The ‘Türk Altay Theory / Türk-Altay Kuramı’ is a true story of the early existence of the Türks in North Asia. Sayan-Altay’s successive indigenous cultures from 6000 BC to 6th-8th century AD, were connected each other by using archaeological methods. The Kuram has gone through hoops while it has pursued on the cultural traces of the Turks in North Asia. Indo-European hypotheses were the basis of the hoops. Such hypotheses ignored the existence of the Turks in the defined geographical area. It was not possible to make progress unless the claims that constitute the basis of such ignorance has been investigated. The Kuram did do it. This was the just reason for the struggle of the Kuram with a series of Indo-European hypotheses. The Kuram has been raised on the three basic footing interrelated to each other. 1) The Runic inscriptions that we have called as ‘historical texts’ representing the Classical Turkic Period-2 in Altay, are the basic data set that make up the fi rst footing of the Kuram. 2) The historical texts, on the other hand, also identify a certain group of archaeological material. Actually such group of material, representing Classical Turkic Period-2, spread throughout the Sayan-Altay region, Mongolian territory, and Eurasian steppes. The rich archeological material that is inclined to run to the much earlier times, has enlightened the path of the Culture. 3) Described archaeological material that we can pursue towards the early stages of history led us to the Neolithic period of Yesnisey-Lena region where is the micro climatic isolated territory surrounded by the Angara river in the North, Lena river in the East, Baykal lake in the South and Yenisey river in the West. This living place was the Urheimat of the ancient Türks: Yenisey-Lena. The examination of the material made us access to the Urheimat. According to the Kuram, Turkic speaking people originated from Yenisey-Lena and they grown up in Altay region. At the end of the Late Upper Paleolithic Age (c. 12,000 BC), the Culture with the identity of ‘Yenisy-Lena’, alredy spread to the World.

Archaeologically monitored topsoil stripping of the site of a waste water treatment works at Ballywilliam, Donaghadee, Co Down, led to the identification and excavation of a burnt mound and a number of associated pits. Some are interpreted as troughs, and one preserved evidence of having been wood-lined. Radiocarbon determinations indicate use in the Early Bronze Age.

The Black Sea lies at the junction of three major cultural areas: Europe, Central Asia, and the Near East. It plays a crucial role in enduring discussions about the impact of complex Near Eastern societies on European societies, and the repercussions of early urbanization across Eurasia. This book presents the first comprehensive overview of the Black Sea region in the prehistoric period. It penetrates artificial boundaries imposed by traditions, politics, and language to encompass both the European and Asiatic coasts and both Eastern European and Western scholarly literature. With a critical compilation and synthesis of archaeological data, this study situates the prehistoric Black Sea in a global historical context. By adopting the perspective of technology and innovation, it transcends a purely descriptive account of material culture and emphasizes society, human interaction, and engagement with the material world.

We have collated and reviewed published records of the genera Panicum and Setaria (Poaceae), including the domesticated millets Panicum miliaceum L. (broomcorn millet) and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet) in pre-5000 cal B.C. sites across the Old World. Details of these sites, which span China, centraleastern Europe including the Caucasus, Iran, Syria and Egypt, are presented with associated calibrated radiocarbon dates. Forty-one sites have records of Panicum (P. miliaceum, P. cf. miliaceum, Panicum sp., Panicum type, P. capillare (?) and P. turgidum) and 33 of Setaria (S. italica, S. viridis, S. viridis/verticillata, Setaria sp., Setaria type). We identify problems of taphonomy, identification criteria and reporting, and inference of domesticated/wild and crop/weed status of finds. Both broomcorn and foxtail millet occur in northern China prior to 5000 cal B.C.; P. miliaceum occurs contemporaneously in Europe, but its significance is unclear. Further work is needed to resolve the above issues before the status of these taxa in this period can be fully evaluated.

Although the unicorn is a mythological animal, it has prototypes in the world of real animals. These prototypes, which have historically varied from region to region, have also affected the names used for the unicorn in different cultural spheres. The present study examines, in particular, the mythological and etymological background of the Chinese unicorn in relation to several other extant or extinct animals in North and East Asia. Though their connection with the unicorn has previously been neglected, the two most important animals taken up in this context are the mammoth and the whale.

The spiritual life of Neolithic Bulgaria has been extremely rich and various. The cult for fertility and the female role in it is reflected in the anropomorphic figurines represented in this publication by a number of unique examples published here for the first time. Less representative are the zoomorphic figurines which are impossible to interprete as pieces of art. But the zoomorphic and antropomorphic pottery is true art. There is a large variety of Late Neolithic figurines, among which a number of Early Eneolithic prototypes could be mentioned. Richly decorated, they most probably were altars because on such a find from Hotnitsa legs from a figurine that had originally been attached to the altar can be seen. These altars were called „small cuit tables“ and are an important component of the Neolithic art complex. The development of the burial rites during the Neolithic is of special interest. From the period of the Early Neolithic we know a few burials intra murum laid in a hoker position, while from the Late Neolithic we already have information about some extra mural burials. Among these the burials in Durankulak are entirely studied. Here the dead were buried bi-ritually; the women in a hoker position with the head to the North and the men stretched on their backs with their heads also to the North. Certain differences in social status between the individuals buried can be noticed. During the Early Neolithic there appeared the sign system. It can be found in the incised ornaments of ceramics or is independantly met on pintaderas and lids or bottoms of pots. The latter are especially characteristic of the Late Neolithic.

Резюме. В статье рассматриваются немногочисленные случаи преднамерен-ной деформации головы среди населения саргатской культуры раннего железно-го века Зауралья и Западной Сибири. Анализируемые источники представлены опубликованными и архивными данными раскопок курганных могильников, а ре-зультаты палеоантропологического изучения даны в археологическом контексте, что расширяет возможности в интерпретации саргатских древностей. Приводятся данные радиоуглеродного анализа погребений притобольской локальной серии, иллю стрирующие наиболее ранние примеры деформации циркулярного типа в саргатской среде. Представляется, что проникновение этой практики, все же не получившей в лесостепи заметного распространения, связано с номадами. Это обстоятельство подкрепляет высказанную ранее гипотезу, что саргатская аристо-кратия еще в период становления и расцвета культуры в середине-второй поло-вине I тыс. до н. э. формировалась в значительной степени выходцами из кочевой среды. С этой точки зрения события рубежа эр на периферии кочевого мира пред-ставляют несомненный интерес. Ключевые слова: Зауралье и Западная Сибирь, саргатская культура, погребения, преднамеренная деформация, морфотипы. В настоящее время известно большое количество антропологических кол-лекций, в которых зафиксирована преднамеренная деформация головы. Приме-нительно к эпохе железа этот обычай представлен преимущественно в кочевни-ческих погребениях степного пояса Евразии. Не столь массовые, но и не такие уж редкие находки прижизненно деформированных черепов кольцевого типа (Жиров, 1940) известны в лесостепной зоне-в комплексах, относимых к саргат-ской культуре (Погодин, Труфанов, 1991; Матвеева, 1994; Культура зауральских скотоводов.

Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia. Ed. by U. Brosseder and B. Miller. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 2011, p. 77-96 (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 5).

This article explores the Bön phenomenon from a larger perspective, that of the Eurasian cultural and religious heritage, and tackles the following question: Tibetan Bön is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon but do its origins lie in the Tibetan Plateau as such? I shall attempt to answer this by looking at three areas:

-Firstly, the prehistoric pan-Eurasian cult of the Sky Deer;-Secondly, the links between rock carvings in Gilgit and Bönpo mchod rten;-And finally, parallels between episodes in the Ṛgveda and the life story of Ston pa gshen rab.

Neanderthals, a European population was undoubtedly successful in surviving through
several glacial periods. Their population, originally spread across Europe, composed of
small communities but succeeded to maintain their relationships and their mating systems
and thus secured their biological survival. Published samples of aDNA and teeth indicate
that they formed a particular population, although morphological deviations from the western
European relics are found at the edges of their geographic distribution. The expansions
of Neanderthals into western Asia and reaching the Altai Mountains refl ect their successful
adaptations to variable environments. Their demise was caused, among others, by the
expansion of groups of modern humans of African origins. The cultural traits of the new
invading and colonizing people included high degree of mobility, signs of group identity,
new cloths, use of ornaments, new hunting tools, and means of communication. The interactions
of modern humans with the Neanderthals, discussed in the paper, provide a foundation
for further research along economic and biological considerations that may provide a
more sound explanation for the disappearance of a past successful meta-population.

1.  An unexpected event occurred somewhere between approximately 4500 and 6000 years ago in the vicinity of the central steppe: the Proto-Uralic language family began its spread, eventually to cover half of northernmost Eurasia. More definitively, about 4000 years ago its Finno-Ugric component began its rapid spread over most of that range. The speakers of Uralic/Finno-Ugric were hunter-gatherers, their technology at most barely Neolithic, yet they exerienced a language spread of a magnitude usually associated only with food-producing cultures and one that produced a Uralic monoculture across most of northern Eurasia from the forest-steppe ecotone north (i.e. above about 50°). 1 The Finno-Ugric/Uralic spread is unexpected, even anomalous, if it is seen as an ordinary expansion of the language range and speech community size of an ordinary hunter-gatherer population. This chapter aims to reconstruct for early Uralic a geolinguistic, sociolinguistic, and economic position vis-à-vis neighboring societies that explains the spread and in fact makes it almost inevitable.

Los 40 términos más estables determinados por Holman et al. (2008) de la “Lista de Swadesh” original de 100 voces del vocabulario nuclear básico que (salvo unos pocos excepcionales casos) no son adoptadas por familias de lenguas diferentes, y otras 23 voces de la Lista de Swadesh original, fueron reordenadas desde los términos más estables (no sustituibles por términos foráneos de familias diferentes) a los menos estables. Esta lista, estadísticamente, es igual de significativa que la lista original de Swadesh de 100 términos y su reordenamiento por voces más estables la convierte en una herramienta muy poderosa para las comparativas entre lenguas y familias. Si dos lenguas cualquieras comparadas con esta lista comparten (según Swadesh) más de un 36% de coincidencias, puede sostenerse que estuvieron emparentadas dentro de una misma familia, aunque tal parentesco sea remoto en el tiempo. Obviamente, mientras más alto sea el porcentaje de coincidencias (mejor si es por encima del 50%), más cercano será el parentesco.
-------------------------------------
Comentario
-------------------------------------
La comparativa favorece con diferencia a las lenguas Transeurasiáticas-Altaicas (Túrquicas, Mongoles, Tungúsicas, Japónica y Coreánica) que ocupan más de un 80% de la comparativa, siguiéndole en orden frecuencial (con pocas diferencias en los porcentajes) las Dravidianas, Sino-Caucasianas, Kartvelianas, Urálicas, Yeniseanas, Sino-Tibetanas y en menor grado las Afrasiáticas. Puesto que es difícil (por no decir imposible) explicar tan elevado número de coincidencias del vocabulario básico de voces estables con términos de la macrofamilia Transeurasiática-Altaica como “préstamos” o producto del mero azar, la hipótesis de Michel Morván (1995-2002) de que el Euskara no es una lengua aislada y que, de hecho, sería una lengua Eurasiática muy antigua, parece más que probable.
----------------------------------------------
Esta comparativa de voces estables, según las 40 voces más estables determinadas por Holman et al. (2008), y otras 23 de la Lista de Swadesh original, apuntan a un más que verosímil parentesco entre la lengua Euskara (y probablemente también la Ibera de acuerdo a los pocos términos iberos que hemos podido incluir) con la macrofamilia Transeurasiática-Altaica. Si el Pre-Proto-Euskara era una lengua Proto-Eurasiana, tal como sostiene Morvan, todo apunta a que esta se hallaba más cercana a las lenguas Transeurasiáticas-Altaicas que a las de las restantes familias eurasiáticas.

En cuanto al Ibero, si bien es imposible de momento hacer una comparativa de su vocabulario básico estable, hay suficientes indicios para considerar como verosímil una relación de parentesco con el Euskara, aunque remota (nunca como hermanas o como madre o hija una de la otra), lo que permite inferir, al menos como posibilidad, que igualmente se pueda incluir el Ibero dentro de la macrofamilia Transeurasiática-Altaica. De hecho, todo lo que mejor se ha podido determinar (casi hay consenso) sobre su morfo-tipología, fonosintáctica, afijaciones, formas verbales y léxico especializado (determinado por combinatoria interna y contexto favorable) encuentran las mejores explicaciones siempre —al igual que pasa con el Euskara— a través de las mismas lenguas de la macrofamilia Transeurasiática-Altaica, y en menor medida a través de algunas lenguas Caucasianas.

Referencias

Bengtson, John, ‘Basque etymology’, Compiled by John Bengtson, 2015-2019 http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\sinocauc\basqet&first=1
Cengiz Erman, Arif, «Türklerin Gerçek Tarihi. Türk Dili ve Tarihi Üzerine Tezler», Urzeni; Edición: 1, 2019.
Díaz-Montexano, Georgeos, PERRO. El origen etimológico íbero-altaico o paleolítico del nombre del ‘perro’ en el español, The Epigraphic Society, Enero de 2017. https://www.academia.edu/35819718/
Holman et al., ‘Explorations in automated language classification.’ November 2008Folia Linguistica 42(3-4). DOI:10.1515/FLIN.2008.331
Koşay, H.Z., «Dil mukayeselerine göre Basklarla Türklerin temasları, göç yolları ve zamanı hakkında.” Belleten 84.521–60, 1957.
Morvan, Michel, ‘DICTIONNAIRE ÉTYMOLOGIQUE DE LA LANGUE BASQUE’, UMR 5478 DU CNRS (2022). http://projetbabel.org/basque/basque_dictionnaire_etymologique_2022_02.pdf
Robbeets, Martine; Bisang, Walter, ‘Paradigm Change. In the Transeurasian languages and beyond,’ Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 2014.
Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia (OEH) https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_oehberria&task=bilaketa&Itemid=413&lang=eu

Pie de foto: Una muestra de dos de las 28 páginas de tablas comparativas que se pueden ver en el PDF https://atlantisng.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Lista-Swadesh-Eusko-Ibero-Transeurasiatica-de-voces-mas-estables-de-Holman-et-al-2008-y-su-comparacion-con-el-Griego.pdf

PhD Dissertation directed by Felipe Criado Boado, Marco García Quintela and A. César González García. Interdisciplinary research about the cultural heritage, the funerary landscape, the sacred geography and the cultural astronomy of Ikh Bogd Uul Mountain, Eastern Altai, Mongolia.

Книга посвящена проблеме происхождения индоевропейских народов. На
основе анализа археологических материалов Евразии рассматриваются
связи евразийских культур от неолита до энеолита. Полученная схема
культурогенеза сопоставляется с лингвистическими теориями, и на этой основе
обосновывается ближневосточное происхождение индоевропейцев.

The megalithic phenomenon is one of the most exciting subjects of study in prehistory. The practice of monumentalising places of special significance by erecting large stones started during the Neolithic period, approximately 10.000 years ago. On time, it acquired such a social and ideological depth that it became one of the most geographically and temporally widespread cultural phenomena ever known in Europe. In Andalusia,  megalithic sites and landscapes express themselves with great richness and diversity, representing an exceptional source of scientific information for our understanding of our forebears’ ways of life, as well as a unique and beautiful historical legacy. This book combines the contributions of various university professors, who bring us up to date with their research, with excellent photographic illustrations and, for the first time, reflects the spread of this cultural phenomenon throughout Andalusia. It is suitable for both those who wish to deepen their knowledge of this professional specialisation and those who seek the pleasure of a satisfied interest.

The Uralic language family has often been hypothesized to be related to Yukaghir, even though no widely accepted evidence for this theory has been presented so far. The study of Uralic-Yukaghir relations has in part been held back by the scarcity of basic documentary and comparative work on the Yukaghir languages. The publication of A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir (2006) by Irina Nikolaeva, however, has raised Yukaghir lexicology and historical phonology to a level that allows systematic comparison of Proto-Yukaghir and (Proto-)Uralic to be easily carried out. This paper discusses the lexical correspondences between Uralic and Yukaghir languages, and examines to what extent they can be explained as evidence of genetic relationship, products of language contact, or mere chance resemblances. It is argued that there is no clear lexical evidence supporting a genetic connection between the two families, and that no regular sound correspondences between the two proto-languages can be established. A majority of the Uralic-Yukaghir lexical comparisons suggested in earlier references seem to be chance resemblances, but a smaller corpus of probable loanwords supporting contacts between (Pre-)Proto-Samoyed and Proto-Yukaghir can be established.