a pattern of decline followed by a specific type of revival organized around a traditionalist theme of "renewal."

Important works by Byzantine authors and other cultural creators are required for every single class of the syllabus. A great deal of effort has been expended to make sure this cultural wealth is presented using all multi-media methods -- web and Blackboard based aspects of the course offer students access to Byzantine images and music at all times.

Goals

EUH 3300 Byzantium is a 3000 level History course with "Foreign Cultures" designation. Students should learn how to weigh both original source material and modern scholarship in determining their own understanding of the period. To this end the development and execution of an individual research project is central to the course.

Note on Foreign Cultures Designation

EUH 3300 Byzantium is listed as a "Foreign Cultures"  course. In accordance with the intent of the "Foreign Cultures" program at UNF, students must be aware that this designation does not mean "an easy course for non-majors."  

Istanbul Tour

 

A tour of Istanbul and Western Turkey will be organized during Spring Break. If interested contact Paul Halsall at phalsall@unf.edu. 

Course Material: Books, Primary Sources,
and Audio-Visual Material

Students are required to do assigned reading before class. The reading for this course comes in a number of forms -- printed books, articles on reserve, and primary documents available on the World Wide Web. In order to control costs I have made three of the print books available online in their entirety.. Copies of all required books will be also placed on reserve.

Required Books

[Some of these are available online, but you are advised to buy them, as reading and marking online texts can be difficult]

Mango, Cyril, ed. The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN: 0198140983
     This is a new book, and the first in many years to cover the entire period of  Byzantine culture with up to date scholarship.

Angold, Michael. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204: A Political History. 2d ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1997. ISBN: 0582294681
     Until the Fourth Crusade captured its capital, Byzantium remained probably the richest and most powerful Medieval Christian state. Nevertheless, the eleventh an twelfth centuries represent a turning point -- a time when Byzantium was overtaken militarily, economically and perhaps intellectually by Latin Christendom. Angold's is the most up to date discussion of why this occurred.

Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN: 0192842110
     Art is perhaps the easiest way modern people connect with Byzantine culture. Cormack's book provides a well illustrated survey.

Anna Comnena [Anna Komnene]. The Alexiad. Translated by E.R.A. Sewter. New York, 1969. ISBN: 0140442154
Entire text online at
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/AnnaComnena-Alexiad.html
     Anna Komnena was a Byzantine princess and by far the most important female historian in ancient or medieval history. Her history recounts the successful efforts of her father Alexios I Komnenos to reorder the Byzantine state after its loss of Anatolia to the Turks and Southern Italy to the Normans.

Procopius [Prokopios]. Secret History. Translated by G. A. Williamson. New York: Viking Penguin, 1982. ISBN: 0140441824 
    Entire text online at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/procop-anec.html
    Prokopios was the Emperor Justinian's official historian and wrote glowing "official histories", but he also wrote a "secret history" published after his death. In it he put in just about every vile thing he could come up with about the emperor and his wife Theodora.

Michael Psellus [Michael Psellos]. Chronographia, translated as Fourteen Byzantine Rulers. Translated by E.R.A. Sewter. New York: Viking Penguin, 1966, reprint 1979. ISBN: 0140441697
     Entire text online at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/psellus-chronographia.html
     Psellos was a leading political figure in the eleventh century and wrote perhaps the wittiest of all medieval accounts. The question is whether he realized he lived a period of crisis?

For Graduate Students Only (Optional for Undergraduates):

Kazhdan, Alexander P. and Ann Wharton Epstein. Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. ISBN: 0520069625

Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN:0520204972
     Whittow looks at the massive blows Byzantium suffered in the seventh century, when Islamic armies conquered half its territory; at how the Empire survived; and emerged as a major military power in the tenth century.

Primary Sources and More on the World Wide Web

Many of the primary source readings for each class are on the World Wide Web. If you are reading the online version of this syllabus all you need do is to select [often by "clicking"] the texts in question, which are listed under each class. You can then read on screen, or print out the document.

The primary source "textbook" is

Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html

The Internet is now a valuable research tool for students. Accordingly, I shall also make this syllabus, course outline, and other class handouts available on the World Wide Web. 

To access the class page from any web browser, just type in (at the prompt):

          http://www.unf.edu/classes/byzantium/

Discussion via Blackboard

The purpose of the wide reading in primary and secondary literature is so that students can discuss the issues with a firm grounding. As well as discussion in class, students will use the "discussion" aspect of Blackboard.  Sometimes students feel under pressure and tongue-tied in class. Contributing comments via Blackboards you more time to think about what you want to say. Each student should contribute at least two Blackboard posts (comments/ questions/discussions) each week. These can be short or long, but over the semester they should be substantial. What I am looking for is real thinking about the issues. You are especially encouraged to comment on my class remarks and other students' comments.

See the Guide to How Discussion is Graded and Basic Blackboard Instructions prepared for this course.

Music

Music from each period will be played at the start of each class. I will send more information each week to the class discussion list, or you can access a much longer discussion on the web at

http://www.unf.edu/classes/medieval/medievalmusic.htm

Class Requirements and Grading [Undergraduate]

  • Paper: "The Emperors and Religion" - 20% of total grade due Sept 22
  • Research Paper - 30% of total grade
    • Paper - topic due Sept 29
    • Paper - annotated bibliography due Oct 20
    • Paper - outline and thesis due Nov 17
    • Complete paper due (with rewrite option) due Nov 22
    • Complete paper due (without rewrite option) due Nov 29
  • Midterm Exam - 10% of total grade 
  • Final Exam - 20% of total grade
  • Participation in class and Blackboard discussions, short answer tests, and exercises - 20% of total grade. [See How Blackboard and Class Discussion is Graded]

Class Requirements and Grading [Graduate]

  • 25 Minute Class Presentation with annotated bibliography - 30% of total grade tba
  • Substantial Research Paper - 50% of total grade
    • Paper - topic due Sept 29
    • Paper - outline and thesis due Nov 17
    • Complete paper due (with rewrite option) due Nov 22
    • Complete paper due (without rewrite option) due Nov 29
      •
  • Participation in class and Blackboard discussions, short answer tests, and exercises -20% of total grade
    •

Class Policies

As adults in college you are entitled to know what the class policies are, and to adhere to them. They are designed to help with your education, and to enable all class members to do their best.

Attendance: Attendance will be recorded. You are required to attend both lectures and discussion sections. Significant patterns of absence will lead to lower final grades. Since this is a twice a week class, six absences for any reason lead to an F (but see me if this becomes an issue).

Classroom courtesy: Out of respect for your fellow students, come to class on time and do not move around during lectures or discussion. Turn off beepers and mobile phones (see me in emergency situations). Do not tape or record lectures.

Class preparation: You must read assignments before class sections. Papers must be handed in on time, unless an extension is given. They must conform to the Stylesheet guidelines available online. All projects must be submitted in order to earn a final grade.

Ownership of class work: All class work must be your own. In cases of cheating or plagiarism, the penalty will be flunking the course. For written work, keep your preparation materials, and be prepared to explain the meaning of everything you write.

Make up exams: Make up exams will only been given in the case of certifiable family or health emergencies.

Students are encouraged to make an appointment with the instructor
to discuss papers and/or issues raised in class.

Course Content -- Brief

You can scroll down for extended information on readings, images, and questions for each class, or simply select the appropriate class here, and jump directly to the extended class information.

2004

Class Topic
8/23

8/25

 The Theme of Renovatio in Byzantine History

Renovatio I: Constantine and Constantinople
8/30

9/1

 Christianity as an Imperial Religion: Theological and Institutional Development
9/6 LD

9/8

 Renovatio II: The Achievement of Justinian

Art and Culture in the Sixth Century
9/13

9/15

 Renovatio III: Heraklios and the Creation of a Greek Empire

Byzantine Responses to Islam
9/20

9/22

 Renovatio IV: Iconoclasm 1: Art and Christian Piety

Iconoclasm 2: Political and Theological Conflict
9/27

9/29

 Renovatio V: The Macedonian Dynasty and Byzantine Imperialism

The Return of an Aristocracy: Land, Power, and Social Class

Byzantium and the Slavs
10/4

10/6

 Byzantium in the 11th Century: The Civilian State

Michael Psellos and the Chronographia
10/11

10/13

 Byzantium and the Latins

1071 The Byzantine Collapse
10/18

10/20

 Art and Culture in Middle Byzantium

Sainthood, Gender, and Power
  Catch-up | Midterm
10/25

10/27

 Spring Break 3/17-21

Byzantine Italy Study Tour 3/13-24
11/1

11/3

 Renovatio VI: The Achievement of Alexios I Komnenos

Anna Komnene and the Alexiad
11/8

11/10

 Byzantium and the Crusades

The Success and Failure of the Komnenian State
11/15

11/17

 The Fourth Crusade
11/22

11/24

 Renovatio VII: The Achievement of Michael VIII Palaiologos

Art and Culture in Late Byzantium
11/29

12/1

 The Strength of Orthodoxy

Byzantium and the Western Renaissance

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
12/ Final exam (same room, same time, 1 hour, 50 mins)

Course Content -- Extended

Project

Project: Students  at sometime in the first half of the semester, must visit one of the "Byzantine" related sites in the Jacksonville area. After the Spring Break we will devote some time to discussing what "Byzantine" culture can be found (perhaps surprisingly) in North East Florida.

1  The Theme of Renovatio in Byzantine History

Byzantine history is attractive to many people above all because of its art. Others are attracted by the history of a completely Christian civilization. On the other hand, the long influence of Edward Gibbon has lead many to think of Byzantine culture as corrupt, over-elaborate and uncreative. In this first class, we will discuss these points of view, and how we might understand the rhythms of Byzantine history.

Required Reading

    • Mango. Introduction, 1-16.
    • Haldon, John. Byzantium: A History. Stroud, Gloucs.: Tempus, 2000. Chaps 1-2. [BB]

Extra Reading

    • Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
    • Arnold Toynbee. Christianity and Civilization [online] From Civilization on Trial. London: Oxford University Press, 1948.
    • Browning, Robert. "Byzantine Scholarship." Past and Present 28 (July, 1964), 3-20.
    • Kazdan, Alexander. "The Byzantine Empire." Past and Present 43 (May, 1969), 158-69.

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • In what ways was Byzantine culture "Hellenic" as well as "Roman"?
    • How does the concept of "renewal" compare with concepts such as "reform" and "progress"?

2 Renovatio I: Constantine and Constantinople

Constantine I both preserved the Roman Empire in the West for another century, and by elevating Christianity and founding Constantinople laid the foundations of the later Roman Empire based in that city. What were Constantine's motives and how did Christianity fare as a state religion?

Required Reading

    • Mango. Faces of Constantine, 17-18.
    • Mango. 19-42.
    • Mango. 65-70.
    • MacMullen, Ramsey. "Constantine and the Miraculous." Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 9 (1968), 81-96. [BB]

Extra Reading

    • MacMullen, Ramsey. "Two Types of Conversion to Christianity." Vigiliae Christianae 37 (1983), 174-92. [BB]
    • Ste Croix, G.E.M. de. "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?" Past and Present 26 (Nov 1963), 6-38. [BB]
    • Frend, W.H.C. "The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire." Past and Present 16 (November, 1959), 10-30. [BB]
    • Alexander, Paul J. "The Strength of Empire and Capital as Seen through Byzantine Eyes." Speculum 37:3 (1962): 339-57.  [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra 

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • How genuine was Constantine's conversion?
    • "Constantinople...appears to have been formed by nature for the centre and capital of a great monarchy." (Edward Gibbon). Discuss.
    • How far was Byzantine civilization a product of Constantinople?
    • "Constantinople was Constantine's city and might have died with him." Why didn't it?
    • How serious a threat did the Barbarians pose to the Roman Empire at the turn of the fourth century? How was this threat met?

3 Christianity as an Imperial Religion: Theological and Institutional Development

Byzantine Christianity was often involved in complex theological disputes. A major question is to what extent these disputes had political and cultural roots in addition to any theological origins. Moreover, as the Church became central to the culture, institutional power became contested between political leaders, bishops and monasteries.

Required Reading

    • Mango. 96-114.
    • Mango. 114-120.
    • Meyendorff, John. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. New York: Fordham University Press, 1974. Introduction: "The Character and Sources of Theology in Byzantium.". Chapter 1" "Byzantine Theology after Chalcedon"; Chapter 2: "The Christological Issue." Chapter 12: "Jesus Christ." 

Extra Reading

    • Williams, G. H. "Christology and Church-State Relations in the Fourth Century." Church History 20 (1950) no. 3, 3-33; no. 4, 3-25. [BB]
    • Frend, W.H.C. "The Monks and the Survival of the East Roman Empire in the Fifth Century." Past and Present 54 (Feb 1972), 3-24.

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • How was Christianity able to take such a powerful hold over the society of late antiquity?
    • "Just an anomaly!" Is this a fair judgment on the work of the Emperor Julian?
    • How far did theological controversies serve as vehicles for social or political aspirations?

4 Renovatio II: The Achievement of Justinian

Justinian I is by far the best known Byzantine ruler, and he almost succeeded in reconstituting the entire Mediterranean Roman territorial base. And yet, from antiquity his reputation has been contested because his official historian, Prokopios, also left a much less flattering Secret History that excoriates Justinian and everyone one around him. How then, do we assess Justinian?

Required Reading

    • Mango. 42-51.
    • Mango. 71-95.
    • Nicol, Donald M. "Justinian I and His Successors, AD 527-610." In Byzantium: An introduction. Edited by Philip Whiting. 15-35. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1972. [BB]

Extra Reading

    • Meyendorff, John. "Emperor Justinian, the Empire and the Church." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 22 (1968), 45-60. Reprinted in John Meyendorff. The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. 43-66. Crestwood NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982. [BB]

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • Can Theodora be seen as a feminist hero?
    • Which version of Prokopios should we believe -- the author of the Wars and Buildings or the author of the Secret History?
    • Why did Justinian I (527-565) feel it necessary to reverse Anastasios' (491-518) policies?

5 Art and Culture in the Sixth Century

Required Reading

    • Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Chapters 1 and 2.
    • Mango. 60-64.
    • Hunger, H. "On the Imitation (Mimesis) of Antiquity in Byzantine Literature." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23/24 (1969-70), 17-38. [BB]

Extra Reading

    • Diehl, Charles. Byzantine Art. In Byzantium, An Introduction to East Roman Civilization. Edited by N.H.Baynes & H.St.L.B. Moss. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948. [Online]

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra

    • Paul of Aigina: The Epitome, excerpts. [a medical text]
    • Cosmas Indicopleustes. Christian Topography. Book Four
    • Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Greek Christian Poetry. [At St. Pachomius Library]
      A collection of translations, including poems by: Clement of Alexandria, Gregory Nazianzen, Amphilochius of Iconium, Synesius of Cyrene, Paul Silentiarius, George Pisidia, John Damascene, Symeon Metaphrastes, John Maurpous of Euchaita, Theodore Prodromus, John Tzetzes, Manuel Philes, and Maximus Margunius.

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • Discuss the Hellenistic origins of Byzantine art.
    • In what ways did Hagia Sophia build upon Roman models, and in what ways did it point to the future of Byzantine Architecture?
    • Why was Ravenna such an important center of late Roman art?

6 Renovatio III: Heraklios and the Creation of a Greek Empire

Required Reading

    • Mango. 51-59.
    • Cyril Mango. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome, (New York: Scribner's, 1980), pp. 13-31 [Also online]

Extra Reading

    • Sharf, Andrew. "Heraclius and Mahomet." Past and Present 9 (April, 1965), 1-16. [BB]
    • Lemerle, Paul. " Quelques remarques sur le r�gne d'H�raclius." Studi Medievali ser. 3 1 (1960). 347-61. [BB]
      •

    • Ahrweiler, H�l�ne. "The Hellenic Europe: Problems of Greek Continuity." From her book The Making of Europe, Lectures and Studies. Athens, Nea Synora , Livanis Publishing Organization,  2000.

    • Fred Donner: The Early Islamic Conquests, (Princeton: Princeton Univ Press, 1981), pp.251 ff - Chapter VI. "Conclusions: 1. Tribe and State in Arabia: Second Essay"
    • Alexander, Suzanne Spain. "Heraclius, Byzantine Imperial Ideology, and the David Plates." Speculum 52:2 (1977): 217-37.  [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]

Online Sources: Required

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • "The Byzantine Empire was the creation of Heraklios rather than of Constantine." Discuss.
    • Account for the Slav conquest of the Balkans.

7 Byzantine Responses to Islam

Required Reading

    • Mango. 121-124.
    • Mango. 129-138.
    • Meyendorff, John. "Byzantine Views of Islam." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18 (1964), 115-32. Reprinted in John Meyendorff. The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. 89-114. Crestwood NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982. [BB]

Extra Reading

    • Herrin, Judith. The Formation of Christendom. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. Chapter 5: "Byzantium Confronted by Islam." [Also online].
    • Shahid, Irfan. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century. Washington, D.C. 1989. , p 528 ff [Online]
    • Vasiliev, A.A. "Byzantium and Islam." In Byzantium, An Introduction to East Roman Civilization. Edited by N.H.Baynes & H.St.L.B. Moss. 308-25 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948. [BB]

Online Sources: Required

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • How far can the near collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the face of Islam be attributed to Justinian's religious policies?

8 Renovatio IV: Iconoclasm 1: Art and Christian Piety

Required Reading

    • Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Chapter 3.
    • Mango. 151-52.
    • Mango. 153-62.
    • Meyendorff, John. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. New York: Fordham University Press, 1974. Chapter 3: "The Iconoclastic Crisis."

Extra Reading

    • Cameron, Averil. "Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth Century Byzantium." Past and Present 84 (1979): 3-35. [BB]
    • Kitzinger, Ernst. "The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8 (1954), 83-150. [BB]
    • Cameron, Averil. "The Theotokos in Sixth-Century Constantinople." The Journal of Theological Studies 29 (1978), 79-108. [BB]
    • Cameron, Averil. "The Rise of Icons and Christian Representation." Reprinted in Changing Cultures in Early Byzantium. Aldershot: Variorum, 1996. [BB]
    • Cameron, Averil. "The Virgin's Robe: An Episode in the History of Seventh-Century Constantinople." Byzantion 49 (1979), 42-56. [BB]
    • Herrin, Judith. The Formation of Christendom. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. Chapter 8: "Eastern Iconoclasm." [BB]
    • Hussey, Joan M. The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986. Chapter II: "The Iconoclast Controversy." [BB]

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • Should the Iconoclast policies of the Isaurian Emperors be seen as part of the general effort to reconstruct the Byzantine Empire in the face of the Islamic conquests?
    • How far should the Iconoclast policies of the Isaurian emperors be held responsible for the growing gulf between Byzantium and the West?
    • What influence did Islam and Judaism have on Byzantine Iconoclasm?

9 Iconoclasm 2: Political and Theological Conflict

Required Reading

    • Mango. 138-150.
    • Brown, Peter. " A Dark Age Crisis." English Historical Review 88 (1973), 1-34. [See also commentary in Byzantion 1974] [BB]
    • Crone, Patricia. "Islam, Judeo-Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm." In Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam II. 59-95. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1980.  [BB]

Extra Reading

    • Talbot, Alice-Mary and Alexander Kazhdan. "Women and Iconoclasm." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 84/85 (1991/1992), 391-408. [BB]
    • Florovsky, George. "Origen, Eusebius, and the Iconoclastic Controversy." Church History 19 (1956): 77-96. [BB]

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • Can the Iconoclast dispute be seen as a political power struggle?
    • Why did the Iconodules win?

10 Renovatio V: The Macedonian Dynasty and Byzantine Imperialism

Required Reading

    • Mango. 169-180.
    • Mango. 162-168.

Graduate Student Session: Whittow.The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025.

Extra Reading

    • Jenkins, Romilly. "The Age of Conquest, AD 842-1050." In Byzantium: An introduction. Edited by Philip Whiting. 61-82. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1972. [BB]
    • Herrin, Judith. The Formation of Christendom. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. Chapter 11: "The Two Emperors of Christendom."
    • Miller, David H. "The Roman Revolution of the Eighth Century: A Study of the Ideological Background of the Papal Separation from Byzantium and the Alliance with the Franks." Mediaeval Studies 36 (1974), 79-133.

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • Account for the Byzantine advance along the eastern frontier from the middle of the ninth century?
    • "To hold time at bay." Was this the essential motive behind the Macedonian Renaissance?
    • What light does Liutprand of Cremona shed on Byzantine relations with the West in the mid-tenth century?
    • What does Liutprand of Cremona's account of his embassy to Constantinople tell us about the aims and methods of Byzantine foreign policy?
    • Did Patriarch Photios deliberately engineer a break with the papacy?
    • What methods did the Byzantines use to incorporate new territories into the Empire?

11 The Return of an Aristocracy: Land, Power, and Social Class

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, Chap 2.
    • Morris, Rosemary. "The Powerful and the Poor in Tenth-century Byzantium: Law and Reality." Past and Present, 73 (November, 1976), 3-27. [BB]

Extra Reading

Online Sources: Required

Discussion Questions

    • Did the rise of a powerful landowning class weaken the foundation of the Byzantine State?
    • Is a Marxist analysis of Byzantine agricultural history justifiable?

12 Byzantium and the Slavs

Required Reading

    • Mango. 230-47.
      •

Extra Reading

    • Sullivan, Richard E. "Early Missionary Activity: A Comparative Study of Eastern and Western Methods." Church History 23 (1954), 17-35. [BB]

    • Christou, Panayiotis. "The Missionary Task of the Byzantine Emperor." Βυζαντινά, τ. 3, Θεσ/νίκη 1971

    • Sullivan, Richard E. "Khan Boris and the Conversion of Bulgaria: A Case Study of the Impact of Christianity on a Barbarian Society." Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 3 (1966), 55-139.

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra

Multimedia

    • Maps
    • Images
    • Hagia Sophia, Kiev

Discussion Questions

    • Do the Byzantine missions to the Slavs indicate that the character of the Byzantine Empire had changed radically from the middle of the ninth century?
    • What did Byzantium stand to gain from the conversion of the Slavs?
    • What motivated Symeon of Bulgaria in his wars against Byzantium?
    • What were the main reforms which Symeon introduced into the church and government of Bulgaria?

13 Byzantium in the 11th Century: The Civilian State

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, Chaps 1, 4, 5.
    • Mango. 180-90.

Extra Reading

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Byzantine Empire on the death of Basil II in 1025.
    • Discuss the reasons for the military policies of the bureaucratic elite in mid-eleventh century Constantinople?

14 Michael Psellos and the Chronographia

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, 1-4; Chap 6.
    • Michael Psellos. Chronographia

Extra Reading

    • Hussey, Joan M. "Michael Psellus." Speculum 10 (1935), 81-91 [Available online at UNF via JSTOR]

Online Sources: Required

Discussion Questions

    • "Psellos was a man who seemed to epitomize in his own character and achievements all the virtues and vices of the bureaucratic aristocracy." (Romilly Jenkins). Discuss.

15 Byzantium and the Latins

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, 48-55.
    • Meyendorff, John. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. New York: Fordham University Press, 1974. Chapter 7: "The Schism Between East and West." [BB]

Extra Reading

    • Mayne, Richard. "East and West in 1054." Cambridge Historical Journal 11 (1953-55), 133-48. [BB]
      •

    • Laiou, Angeliki E. Byzantium and the West. In Byzantium: A World Civilization. Edited by Angeliki E. Laiou and Henry Maguire. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992.

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra

    • Russian Primary Chronicle: The Varangians (Normans). [At Univ.Durham]
    • Snorri Sturlson: Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. [OMACL Text], [Contains inter alia, King Harold's Saga]

Multimedia

    • Images
      •
    • Aachen: Palatine Chapel: Interior, 792-805
    • The Emperor Otto I (962-73) Presenting a Model of His Church at Magdeburg to the Enthroned Christ in the Presence of Saints Peter and Mauritius (?) and Other Saints,
    • Plaque with Agnus Dei on a cross between emblems of the Four Evangelists, German or N. Italy, probably 9th century
    • WEB: Torcello, 11-12th Cent.  [University of Haifa]
    • Palermo: Palatine Chapel: Interior, 1132-89
    • Palermo: Palatine Chapel: Pulpit
    • Palermo: Palatine Chapel: Interior Mosaic
    • WEB: Monreale Cathedral 1174-89 [University of Haifa]
    • Varangians | Another Image, from Madrid Skylitzes

Discussion Questions

    • Why is 1054 an important date in Church history?
    • What was at issue between the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church?
    • Why was Byzantium economically important to Italian city states?

16 1071 The Byzantine Collapse

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, 35-48.

Online Sources: Required

Discussion Questions

    • Which event of 1071 would have more serious implications for Byzantium: the fall of Bari to the Normans or the defeat by the Seljuks at Manzikert?
    • Analyze the condition of the Byzantine Empire at the end of the twelfth century.
    • Does Michael Psellos' Chronographia provide a sufficient explanation of the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the second half of the eleventh century?

17 Art and Culture in Middle Byzantium

Required Reading

    • Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Chapter 4. 
    • Mango. 214-29.

Extra Reading

    • Lemerle, Paul. "L'encyclop�disme � Byzance � l'apog�e de l'Empire et particuli�rement sous Constantin VII Porphyrog�n�te." Cahiers d'histoire mondiale 9 (1966), 596-616.

Online Sources: Required

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • "Byzantine literary works tend to be divorced from the realities of their own time while anchored in an ideal past."' What implications does this have on our assessment of the character of Byzantine civilization?
    • Was Constantine Porphyrogenitos the architect of the Macedonian Renaissance?
    • Did the Macedonian Renaissance display any original characteristics?
    • Is Byzantine art "beautiful?"

18 Sainthood, Gender, and Power

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, 143-45.
    • Mango. 209-213.

Extra Reading
    • Kazhdan, Alexander. "Holy and Unholy Miracle Workers." in Byzantine Magic, ed. Henry Maguire. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1995. [At Dumbarton Oaks] [PDF file]
    • Krueger, Derek. "Writing as Devotion: Hagiographical Composition and the Cult of the Saints in Theodoret of Cyrrhus and Cyril of Scythopolis." Church History 66:4 (1997), 707-19.
      [Online at UNF via the "Wilson Select" Database in FirstSearch]
    • Kazhdan, Aleksandr P. "Hermetic, Cenobitic, and Secular Ideals in Byzantine Hagiography of the Ninth Centuries. (sic)" Greek Orthodox Theological Review 30:4 (1985): 473-87.
    • Kazhdan, Aleksandr P., and Alice-Mary Talbot. "Women and Iconoclasm." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 84/85:2 (1991/1992): 391-408. [BB]
    • Morris, Rosemary, "The Political Saint of the Eleventh Century." In The Byzantine Saint. Edited by Sergei Hackel. 43-50. London: Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius, 1981.
    • Magdalino, Paul, "The Byzantine Holy Man in the Twelfth Century".   In The Byzantine Saint. Edited by Sergei Hackel. 67-87. London: Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius, 1981.
    • Macrides, Ruth. "Saints and Sainthood in the Early Palaiologan Period."  In The Byzantine Saint. Edited by Sergei Hackel. 67-87. London: Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius, 1981.
    • Talbot, Alice-Mary. "Family Cults in Byzantium: The Case of St. Theodora of Thessalonike." In LEIMWN: Studies Presented to Lennart Ryd�n on his Sixty-fifth Birthday, ed. Jan Olof Rosenqvist, Studia Byzantina Upsaliensia 6, 49-69. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 1996.

Online Sources: Required

                Read two of the following

Online Sources: Extra

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • What was the function of a saint in Byzantium?
    • Identify three distinct types of saint, and who they might appeal to.

19 Renovatio VI: The Achievement of Alexios I Komnenos

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, Chap 7, 8,
    • c

Extra Reading

    • Browning, Robert. "Enlightenment and Repression in Byzantium in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries." Past and Present 69 (November, 1975), 3-23. [BB]

Graduate Student Session: Kazhdan and Epstein. Change in Byzantine Culture

Multimedia

Discussion Questions

    • How did Alexios I use the church?
    • What military strategy worked for Alexios I?
    • What was behind the "inflation of titles"?

20 Anna Komnene and the Alexiad

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, 4-8.
    • Magdalino, Paul. "The Pen of the Aunt: Echoes of the Mid-Twelth Century." In Anna Komnene and Her Times. Edited by Thalia Gouma-Petersen. 15-44. New York: Garland, 2000.
    • Macrides, Ruth. "The Pen and the Sword: Who Wrote the Alexiad?" In Anna Komnene and Her Times. Edited by Thalia Gouma-Petersen. 63-82. New York: Garland, 2000.

Online Sources: Required

Online Sources: Extra

Extra Reading

    • Catholic Encyclopedia: Anna Comnena for somewhat dismissive comments.
      •

Discussion Questions

    • Does hero worship destroy the value of the Alexiad?

21 Byzantium and the Crusades  

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, Chap 9.

Extra Reading
  • Brand, Charles M. "The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185-1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade." Speculum 37 (1962): 167-81. [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]

Online Sources: Required

    • The Crusaders at Constantinople: Collected Accounts. Accounts of Anna Komnene, the Gesta, Albert of Aix, and Raymond d'Aguiliers.
    • Anna Komnene: The Alexiad, Books 10 and 11.[also online]

Online Sources: Extra

Multimedia

    • Maps
    • The First Crusade, 1099(Col)
      A clickable map of all of Europe in 1099
      Source: Adaptation of "Europe at the time of the First Crusade", in Muir's Historical Atlas (1911)

Discussion Questions

    • In what ways did the cultural and ideological assumptions of the Byzantine elite produce a distorted view of the Crusades?
    • How did the crusades alter the pattern of estrangement and reconciliation that had previously characterized Byzantine relations with the West?

22 The Success and Failure of the Komnenian State

Required Reading

    • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, Chaps 11, 12, 13, 14.
    • Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Chapter 5.

Extra Reading

  • Angold, Michael. "The State of Research: the Byzantine Background to the Fourth Crusade." Journal of Medieval History 25:3 (1999): 257-78. [Online via Elsevier Science Journals/ BB]
  • Gerald W. Day. "Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century." Journal of Economic History 37:2 (1977): 289-301. [BB]
    •

    Online Sources

    Multimedia

    Discussion Questions

      • Did Manuel I Komnenos' policies destroy the work of Alexios and John Komnenos?

    23 The Fourth Crusade

    Required Reading

      • Angold. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204, Chaps 15, 16, 17.
      • Mango. 248-54.

    Extra Reading

      • Brand, Charles M. "A Byzantine Plan of the Fourth Crusade." Speculum 43 (1968): 462-75. [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]
      • Queller, Donald E. "The Fourth Crusade: The Neglected Majority." Speculum 49 (1974): 441-65. [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]
      • Queller, Donald E. and G.W. Day. "Some Arguments in the Defense of the Venetians on the Fourth Crusade." American Historical Review 81 (1976): 717-37. [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]
      • Wolff, Robert L. "Baldwin of Flanders and Hainhault: First Latin Emperor of Constantinople: His Life, Death, and Resurrection, 1172-1225." Speculum 27 (1952): 281-332. [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]
      • Wolff, Robert L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople." Speculum  23:1. (1948): 1-34. [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]
      • Swietek, Francis R. "Gunther of Pairis and the Historia Constantinopolitana." Speculum  53: 1. (1978): 49-79. [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]
      • Harris, Jonathan. "Distortion, Divine Providence and Genre in Nicetas Choniate's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium, 1180-1204." Journal of Medieval history 26:1 (2000): 19-31. [Online at Elsevier Science Journals/ BB]
      • Gunther of Pairis. The Historia Constantinopolitana [The Capture of Constantinople: The Hystoria Constantinopolitana of Gunther of Pairis. Edited and translated by Alfred J. Andrea. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, c1997. In Library: PA8330.G85 H97 1997]

    Online Sources: Required

    Online Sources: Extra

    • Multimedia

    Discussion Questions

      • Why did Pope Innocent III so totally misunderstand the Greeks?
      • In what sense is Villehardouin's account of the Fourth Crusade that of an "impartial observer"?
      • "A divinely inspired accident!" How seriously can one take Villehardouin's interpretation of the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade?
      • How far does the disaster of 1204 mark a break in Byzantine history?

    24 Renovatio VII: The Achievement of Michael VIII Palaiologos

    Required Reading

      • Mango. 254-58..

    Extra Reading

      • Gill, Joseph. "The Second Encounter with the West, AD 1204-1453." In Byzantium: An introduction. Edited by Philip Whiting. 113-34. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1972. [BB]
      • Charanis, Peter. "On the Social Structure and Economic Organization of the Byzantine Empire in the Thirteenth Century and Later." Byzantinoslavica 12 (1951): 94-153. [BB]

    Online Sources: Required

      •  

    Online Sources: Extra

    •  
    •

    Discussion Questions

      • What were the weak points of Michael VIII Palaiologos' (1259-82) restoration of the Byzantine Empire?
      • In what ways was the Catalan expedition mishandled by the Byzantines?
      • Why did the Byzantines fail to respond to the idealism of the later medieval crusades?

    25 Art and Culture in Late Byzantium

    Required Reading

      • Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Chapter 6.
      • Mango. 284-93.
      • Mango. 294-305.

    Extra Reading

      • Nicol, Donald M. "The Byzantine Church and Hellenic Learning in the Fourteenth Century." Studies in Church History 5, edited by G.J. Cuming. 23-57. Leiden: 1969. Reprinted in Byzantium: Its Ecclesiastical History and Relations with the Western World. London: Variorum, 1972.
      • Morey, C.R. "The 'Byzantine Renaissance." Speculum 14:2 (1939): 139-59. [Available online via JSTOR/ BB]

    Multimedia

    Extra Activity

      • Take some time to explore the monastery church of Chilander on the CD-ROM "The Heart of Chilander."

    Discussion Questions

      • Does the Pessimism of Theodore Metochites underline the sterility of the early Palaiologan Renaissance?
      • What was the icongraphic scheme of St. Savior in Chora?

    26 The Strength of Orthodoxy

    Required Reading

      • Meyendorff, John. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. New York: Fordham University Press, 1974. Chapter 5: "Monastic Theology."
      • Meyendorff, John. The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. 43-66. Crestwood NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982. Part II, Chapter 2: "The 'Defence of the Holy Hesychasts' by St. Gregory Palamas."

    Extra Reading

      • Meyendorff, John. "Theology in the Thirteenth Century: Methodological Contrasts." in Καθηγήτρια, Essays Presented to JOAN HUSSEY, Porphyrogenitus Publishing, 1988
      • Meyendorff, John. "Mount Athos in the Fourteenth Century: Spiritual and Intellectual Legacy." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 42 (1988): 157-65. [BB]
      • Laiou, Angeliki. "Saints and Society in the Late Byzantine Empire." in Charanis Studies: Essays in Honor of Peter Charanis. Edited by Angeliki Laiou. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers UP, 1980), 84-114. [BB]

    Online Sources: Required

    Online Sources: Required

    Multimedia

    Discussion Questions

      • What was the significance of the Hesychast controversy?
      • "To characterize Hesychasm as mere escapism is to miss the point of Byzantine history." Discuss.
      • Assess the impact of the Union of Florence on the development of Muscovite political thought?

    27 Byzantium and the Western Renaissance

    Required Reading

      • Nicol, Donald M. "The Byzantine View of Western Europe." Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 8 (1967), 315-39. Reprinted in Byzantium: Its Ecclesiastical History and Relations with the Western World. London: Variorum, 1972. [BB]

    Extra Reading

    Multimedia

      • Images
      • Cathedral of Aquileia: Fresco of a Saint, early 13th Cent.

      • Giotto: Arena Chapel | Detail, Padua, 1305-6

      • Segna di Buonaventura (Italian, Sienese, active by 1298, died 1326/31): Christ Blessing, after 1311
      • Guariento di Arpo (Italian, Paduan, active by 1338, died 1368/70): Madonna and Child

    Discussion Questions

      • How important was the Byzantine contribution to the Italian Renaissance?
      • Why were Byzantine scholars attracted to Italy from the mid-fourteenth century on? What did they have to offer the Italians?
      • Compare and contrast the frescos of St. Savior in Chora with those of Giotto?

    28 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

    Required Reading

      • Mango. 258-83..
      • Nicol, Donald M. The Death of Constantine, from The Immortal Emperor. New York: Cambridge University. Press, Canto edition, 1992.
      • Nicol, Donald M. The Fall of Constantinople, from The Immortal Emperor. New York: Cambridge University. Press, Canto edition, 1992.

    Extra Reading

      • Charanis, Peter. "Economic Factors in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire." Journal of Economic History 13:4 (1953): 412-24. [BB]
      • Nicol, Donald M. "A Byzantine Emperor in England: Manuel II's Visit to London in 1400-1401." University of Birmingham Historical Journal 12:2 (1970), 204-25. Reprinted in Byzantium: Its Ecclesiastical History and Relations with the Western World. London: Variorum, 1972. [BB]
      • Runciman, Steven. The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1966. [In Library]
      • Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23/24 (1969/70): 231-49. [BB]

    Online Sources

    Multimedia

    Discussion Questions

      • Analyze the causes of social discontent that surfaced in fourteenth-century Byzantium.
      • The most sinister figure in later Byzantine history." Is this a fair judgment on the Emperor John IV Kantakuzenos (1347-54)?
      • What is the significance of Mistra and Trebizond in later Byzantine history?
      • Why did the Turks take so long to capture Constantinople?
      • Did Byzantine culture end in 1453?

    Basic Course Bibliography

    Books

    Angold, Michael. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204: A Political History. 2d ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1997.

    Anna Comnena [Anna Komnene]. The Alexiad. Translated by E.R.A. Sewter. New York, 1969.

    Kazhdan, Alexander P. and Ann Wharton Epstein. Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

    Mango, Cyril A. Byzantine Literature as a Distorting Mirror: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 21 May 1974. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.

    Michael Psellus [Michael Psellos]. Chronographia, translated as Fourteen Byzantine Rulers. Translated by E.R.A. Sewter. New York: Viking Penguin, 1966, reprint 1979.

    Procopius [Prokopios]. Secret History. Translated by G. A. Williamson. New York: Viking Penguin, 1982.

    Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

    Articles [BB]

    Brown, Peter. " A Dark Age Crisis." English Historical Review 88 (1973), 1-34. [See also commentary in Byzantion 1974]  

    Browning, Robert. "Byzantine Scholarship." Past and Present 28 (July, 1964), 3-20.

    Browning, Robert. "Enlightenment and Repression in Byzantium in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries." Past and Present 69 (November, 1975), 3-23.

    Cameron, Averil. "The Theotokos in Sixth-Century Constantinople." The Journal of Theological Studies 29 (1978), 79-108.

    Cameron, Averil. "The Virgin's Robe: An Episode in the History of Seventh-Century Constantinople." Byzantion 49 (1979), 42-56.

    Frend, W.H.C. "The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire." Past and Present 16 (November, 1959), 10-30.

    Frend, W.H.C. "The Monks and the Survival of the East Roman Empire in the Fifth Century." Past and Present 54 (Feb 1972), 3-24.

    Hunger, H. "On the Imitation (Mimesis) of Antiquity in Byzantine Literature." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23/24 (1969-70), 17-38

    Hussey, Joan M. "Michael Psellus." Speculum 10 (1935), 81-91  

    Hussey, Joan M. The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986. Chapter II: "The Iconoclast Controversy."

    Kazhdan, Alexander. "The Byzantine Empire." Past and Present 43 (May, 1969), 158-69.

    Kitzinger, Ernst. "The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8 (1954), 83-150.

    Lemerle, Paul. " Quelques remarques sur le r�gne d'H�raclius." Studi Medievali ser. 3 1 (1960). 347-61.

    Lemerle, Paul. "L'encyclop�disme � Byzance � l'apog�e de l'Empire et particuli�rement sous Constantin VII Porphyrog�n�te." Cahiers d'histoire mondiale 9 (1966), 596-616.

    MacMullen, Ramsey. "Constantine and the Miraculous." Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 9 (1968), 81-96.

    MacMullen, Ramsey. "Two Types of Conversion to Christianity." Vigiliae Christianae 37 (1983), 174-92.

    Mayne, R. "East and West in 1054." Cambridge Historical Journal 11 (1953-55), 133-48.

    Meyendorff, John. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. New York: Fordham University Press, 1974. Chapter 2: "The Christological Issue."

    Meyendorff, John. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. New York: Fordham University Press, 1974. Chapter 3: "The Iconoclastic Crisis."

    Meyendorff, John. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. New York: Fordham University Press, 1974. Chapter 5: "Monastic Theology."

    Meyendorff, John. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. New York: Fordham University Press, 1974. Chapter 7: "The Schism Between East and West."

    Meyendorff, John. "Byzantine Views of Islam." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18 (1964), 115-32. Reprinted in John Meyendorff. The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. 89-114. Crestwood NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982.

    Meyendorff, John. "Emperor Justinian, the Empire and the Church." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 22 (1968), 45-60. Reprinted in John Meyendorff. The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. 43-66. Crestwood NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982.

    Meyendorff, John. The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. 43-66. Crestwood NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982. Part II, Chapter 2: "The 'Defence of the Holy Hesychasts' by St. Gregory Palamas."

    Miller, David H. "The Roman Revolution of the Eighth Century: A Study of the Ideological Background of the Papal Separation from Byzantium and the Alliance with the Franks." Mediaeval Studies 36 (1974), 79-133.

    Morris, Rosemary. "The Powerful and the Poor in Tenth-century Byzantium: Law and Reality." Past and Present, 73 (November, 1976), 3-27.

    Sharf, Andrew. "Heraclius and Mahomet." Past and Present 9 (April, 1965), 1-16.

    Ste Croix, G.E.M. de. "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?" Past and Present 26 (Nov 1963), 6-38.

    Sullivan, Richard E. "Early Missionary Activity: A Comparative Study of Eastern and Western Methods." Church History 23 (1954), 17-35.

    Sullivan, Richard E. "Khan Boris and the Conversion of Bulgaria: A Case Study of the Impact of Christianity on a Barbarian Society." Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 3 (1966), 55-139.

    Talbot, Alice-Mary and Alexander Kazhdan. "Women and Iconoclasm." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 84/85 (1991/1992), 391-408.

    Vryonis Jr., Speros. "Recent Scholarship on Continuity and Discontinuity of Culture: Classical Greeks, Byzantines, Modern Greeks." In The "Past" in Medieval and Modern Greek Culture. Edited by Speros Vryonis, Jr., 237-256. Malibu, California: Undena, 1978

    Williams, G. H. "Christology and Church-State Relations in the Fourth Century." Church History 20 (1950) no. 3, 3-33; no. 4, 3-25.

     

     

     

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