ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ – FILIALA IAȘI INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE IN MEDIAS RES ANTIQUORUM Miscellanea in honorem annos LXV peragentis Professoris Costel Chiriac oblata Ediderunt Sever-Petru Boţan & Ștefan Honcu Editura MEGA Cluj-Napoca 2022 DTP şi copertă: Editura Mega Redactor: Simina Baumgarten © Autorii, 2022 Imagine coperta 1: Gemă de factură elenistică cu reprezentarea Meduzei descoperită la Ibida/Slava Rusă (foto ICEM Tulcea) Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României In medias res antiquorum: Miscellanea in honorem annos LXV peragentis Professoris Costel Chiriac oblata / ediderunt: Sever-Petru Boţan & Ştefan Honcu. – Cluj-Napoca: Mega, 2022 Conţine bibliografie ISBN 978-606-020-445-9 I. Boţan, Sever-Petru (ed.) II. Honcu, Ştefan (ed.) 902 Editura Mega | www.edituramega.ro e-mail: mega@edituramega.ro CUPRINS Tabula Gratulatoria 9 Sever-Petru Boţan, Ștefan Honcu Dr. Costel Chiriac la 65 de ani 11 Costică Asăvoaie Scrisoare deschisă pentru Costel Chiriac la ceas aniversar 21 Livia Buzoianu Costel Chiriac și arheologia constănțeană 25 Lucreţiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba Les militaires originaires du milieu rural de Mésie inférieure dans les flottes impériales: une étude préliminaire 29 Ana Honcu Inițiativa edilitară la Olbia în secolele I-III p.Chr. 37 Ionuţ Acrudoae Cohors I Pannoniorum sau cazul unităţilor auxiliare cu aceeaşi numerotare. Mobilitate şi prosopografie 45 Alexandru Avram, Mihai Ionescu Une nouvelle borne milliaire de Callatis 67 Alexander Minchev Three marble vessels with inscriptions of 5th–6th centuries AD from Moesia Secunda and Scythia and their function 71 Gabriel Mircea Talmaţchi Despre semnele monetare și prezența lor în așezările populației autohtone din spațiul istro-pontic (sec. VI-V a.Chr.) 83 Radu Ardevan Monete antice din colecția numismatică a Colegiului unitarian din Cluj 99 Dan Aparaschivei, Ștefan Honcu, Lucian Munteanu A “sarmatian” fibula found in Dobrovăț, Iași county 117 George Nuţu Terracottas from Aegyssus 129 Marian Mocanu Some considerations about Pontic marbled tableware 143 Marian Mocanu, Sorin-Cristian Ailincăi, Florian Mihail Noi informații despre locuirea romană de la Sălcioara, com. Jurilovca, jud. Tulcea 149 Radu Petcu, Ingrid Petcu-Levei Glass distaff discovered in roman tombs from Dobrudja (Romania) – Moesia Inferior. Symbolism and use 167 Alexander Rubel Cetatea Ibida (Slava Rusă, jud. Tulcea) în contextul fortificațiilor interioare de-a lungul Dunării 185 Laurenţiu Radu, Corina Radu-Iorguş Note cu privire la cultul zeiței Kybele la Callatis 207 Sever-Petru Boţan, Ștefan Honcu Clients of Rome. Economic ties between the East-carpathian space and the Roman empire reflected in the circulation and distribution of amphorae and glassware (1st–4th centuries AD) 221 George Dan Hânceanu Piese bizantine descoperite la Roșiori – Neamț 233 Cristina Paraschiv-Talmaţchi, Gabriel Custurea, Constantin Șova Noi dovezi arheologice ale migratorilor târzii în Dobrogea 243 Constantin Nicolae, Aurel-Daniel Stănică, Mihai Anatolii Ciobanu Cetatea medievală de la Hârșova în surse cartografice rusești recent descoperite (sec. XVIII) 255 Ion Tentiuc, Valeriu Bubulici Un depozit cu unelte de făurărie-juvaiergerie din perioada medievală timpurie descoperit la Voloave-Soroca 279 Dr. Costel Chiriac Piran (Slovenia) 2012 A “SARMATIAN” FIBULA FOUND IN DOBROVĂȚ, IAȘI COUNTY Dan Aparaschivei, Ștefan Honcu, Lucian Munteanu* Une fibule de type “sarmatique” trouvé à Dobrovăţ, dép. de Iaşi Résumé: Sur le territoire de la commune de Dobrovăţ (département de Iaşi), dans l’un des sites archéologiques du IVème siècle ap. J. Chr. appelé “Râpile lui Filip” (“les ravins de Philippe”), plusieurs artéfacts ont été identifiés durant les recherches de surface déroulées en 2020. Parmi ceux-ci, notre attention a été attirée par une fibule en argent de type mit umgeschlagenem Fuß. Cet accessoire vestimentaire était confectionné de deux pièces de métal et il avait le pied trapézoïdal. C’est une pièce qui a de nombreuses correspondances surtout dans les territoires des Sarmates du Nord de la Mer Noire. En Roumanie il y a encore quelques exemples similaires, principalement en Munténie, mais aussi en Moldavie, sur le site de Poieneşti. Dans la zone de la découverte de la pièce, à Dobrovăţ, une recherche archéologique intrusive a également été déroulée dans la même année. Les fouilles ont révélé un complexe archéologique qui a été identifié comme un logement en terre crue. Celui-ci a permis aussi une datation pour la fibule, à la fin du IIIème siècle ou dans les premières décennies du siècle suivant. Introduction On the territory of Dobrovăţ commune, Iaşi county, there are several archeological sites recorded, chronologically located in the 4th century (Pl. I/1). These are distributed on in different locations, separated by approximately 2.5 km.1 One of such site, called “Râpile lui Filip” (Philip’s ravines) (Pl. I/2) caught our attention in the summer of 2020, prompting also the launch of an archaeological survey.2 On this occasion, a series of artifacts (ceramic fragments, several coins, a brooch) representative for this historical period would be discovered. Based on these non-invasive investigations, the research of the area was continued by conducting a small archaeological excavation (4 × 8 m) (Pl. I/3). An above-ground dwelling was uncovered, with dimensions of 5.50 × 3.50 m, fully excavated.3 The archeological material collected from the excavation, quite poor, as well the stratigraphy of the area, shows that this feature functioned, most probably, at the end of the 3rd century or even in the first part of the next one. In fact, in terms of coins, inside the perimeter of the site six denarii were uncovered, from the period of Traianus – Severus Alexander, an antoninianus from Traianus Decius (Pl. II.1) and a sestertius * Institute of Archaeology in Iași, danaparaschivei76@yahoo.com, stefanhoncu@yahoo.com, lucanas2000@ yahoo.com.Institute of Archaeology in Iași, 1 Chirica, Tanasachi, I, 1984, p. 127, XXIII.1. J-N. 2 Chirica, Tanasachi, I, 1984, p. 124, fig. 23. 3 The results of the archaeological research shall be presented in detail in a separate study. 118 Dan Apar asch ivei, Ștefan Honcu, Lucian Munteanu from Philip the Arab. One denarius, broken, with the effigy of Hadrian (Pl. II.2) is certain to be found right on the surface of the above-mentioned dwelling. The coins recovered from this site are remarkable for its size and the diversity of the pieces. The timeframe of coins is very wide, almost 150 years, but their dates of issue are not very relevant in the “barbarian” territory, where these performed functions different from those they had in the Empire. Most likely, the eight coins could have been collected together sometime in the late 3rd century – the first part of the 4th century AD. About 100 meters southwest of the archaeological excavation, during the fieldwalk, was discovered the artifact that is the subject of this study (Pl. I/3). It is a silver fibula with returned foot (Fibeln mit umgeschlagenem Fuß). There is a remarkable diversity of variants of this type of brooches, distributed over a very wide space throughout Europe.4 The provenance of these artifacts has been much debated in the literature.5 Their origin in the area between the Dnieper and the Crimean Peninsula, from where they extended to the north and west seems to be an hypothesis accepted by most of the scholars, particularly for their earlier versions. In the 2nd–4th centuries AD Sarmatian tombs, the returned and wrapped foot fibulae are the most numerous and well represented types.6 It is certain that variants of this type of fibula are frequently found in the Lower Danube region, both within the Roman provinces such as Noricum, Pannonia, Dacia, Moesia Superior, Moesia Inferior7, but also in the Barbaricum8. Some variants of this type of fibulae are also very popular in the archaeological contexts of the Sântana de Mureş – Chernyakhov culture.9 These brooches had both spring-loaded and hinge closing system. The arched body, with a circular or rectangular cross-section, extended by a foot, sometimes faceted, from which the pin-catch was then formed, which wrapped on the body with a variable number of coils. These were made of one or two pieces of metal. Sometimes such brooches had simple decorations on the body and foot, in the form of incisions or small geometric shapes. Regarding the chronology, Gh. Diaconu, based on the coins uncovered together with several such brooches, argued for a timeframe between the year 160 and the end of the 3rd century AD.10 However, the archaeological contexts identified in various other regions greatly expand the chronology of these clothing accessories. S. Uenze dates such brooches as late as the 4th century AD and even in the first part of the next century, in close relation with the territorial expanse of Sântana de Mureş – Chernyakhov culture.11 Based on the archaeological contexts in which these were discovered, at least in the region of Lower Danube, one can contend that these brooches are recorded less frequently in the first part of the third century, witness a very intense usage at the end of the same century, and reach their maximum level of usage in the following century. Regarding the material used in their manufacture, bronze is by far the most common, although there are as well many examples of iron and, less often, silver. Almgren 1923, 71–89, GROUP VI. Kovrig 1937, 122–123; Ambroz 1966, 47, GROUPS 15, 16; Peškař 1972, 108–110. 6 Bârcă, Symonenko 2009, 240–244. 7 Jobst 1975, tip 18, 77–80, pl. 26; Cociș 2004, tip 37, 142–147 (in Dacia province many such pieces, in several variants, were produced in a workshop that operated at Porolissum); Redžić 2007, tip XXX, pl. XXVI/ 290–297XXVII/298–300; Nuţu, Topoleanu, Anton 2014, 287–288; Aparaschivei 2017, 43–44; they have reached Greece, in the south: Philip 1981, 341. 8 In a greater numbers they were discovered in the region of Wallachia, southern Romania Diaconu 1971, 239– 268; Bichir 1984, 50–51; see also Ioniţă 1998, 231–240; Peškař 1972, pl. 33, 4–6. 9 Ioniţă 1992, 77–90; see also Vornic 2006, tip 4, p. 197–198; Șovan 2005, p. 151–152; Mamalaucă 2019. 10 Diaconu 1971, 248. 11 Uenze 1992, 141–146. 4 5 A “sarmatian” fibula found in Dobrovăț, Iaşi county 119 In terms of classification, this type of fibulae has a large number of established variants in the literature. In Romanian literature, Gh. Diaconu established five decades ago a classification of this type of brooches into: “Dacian” type, “Roman” type, “Sarmatian” type and “Gothic” type fibulae. I. Ioniţă, Gh. Bichir and other scholars with expertise in ancient clothing accessories, particularly those concerned with the characteristics of the so-called Carpathian culture and the Sântana de Mureş – Chernyakhov culture, published seminal contributions in the field of study of this type of brooches in the Romanian extra-Carpathian regions. The Dobrovăţ fibula12 This piece is a special case both due to its very good state of preservation, and its inclusion in a variant of inverted-foot fibulae that is quite rarely recorded in the eastern Carpathian area (Pl. II.3–4). The fact that it has been preserved so well is probably due to the nature of the soil in which it was found, which did not contribute much to the corrosion process. The physical-chemical analyses interpreted in the appendix to this paper show that a silver-copper alloy was used to craft the piece, with an additional percentage of silver, at least for the piece of metal from which the body of the fibula was made. The pin and the spring, made of the same wire, show slight differences in the metal composition (see Annex). Therefore, the piece is a turned-foot fibula made of two pieces of metal. The body is thin, in the form of a bar with a rectangular cross-section, slightly rounded above. On its upper part, near the hole through which the spring shaft passes, there is a decoration of two parallel lines. Two pairs of such incised lines are also found on the lower part of the foot just above the area where the spring coils are wound. The foot extends from the body, broadening to a trapezoidal shape, which then bends forming the shape of the pin-catch, as a kind of sleeve. From the catch extends a wire that forms the spirals wrapping the lower part of the body. There are eight such spirals bonded together and ending on the inside of the spring. As for the spring, it consists of a single piece of wire, it is bilateral, and it is wound in three coils on each side and continues with the pin. The chord, interestingly, passes above the spring and not below, as in majority of such fibulae. The features presented allow its inclusion in the category of “Sarmatian” type fibulae. This type of finds is included by O. Almgren in group VI, 157, but they are presented in more detail in A.K. Ambroz, who includes them in group 15, series III. On the same direction as Ambroz, more recently, goes V.V. Kropotov, who places them in group 4, series 3, and provides many more examples and details about the spread of such finds.13 Very recently, K. Hellström published a synthesis on the Sarmatian fibulae from the northern Black Sea area and placed this type of finds in category III, with variants 1a – pieces made of a single piece of metal and 1b – which is also the case of our piece – consisting of artifacts made of two pieces of metal. Among the artefacts classified in the inverted-foot type fibulae of the Sarmatian variant, there are both bronze and silver pieces known, with spring shaft lengths between 4.4 cm and 8.7 cm. However, there are exceptions, such as a specimen from Nikolaevka with the spring shaft only 2.3 cm long.14 Some pieces may have various decorative marks on the foot plate such as circles, a cross or lines. 12 13 14 We would like to thank our colleague Dr. Vitalie Bârcă, for the suggestions and bibliography provided. Kropotov 2010, 150–154. Hellström 2018, 85. 120 Dan Apar asch ivei, Ștefan Honcu, Lucian Munteanu Our specimen is, therefore, of average size, with some incised lines as decoration on the foot, but of a reasonable quality of the metal from which it was made. As direct analogies, most such pieces are found in the north of the Black Sea and in the southern region of Romania, in Wallachia, in the so-called area of the Free Dacians. There are very few such specimens uncovered in Moldavia. There were several such bronze specimens found in Poieneşti, although these show some obvious technical differences compared to our piece.15 Gh. Diaconu designates these pieces, of “Sarmatian” type, but I. Ioniţă draws attention to the fact that such artifacts would have had as model some specimens of Sarmatian origin, of Almgren type 156.16 Gh. Bichir, on the other hand, classifies these pieces in the type of bronze fibulae (sic!) with the profile in the shape of the letter D.17 He ascertains that, based on information from O. Almgren18 and A. K. Ambroz19, these are characteristic to the Sarmatians from the North-Pontic steppes, with extended spread in their areas of movement and even designated these as Pontic-Sarmatian fibulae.20 One relevant analogy is the piece from grave M147 of the Tîrgşor cemetery.21 It is made of bronze, it has a longer spring, with five coils on each side of the shaft, and the foot is shorter than our piece, although it is clearly of a very similar technique. Despite the fact that a coin from Septimius Severus was found under the urn in which the fibula was found, based on the archaeological context and other elements, the author of the excavation report argues that it can be dated at the end of the 3rd century and even the first part of the next century.22 Closer to our artifact are some finds discovered in the settlement of Militari-Bucharest.23 Among these there are several silver pieces, although with a circular cross-section of the arch, but similar otherwise to our piece.24 Further analogies are regarded and presented as such by Gh. Diaconu the fibulae with the body in the shape of the letter “D” and a broadened foot. It should be noted, however, that in relation to our piece, whose foot is straightened as soon as it is bent from the body of the brooch, in the above given analogies the body, which arches in the form of the letter D, continues with the foot following the same direction, curving away.25 The analogies would be the finds of Poieneşti, in Moldavia26, but particularly the ones from Muntenia, of Tei-Bucharest27, Chilia28, Mătăsaru, Tîrgşor, Militari. A similar find was also uncovered in Dobruja.29 Therefore, the environment in which this type of piece originates is, most likely, Sarmatian, north of the Black Sea. In fact, the discovery in Tyras area of several unfinished such artifacts The best-preserved such piece is the one published by Vulpe 1953, 461, pl. 362.3, although the finds illustrated in pl. 364.1 and 3 fall in the same category of artifacts, with trapezoid foot, even though circular in cross-section. Unfortunately, neither these pieces are provided with a clear archaeological finding context. 16 Ioniţă 1998, 235–236. 17 Bichir 1973, 104, type 12/a, pl. CLXIX, 7, CLXX/2–5. 18 Almgren 1923, 76. 19 Ambroz 1966, 48–54. 20 Bichir 1976, 96. 21 Diaconu 1965, pl. XX, no. 4. 22 Diaconu 1965, p. 35, 94. 23 Zgîbea 1963, 373–376, pl. I.1–8. 24 Zgîbea 1963, 373–374, pl. I.1 and 3. 25 Regarding the spread on the territory of Romania, see Diaconu 1971, pl. 1. 26 Vulpe 1953, 461, fig. 362.3; Bichir 1973, pl. CLXX.2–5. 27 Diaconu 1965, note 76. 28 Morintz 1955, 445, fig. 5.2. 29 Bichir 1967, 206. 15 A “sarmatian” fibula found in Dobrovăț, Iaşi county 121 led some scholars to hypothesize that a workshop for the production of those pieces was located here as well. The hypothesis is also based on the very large number of such pieces uncovered in this region.30 The pressure of the Goths on the northern Black Sea polities determined the westbound migration of the Sarmatians, reaching the areas of present-day Wallachia and Moldavia in Romania, as early as either the end of the 1st century AD, according to some scholars31, or the second half of 2nd century according to others.32 Some of migrating people went west (the Roxolani), joining their relatives there (the Iazyges). Bichir argues that the Sarmatians remaining in the areas outside the Carpathians and who found here the “Free” Dacians population, with whom they coexisted, would be the Roxolani.33 The Alans, on the other hand, would have made incursions in this area at a later time, being also one the people contributing to the synthesis of the Sântana de Mureş – Chernyakhov culture.34 Conclusions The piece of Dobrovăţ can be included in the category of returned-foot silver fibulae, with the foot broadened in a trapezoid shape, and with a short bilateral spring. In addition, a very interesting and rare element is that it has the spring chord passed above and not below the spring itself, as is found in the largest majority of cases. Even though its discovery did not take place in a clear context, resulting from a systematic archaeological excavation, its chronology gravitates towards the end of the 3rd century – the first half of the 4th century. The dating is in accordance with the chronology established by K. Hellström and Gh. Diaconu, and later than the one established by A. K. Ambroz and V. V. Kropotov. Considering the fact that such fibulae are not very frequent in the Sântana de Mureş Chernyakhov sites (whether settlements or cemeteries), in the territory of Moldavia35, the conclusion is that such artifacts would not be characteristic for the bearers of the respective culture. 36 In our opinion, the Sarmatian component of the above-mentioned culture is clearly expressed through such items. This is a good argument for an acculturation process that targeted the various ethnic elements that have “leveled” and produced a regional culture, with a wide spread on both sides of the Carpathians, which has evolved over more than one century. However, one can only speak of the beginning stage of this process, when, probably, the cultural distinction was still quite noticeable. Hellström 2018, 85. Harhoiu 1993, 46–48; Bârcă 2006, 263. 32 Diaconu 1980, 284; see Oţa 2007, 51 for a review of the main opinions in the literature; see also Oţa 2020, p. 157 who attempts to demonstrate that there were two successive migratory waves of Sarmatians towards the Lower Danube region – the first during the last decade of 1st century AD and the first decades of the 2nd, followed by a second wave after the Marcomannic Wars. 33 Bichir 1972, 168–169. 34 Bichir 1972, 168–169; see also Diaconu 1980, 275–285 for discussions. 35 Bârlad-Valea-Seacă: Palade 2004, 216–217, fig. 174, no. 1, 2, broadened foot silver fibulae, also with widened body, with decorated foot and body and long, bilateral spring. Nine such artifacts were uncovered in this cemetery, although none of these can be regarded as an exact analogy. It is almost obvious that these artifacts are dated later than our piece, although one cannot exclude that these were based on a “Sarmatian” model. Another variant with broadened foot is the pieces with rhomboid-shaped foot: Diaconu 1965, pl. XCVIII, no. 6–7, type Ic, p. 92; Palade 2004, 217, fig. 151/2, fig. 97/1; Șovan 2005, 95, M300, pl. 167, no. 2. 36 Vornic 2006, 197. 30 31 Dan Apar asch ivei, Ștefan Honcu, Lucian Munteanu 122 Catalogue Fibula with returned-and wrapped around foot of “Sarmatian” type (Pl. III.1–2) Context: Iaşi County, Dobrovăţ, Site “Râpele lui Filip”, 2019, passim, not published Location:Institute of Archaeology in Iaşi, w/o Inv. No. Size: L–63,45 mm; W18,60mm, w–11,45gr. Literature: Almgren 1923, group VI, 157; Ambroz 1966, group 15, series III; Diaconu 1971, “Sarmatian” type, p. 249–251, var. 2; Kropotov 2010, group 4, series 3, p. 150–154, fig. 46; Hellström 2018, typeIII1b. Size (detailed): • L fibula – 63, 45 mm • L pin – 48.50 mm • L spring – 13.72 mm • L foot – 27.20 mm • L uncoiled of the 8 coils on the foot – 11.70 mm • Max. width of the foot (the larger side of the trapezium) – 9.50 mm • Min. width of the foot (the smaller side of the trapezium) – 4.75 mm • The height of the bow – (between the bow and chord of the pin) – 14.50 mm • Thickness of the bar making the foot – 2.85 mm • Thickness of the foot plate – 1 mm Chronology: the second half of 3rd century AD – mid–4th century AD. A “sarmatian” fibula found in Dobrovăț, Iaşi county 123 ANNEX Physical-chemical analyses – elemental composition37 Sample/ Inventory No. Pin and spring Spring shaft Body (bow) Foot and pin-catch Ag Table 1. Chemical composition of the analyzed fibula Elemental composition – percentage by mass (%) Cu Cl Ca Fe S C O Si Al 52.083 25.692 3.090 16.938 50.870 45.680 0.569 1.487 1.391 Mg P - - - - - - - - 57.482 4.470 3.980 1.294 1.688 0.511 5.296 22.520 1.025 0.348 0.249 1.132 67.685 4.098 2.615 2.789 21.966 0.845 - - - SEM-EDX The SEM-EDX analysis employed an electron microscope with SEM scanning, model VEGA II LSH, made in the Czech Republic by TESCAN, coupled with a QUANTAX QX2 type EDX detector, made in Germany by BRUKER/ROENTEC. This microscope is equipped with a tungsten electron cannon that can achieve a resolution of 3 nm @ 30 kV, with a magnification between X30 and X1,000,000 in “resolution” mode, the acceleration voltage between 200 V and 30 kV, scan speeds between 200 ns and 10 ms per pixel. The working pressure is less than 1x10–2 Pa. Quantax Ox2 is an EDX detector used for micro-analysis that allows quantitative measurements without the use of specific calibration standards. It has an active area of 10 mm², analyzing all elements heavier than carbon, on polished or rough surface samples. micro-FT-IR The spectra were recorded by means of an FT-IR spectrophotometer coupled with a HYPERION 1000 microscope, both equipment by Bruker Optic, Germany. The FT-IR spectrophotometer is of the TENSOR 27 type, which is mainly suitable for measurements in near-IR. The standard detector is DLaTGS, which covers the spectral range 7500 – 370 cm–1 and works at room temperature. The resolution is usually 4 cm–1, although it can also reach 1 cm–1. TENSOR 27 is equipped with a 1 mW He-Ne laser that emits at 633 nm and has a ROCKSOLID interferometer alignment. The signal/noise ratio of this device is particularly good. The TENSIONER is completely controlled by the OPUS software. The HYPERION 1000 microscope is an accessory that can be paired with almost any Bruker FT-IR spectrophotometer. For completely non-destructive measurements, the TENSOR 27 spectrophotometer is coupled to the HYPERION 1000 microscope and, for solid samples, reflection is performed. The software is OPUS/VIDEO for interactive video data acquisition. The device can operate in both transmission and reflection ways. The detector is liquid nitrogen cooled (–196°C) MCT type. The spectral range is 600–7500 cm–1 and the measured area is optimized to a diameter of 250 μm, with the possibility of reaching a minimum of 20 μm. The microscope is equipped with a X15 lens. Corrosion products elements were highlighted in the FT-IR spectrum, as well as elements from soil contamination. The 2259–2006 cm–1 and 1158–1124 cm–1 peaks are correlated with The analyses were performed by Dr. Viorica Vasilache and Dr. Ana Drob, from the Laboratory of Scientific Investigation and Cultural Heritage Conservation, ARHEOINVEST Center of “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University in Iasi, to whom we would like to express our gratitude in this way. 37 124 Dan Apar asch ivei, Ștefan Honcu, Lucian Munteanu silicates38 from soil contamination. Carbonates39 have been identified by peaks in the range 1300–1500 cm–1 and correspond to corrosion products. Bibliography Almgren 1923 Almgren, O., Studien über nordeuropäische Fibelformen der ersten nachchristlichen Jahrhunderte mit Berücksichtigung der provinzialrömischen und südrussischen Formen, Leipzig. Ambroz 1966 Ambroz A. K., Dunaiskie elementy v rannesrednekovoi kul’ture Kryma (VI-VII vv.), in Kratkie soobscenija Instituta Arheologii AN SSSR, 113, p. 10–23. Aparaschivei 2017 Aparaschivei, D., Fibule din secolele II-IV p.Chr. 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Phys. – Romanian Journal of Physics, București SCIV(A) – Studii și Cercetări de Istorie Veche (și Arheologie), București Spectrochimica Acta – Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 126 Dan Apar asch ivei, Ștefan Honcu, Lucian Munteanu Plate I – 1. Map of Dobrovăţ commune with the location of the sites with discoveries from the 4th century AD: 9. “Râpile lui Filip” spot; 10. “Mănăstirea Dobrovăţ” spot – 11. “Pe Dâmb” spot (on the site of the old cemetery) – 12. “Tarlaua Latiţa” spot – 13. “Tarlaua Velniţa” spot – adapted after Chirica, Tanasachi 1984, I, fig. XXIII; 2 – Spatial location of the researched area on the topographic map 1:25.000, of 1973–1975; 3 – The approximate perimeter of the “Râpile lui Filip” site with the location of our survey and the place of discovery of the fibula A “sarmatian” fibula found in Dobrovăț, Iaşi county Plate II – 1. Antoninianus of Traianus Decius: 2. Denarius with the effigy of Hadrianus, Dobrovăţ fibula; 3 – photo; 4 – drawing. 127