Veteriner Sistemik Patoloji kitabı, öncelikle Veteriner Fakültesi öğrencilerine ders kitabı olarak hazırlanmıştır. Bilindiği gibi hastalıklar, canlı dokularda oluşan değişikliklerin, lezyonların bir sonucudur. Patoloji, canlı dokulardaki bu değişikliklerin oluşumunu yani hastalığın patogenezini, oluşan lezyonların patolojik-anatomik yapılarını makroskobik ve mikroskobik düzeyde değerlendirerek hastalığın nedenini belirlemeye çalışan bir bilim dalıdır. Bir hekimin bir hastalığı nasıl tedavi edeceğini kararlaştırırken, hastalığın patogenezini, dokularda oluşan lezyonları, yani o hastalığın patolojisini de iyi bilmesi avantaj sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle öğrencilerimize ve meslektaşlarımıza, başarılı bir veteriner hekim olabilmenin yolunun hastalıkların patolojilerinin de iyi bilinmesinden geçtiğini vurgulamakta yarar vardır. Ayrıca organlarda gözlenen değişikliklerin iyi yorumlanması, teşhisi kolaylaştırarak doğru tedavi sürecine erken başlanmasına ve önemli ekonomik kayıpların önüne geçilmesine yardımcı olacaktır.
Hazırlanan kitapla, ilgili organlarda anlatılan hastalık ve lezyonlar, çoğunluğu makroskobik olmak üzere mümkün olduğu kadar bol resimle desteklenerek görselliği artırılmaya çalışılmış, böylece öğrenmeyi kolaylaştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu şekilde hem veteriner fakültesi öğrencilerine hem de akademisyen ve veteriner hekimlere önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmüştür. Kitapta kullanılan makroskobik ve histopatolojik resimlerin büyük çoğunluğu Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı rutin resim arşivi ile yürütülen tez ve projelerden sağlanmıştır. Bazı resimler Münih Ludwig-Maximilians Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Enstitüsü Direktörlüğü izniyle kullanılmış ve resim altında (LMU Münih’ten) şeklinde belirtilmiştir. Resimlerin bir kısmı ise Dr. Maarten Drost’un izniyle “http://www.drostproject.org” web sayfasından, Prof. Dr. S.Serap Birincioğlu (Türkütanıt) ve Prof. Dr. Zabid Yener’in doktora tezlerinden alınmıştır. Adı geçenlere resimlerin kitapta kullanılmasına izin vermeleri nedeniyle şükranlarımızı sunarız.
Doku ve organlardaki lezyonların kolaylıkla gözlenebilmesi ve organlardaki lezyonlara ait renk değişikliklerinin daha kolay fark edilebilmesi için resimler ilgili bölümlerde renkli olarak sunulmuştur. 
Veteriner Sistemik Patoloji kitabının I. Cildi “Sindirim ve Solunum Sistemleri Patolojisi”ni içermekteydi. Kitabın II. Cildi ise “Sinir Sistemi”, “Kardiyovaskuler Sistem”, “Hematopoietik Sistem, “Üriner Sistem”,“Dişi Genital Sistem”, “Erkek Genital Sistem” ve “Deri” Patolojisi konularını kapsamaktadır.
Veteriner Hekimlik eğitimine, akademisyenlere ve veteriner hekimlere patoloji alanında önemli katkılar sağlayacağını umduğumuz kitapta kullanılan resimlerin elde edilmesinde emeği geçen ve farklı zamanlarda Anabilim Dalımızda hizmet vermiş tüm Öğretim Elemanlarına teşekkür ederiz. Yeni öğretim yılına yetiştirebilmek için mevcut ders notlarının güncellenmesi ve renkli resimler eklenmesiyle kısa sürede hazırlanan bu ders kitabındaki eksik ve hataların tarafımıza bildirilmesi, sonraki baskının daha kusursuz hale getirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır. Yapıcı eleştiri ve önerilerini bizlere ileterek destek olacak tüm ilgililere ve meslektaşlarımıza şimdiden şükranlarımızı sunarız.


YAZARLAR
Mart 2016, Konya

Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 is responsible for major animal diseases of economic importance in both
developed and developing countries. Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) could inflict devastating effects on blood
tissues and organs in the host animal. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the haematological and
clinico- pathological responses in mice following oral inoculation of graded doses of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2
and its lipopolysaccharide. Sixty healthy Balb c mice were placed in twelve plastic cages each one containing five
mice. The mice were divided into three major groups (A, B and C). Group A is the control group (n=10) and these
were inoculated with 0.4 ml of PBS pH 7.4 orally. The treatment groups (B; n=25 and C; n=25) were inoculated with
P. multocida type B: 2 and its lipopolysaccharide respectively. The mice in group B and C were further divided into
five subgroups. The subgroups were designated based on the graded doses as B101, B103, B105, B107 and B109 for
Pasteurella multocida and C101, C103, C105, C107 and C109 for LPS respectively. The mice were observed for 120
hours post- inoculation. The clinical signs (Ruffled fur, Ocular discharges, Level of alertness and Laboured breathing)
were significantly different (p<0.001) in mice inoculated orally with variable doses of Pasteurella multocida type B:
2 and its LPS. RBC, PCV, haemoglobin concentrations, PT, APTT, Thrombocyte, WBC, Lymphocytes, monocytes,
plasma proteins, band and segmented neutrophils were significantly different (p<0.0001) in mice inoculated with
graded doses of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 and its LPS. Inflammatory cells, degeneration, necrosis and
congestion were significantly different (p<0.0001) in mice inoculated with graded doses of both Pasteurella multocida
type B: 2 and its LPS. In conclusion, 109 cfu of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 and its lipopolysaccharide have
devastating effects on organs and blood tissues.

Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one) is a common contaminant of many food products which are part of humans or animals daily nutrition (sake, soy sauce, cereals, fodder and dairy products). This mycotoxin has demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, insecticide, antioxidant and skin whitening effects. In this study, adult zebrafish were divided in 4 groups: Control and 3 kojic acid-treated groups which were exposed to 100 mg/l, 204 mg/l and 284 mg/l kojic acid for 7 days. Histological alterations of the control and kojic acid-treated group were examined and compared, with emphasis on liver, kidney, pancreas, intestine, brain and myocardium. While the Control group had no histological alterations, the kojic acid-exposed zebrafish show hepatocytes hyperhydration/vacuolation, fragmentation of the cell membrane, nuclear karyolysis/pycnosis, a significant shortening of the intestinal villi, myocardiocytes degeneration, a moderatesevere myocardial congestion, an important lipid infiltration of the exocrine pancreas leading to the atrophy of the acini, nephrocyte degeneration and hyalinosis, nuclear hyperhydration, reduction to annulation of the tubular lumens. The histological alterations increase proportionally with the kojic acid dose.

Poultry diet contamination with cadmium (Cd) is both important in terms of economic losses due to reduced production and public health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of turmeric powder (TP) containing a certain amount of curcuminoids (2.96%) on Japanese quail exposed to dietary cadmium. 180 male Japanese quail from 22 to 55 days of age were divided into 6 groups and received, basal diet(BD),  BD + 3 g/kg TP,  BD + 5 g/kg TP,  BD + 100mg/kg Cd, BD + 100 mg/kg  Cd and 3 g/kg TP, and BD + 100mg/kg Cd and 5 g/kg TP. Cadmium contaminated diet significantly decreases SOD, CAT, and total antioxidant capacity and increasing MDA concentration in liver tissue. Cadmium induced hepatic histological lesions, including fatty change, hyperaemia, single hepatocyte necrosis, and leukocyte infiltration. Turmeric powder substantially increased antioxidant status and decreased the severity of liver histological lesions in a cadmium-contaminated diet (P <0.5). When 5 g/kg of turmeric powder was added to the cadmium-contaminated food, the deleterious effects of dietary cadmium in Japanese quail were reduced more effectively.

Introduction: FNAC is an essential part of the triple assessment method of preoperative evaluation of breast lumps or masses. So the aim of our present study is evaluation of the accuracy and effectiveness of FNAC for classification of breast lumps in our institute.. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were used in order to select the cases for the present study. Necessary and relevant data was statistically evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, FPR, FNR and overall diagnostic accuracy. Kappa statistics and Chi-square tests were applied for further statistical significance. Results: Out of 215 cases of breast lumps that underwent FNAC, a total number of 145 cases were evaluated and classified into five categories from unsatisfactory (C1) to Malignant (C5). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, FPR, FNR and overall diagnostic accuracy were 90.90%, 98.68%, 1.37%, 9.09%, 96.77%, 96.15% & 96.33% respectively. Conclusion: On the basis of FNAC reports, we can classify breast lesions into various categories from C1 to C5 and these cytological categories show a statistically significant correlation with final diagnoses given in subsequent histopathology reports.

Aims: Cutaneous leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are rare in comparison with their deep-seated soft tissue and uterine counterparts, and have been poorly characterized. The aim was to verify whether the clinical behaviour of purely dermal LMS is different from that of LMS with minimal subcutis invasion. Methods and results: Twenty-one purely dermal LMS and 15 dermal LMS with minimal subcutis extension were analysed. Tumours developed in 27 men and nine women (age range 29-91 years); most tumours showed a fasciculated (n = 23), pilar-type (n = 12) and pleomorphic (n = 1) pattern. During the follow-up period (range 2-192, mean 41 months) recurrences occurred in 1 ⁄ 16 (6.2%) of tumours confined to the dermis and in 2 ⁄ 11 (18.1%) tumours with minimal subcutis extension. The three recurrent tumours were high-grade LMS, two of which exhibited myxoid areas. One patient with a pleomorphic dermal LMS with minimal extension into fat developed distant metastases 15 years after diagnosis. Conclusions: For LMS involving the skin, it is advisable to recognize and indicate in the histopathology report the depth of dermal and ⁄ or subcutaneous extension, since even minimal subcutaneous involvement may be associated with late local recurrences and ⁄ or distant metastases, and therefore appropriate and long-term follow-up is needed.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of cadmium chloride induced histological alterations in the liver and kidney of a freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus. The fishes were exposed to 4 ppm (4% of 96 h LCso) and 8 ppm (8% of 96 h LCso) of cadmium chloride for 60 days. The most common changes in liver of fishes at both doses of cadmium chloride were loosening of hepatic tissue, vacuolated cell cytoplasm, enucleation and eccentric nuclei. In the kidney of fishes exposed cadmium chloride were characterized by loosening of haemopoietic tissue, uriniferous tubules have lost their original appearance, vacuolated cytoplasm, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal tubule, narrowing of the tubular lumen and damaged glomeruli. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cadmium chloride caused dose and duration-dependent histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney of Clarias batrachus. The lesions in these vital organs might have resulted in physiologic and ...

Persea Americana (avocado) is widely grown in parts of South East, Nigeria, where it is used as a medicinal plant in the treatment of several ailments by alternative medical practitioners. This study was on the pharmacology of its seed in diabetes treatment. The study therefore suggested the histopathologic effects of P. americana seed extracts on the liver and kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. One hundred gram (100g) of the sample was extracted with 1L of water using the maceration method. The rats were induced with diabetes by intraperitonal (IP) injection of 150mg/kg body weight of alloxan monohydrate solution and treated with different doses of the extract (200 and300 mg/kg.b.wt.) and insulin for 21 days. On Day 21 of the treatment regime, the animals were sacrificed and the necessary organs (liver and kidney) were harvested. The harvested organs were processed according to paraffin wax embedding technique, sectioned at 5μmand stained by the haematoxylin and eosin for light microscopy. Results obtained in alloxan-treated rats showed evidence of necrosis, vasculation and infiltration of the hepatocytes by inflammatory cells. In the kidney, there was mild infiltration by inflammatory cells in alloxan-treated rats. However, treatment of the alloxan-treated rats with extracts of P. Americana restored the histoarchitecture of both the damaged liver and kidney to normal as the control rats suggesting that P. Americana extracts reversed the histopathological damage that occurred in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. It is concluded this study seems to provides a pharmacological basis for the traditional use of P. americana seeds extracts in the management of Diabetes mellitus and raises the possibility of its potential clinical usefulness.

To our knowledge, ours is the first case of intraprostatic fat described in routine diagnostic material. The existence of intraprostatic fat suggests that invasion of fat by prostatic adenocarcinoma in needle biopsies may not always represent extraprostatic extension of tumour.

Hyaline globules in ovarian tumours Hyaline eosinophilic globules have so far been described in a restricted variety of tumour types. We have noted their presence in a variety of gynaecological malignancies, in particular mixed Miillerian tumours and other epithelial ovarian tumours. We therefore studied their incidence and distribution in a series of malignant, borderline and benign epithelial ovarian turnours, and endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinomas. Hyaline eosinophilic globules were found in all 30 mixed Miillerian tumours from various sites in the female genital tract. 22 of 3 0 clear cell carcinomas, seven of 30 serous, two of 3 0 rnucinous. and one of 30 endometrioid carcinomas examined, and were also seen in metastases from these tumours. They were present in only two of 2 5 borderline serous, one of 2 5 borderline mucinous tumours, and in four of 50 benign serous and one of 50 benign mucinous tumours. The globules were not found in any of 2 5 Brenner tumours examined, nor in 3 0 endometrialor 30 endocervical adenocarcinomas. The globules were periodic acid-Schiff positive after diastase, stained positively with PTAH, and were immunoreactive for a-1-antitrypsin. This study therefore demonstrates that eosinophilic globules are not specific for any particular tumour. However, their frequency in malignant mixed Miillerian tumours suggests that this diagnosis should be carefully excluded whenever these globules are present in epithelial tumours of the female genital tract.

ntroduction: Congenital anomalies are very uncommon in thyroid gland and dual ectopic thyroid (DET)is
even more rare entity. Till date only about 30 cases of DET have been reported in the world literature,
majority of them being in the anterior midline neck region:
Case Report: Here we report a case of a seven year old male child with dual ectopic thyroid in lingual
and subhyoid regions with mild hypothyroidism. The diagnosis of DET was based on CT scan findings
and FNAC of the subhyoid swelling. The normal thyroid gland was not visualized in the neck on CT scan.
The microscopyof the aspirate revealed abundant thick and thin colloid with normal thyroid follicular cells
arranged in small sheets and clusters along with cyst macrophages confirming the swelling to be of thyroid
origin.
Conclusion: Ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare entity and dual ectopic thyroid with absence of thyroid gland
in its normal location is extremely rare. Clinical, radiological and cytological analysis helps in arriving at
a diagnosis

Duodenal biopsy is an essential component in the diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). Although the classical findings of increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy are very characteristic, the diagnosis cannot be achieved on the basis of histopathology alone, as there are many entities that can mimic CD and a close collaboration of a pathologist and a clinician specialist is needed. In a patient with suspected CD, pathologist should describe essential histopathological findings and offer differential diagnosis when appropriate. The most important recent changes in the diagnostic criteria for CD include lower numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes that are considered to be normal and recommendation to perform biopsies from the proximal part of the duodenum in addition to the distal duodenal biopsies.

Breast tissue obtained from 18 of 246 women (7.3%) having localization biopsy for microcalcification contained crystals of Weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate). This was characterized by microscopic infra-red spectroscopy in three cases. Weddellite calcification was associated with benign lesions in 16 cases, but incidental atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in Keywords: Weddellite, calcium oxalate dihydrate, breast, histology, screening situ were present, each in one case. Pathologists should be aware of this common non-haematoxyphilic, birefringent form of breast micro-calcification. Its presence has implications for the examination of biopsy specimens resulting from breast cancer screening using mammography.

Histopathology 38, 409±417 may be particularly prominent in tubal ectopic gestation. In the absence of circumferential trophoblastic proliferation combined with hydropic change a diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease should be avoided.

Breast cancer is a major health problem in underdeveloped countries including Sudan. Immunohistochemical typing is important for diagnosing and understanding the biology of such heterogeneous disease. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the association between estrogen receptors (ER) expression and carbohydrates in breast tissue. Mammographic high density, a major risk factor, is partially attributed to carbohydrates. This study aimed to determine the type of carbohydrates in malignant and benign breast lesions and detect if there is any association between ER expression and carbohydrates using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. A total of 60 diagnosed samples of different breast lesions were reexamined for ER status by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for carbohydrates by histochemical staining methods i.e. periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue. Strong relationship was discovered between ER positivity and presence of acid mucin, but not with sulfated mucin. Furthermore, strong relationship was found between ER positivity and PAS positive materials, but not with glycogen. Since there was a significant correlation between ER and carbohydrates, these positive PAS materials might be PAS positive acid mucin. These findings are useful in understanding the behavior of breast lesions. Also, these findings suggested an underlying molecular relationships and that ER expression might be predicted using histochemical demonstration of carbohydrates in female breast tissue particularly when immunohistochemistry is out of reach.

Aims: Confusion about the aetiology and pathogenesis of chronic submandibular sialadenitis led to the present investigation of 154 cases in which many clinical and histological features were analysed. Methods and results: By far the greatest number of histological factors, namely liths, atrophy, fibrosis, parenchymal inflammation, lymphoid germinal centres, mucous and ciliary metaplasia, salivary extravasation and glycosaminoglycan accumulation, was related to the degree of inflammation, which appears to be of the greatest importance in the aetiology and pathogenesis. Inflammation, atrophy and fibrosis were related to duration of symptoms, which supports the concept of a chronological progression through increasingly severe histological changes.

Aims: Germline variants in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene have been implicated in increased breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether the histopathology of breast cancers occurring in ATM variant carriers is distinctive or resembles the described BRCA1 mutation-associated phenotype. Methods: The histopathological features of breast cancers occurring in ATM variant carriers from multiplecase breast cancer families were compared with matched controls. The test group included 21 cases of in situ and ⁄ or invasive cancer from carriers of either the IVS10-6TfiG, 2424VfiG or 1420LfiF ATM variants in the absence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

Thyroid nuclear atypia associated with carbimazole is well-known. However, there are rare cases described in literature. We report here a case of thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of a follicular lesion of undetermined significance or nuclear atypia of undetermined significance (FLUS/AUS) observed in a 56-yearold female presenting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis on treatment by carbimazole. In conclusion, thyroid nuclear atypia in the form of anisonucleosis, prominent nucleoli, and hyperchromasia associated with carbimazole treatment should be interpreted with caution in differentiating from malignancy.

DNA mismatch repair protein expression and microsatellite instability in primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck Aims: To examine the expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins and the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in seven primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck (MMHN). Methods and results: Haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis for routine diagnostic markers and for MMR proteins were performed. Six cases were examined for MSI. Four cases were monomorphous and three cases were pleomorphic type MMHN. Melanocytic markers were positive in all cases. Immunoreactivity for MMR proteins was weak in normal epithelium. The neoplastic tissue in six cases showed positivity for all MMR proteins with different percentages. One case showed weak positivity for hMSH2 and hMSH6 and no immunoreactivity for hMLH1 or hPMS2. Staining intensity was higher in tumour cells than in matched normal mucosa in three cases for hMSH2 and hMLH1 and in two cases for hPMS2. None of the examined cases showed MSI. Conclusions: Expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 proteins was up-regulated in three cases, whereas in two cases that of hPMS2 was increased. hMSH6 expression was comparable to that of normal cells in all cases. The percentage of positive neoplastic cells and the intensity of staining seemed to be greater in pleomorphic melanomas. Six cases were MMR-proficient and microsatellite stable.

One hundred and thirty-three colonic biopsies of proven cases of Shigella colitis were examined and post-mortem examinations were carried out on 29 fatal cases at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) hospital between 1988 and 1992. The distribution of pathological lesions and the spectrum of histopathological changes in the intestinal tract of these patients, and the features of intestinal and extra-intestinal complications of shigellosis are presented. Septicaemia, hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and hypoglycaemia were present in a high percentage of these cases. All but two patients were malnourished at the time of autopsy. Shigellosis patients rapidly became hypoproteinaemic and were susceptible to other infections including opportunistic infections. Mortality amongst shigellosis patients admitted to our hospital continues to be high in spite of adequate antibiotic and supportive therapy. convalescent stage biopsies collected 3 0 days after therapy are also reported.

Introduction: Computerized image analysis (CIA) based assessment of routine H and E staining pattern enables objective interpretation and quantification for differential diagnosis of the state of pathology elucidated by the tissue being investigated. Aim and objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the morphometric parameters of normal oral epithelial cells in the supra-basal cell layers. Material and methods: This was a comparative study conducted on H and E stained tissue sections from epithelial hyperplasia, dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa. The Morphometric analysis of Images captured using digital camera under 10x magnifications was done using image analyzer software, IMAGE PROPLUS 4.1. The software automatically calculated cell and nuclear area with manually traced cells. The N/C ratio was calculated manually. Results: Quantification of suprabasal cells gave accreditation for identification of cell layers. Morphometric parameters showed significant variations to differentiate grades of dysplasia and sites of oral epithelium. Conclusion: The simple, inexpensive and easy morphometric analysis method can make the histomorphological study of tissues with premalignant lesions a more objective and practically applicable one for the early detection of cancer. Thus, morphometric analysis could serve as a discriminatory model and help in more accurate assessment of lesions which are highly proliferating and dysplastic and their malignant potential.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the shelf-life of diagnostic antibodies is longer than the expiry date on the label. Methods and results: Four independent laboratories tested a small number of diagnostic antibodies kept at +4°C for 12-26 years, and found them to work perfectly on routine histology sections. Conclusions: Diagnostic antibodies may have a workable half-life in excess of 10 years, and the emphasis on performance should shift to the preservation of antigenic targets in the tissue.

The liver is a primary site for xenobiotics detoxification, and its metabolism is readily altered by toxicity. The kidney is a common target for toxic xenobio-tics due to its capacity to extract and concentrate toxic substances by highly specialized cells. So, they are the target organs of sodium fluoride toxicity. The aim of this review is to highlight on hepatorenal oxidative stress and patho-physiological changes induced by treatment of experimental animals with sodium fluoride. Our review shows fluoride toxicosis caused an elevation in the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and the level of total bilirubin, and reduction in the serum levels of total protein, albumin, and globulins, and serious histopathological changes in the hepaic tissues. Also, NaF administration caused increases in serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium ions, and chloride ions levels and serious histopathological changes in the kidney tissues. Treatment of experimental animals with NaF induced oxidative stress in hepatic and renal tissues. It can be concluded that administration of sodium fluoride to experimental animals induced oxidative stress, serious hepatorenal histopathological changes, and disturbance in liver and kidney functions. So, human should be advised to decrease exposure to sodium fluoride to decrease the harmful effects of NaF on liver and kidney.

This work was an attempt to reveal the effects of a Jordanian cigarette smoke on albino rat tissues at the cellular level. Two groups of male albino rats were exposed to the cigarette smoke for three months on a daily basis, using a special modified smoking machine. Exposure of albino rats for 3 months to cigarette smoke caused drastic histological changes in the tracheal epithelium including epithelial cells proliferation, disruption of its cilia, and presence of inclusion bodies. There was a marked thickening in the alveolar wall of lung alveoli, collapsed alveoli and blood extravasations. These changes indicate that nicotine induced changes similar to those of chronic irritation of tissue may decrease the efficiency of gaseous exchange in alveoli and predispose to neoplastic changes.

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the evaluation
of ovarian carcinoma using histopathology as the gold standard. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was
conducted at Department of Radiology, Dow international medical college, DUHS, Karachi from December 2015 to
April 2016. All patients of 30-60 years of age who were referred for CT a scan of the abdomen and pelvis with clinical
suspicion of malignant ovarian cancer were included. A total of 158 cases were assessed with signs and symptoms
of weight loss and an abdominal or pelvic mass detected on examination by a physician. Results: The mean age was
42.7 ±10.3 years (range 30-60). The largest group (46, 29.1%) presented with Stage 0 disease. The mean duration of
symptoms was 4.06 ±1.39 months (range 1-6). Taking histopathology as the gold standard the sensitivity, specificity,
NPV, PPV and overall diagnostic accuracy values for MDCT were 95.6%, 97.3%, 93.5%, 97.3% and 96.8%, respectively.
Conclusion: MDCT showed high accuracy in differentiating benign and malignant lesions and as well as staging of
malignant cases which should be very helpful in management of ovarian disease.

Anatomical pathology is a key contributor in present day medicine, and it still stands as a gold standard for quality control ingeneral healthcare and in biomedical research. This essay covers a brief reflection over the quality control of anatomical pathology itself.

Aims: Aggressive epidermotropic cutaneous CD8 + lymphoma is currently afforded provisional status in the WHO classification of lymphomas. An EORTC Workshop was convened to describe in detail the features of this putative neoplasm and evaluate its nosological status with respect to other cutaneous CD8 + lymphomas. Methods and results: Sixty-one CD8 + cases were analysed at the workshop; clinical details, often with photographs, histological sections, immunohistochemical

One of the advantages of flexible colonoscopy is that the terminal ileum can easily be reached and biopsied by an experienced operator. Thus, the pathologist will, with increasing frequency, receive ileal biopsies from patients who have or may not have ileal disease and it is therefore useful to have a good knowledge of the spectrum of ileal mucosal histology and pathology, of its normal function, and of the changes seen in different conditions. It is also desirable to be aware of diseases that occur less frequently.

Update on extranodal lymphomas. Conclusions of the Workshop held by the EAHP and the SH in Thessaloniki, Greece Classification and proper treatment of extranodal lymphoma is hindered by the diversity of lymphoma types and the relative rarity of many of these tumour types. In order to review controversial issues in extranodal lymphoma diagnosis, a joint Workshop of the European Haematopathology Association (EAHP) and the Society for Hematopathology (SH) was held, where 99 selected cases were reviewed and discussed. This Workshop summary is focused on the most controversial aspect of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, other extranodal B-cell lymphomas, plasmablastic lymphoma and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in extranodal sites, and makes practical recommendations about diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.

—The performance of most conventional classification systems relies on appropriate data representation and much of the efforts are dedicated to feature engineering, a difficult and time-consuming process that uses prior expert domain knowledge of the data to create useful features. On the other hand, deep learning can extract and organize the discriminative information from the data, not requiring the design of feature extractors by a domain expert. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a particular type of deep, feedforward network that have gained attention from research community and industry, achieving empirical successes in tasks such as speech recognition, signal processing, object recognition, natural language processing and transfer learning. In this paper, we conduct some preliminary experiments using the deep learning approach to classify breast cancer histopathological images from BreaKHis, a publicly dataset available at http://web.inf.ufpr.br/vri/breast-cancer-database. We propose a method based on the extraction of image patches for training the CNN and the combination of these patches for final classification. This method aims to allow using the high-resolution histopathological images from BreaKHis as input to existing CNN, avoiding adaptations of the model that can lead to a more complex and computationally costly architecture. The CNN performance is better when compared to previously reported results obtained by other machine learning models trained with hand-crafted textural descriptors. Finally, we also investigate the combination of different CNNs using simple fusion rules, achieving some improvement in recognition rates.

There is shortage of references in higher teaching institutions especially in newly opened institutions engaged in training of various Veterinary professionals in the country. Hence, some of the strategies that are used to skirt these problems are developing of lecture notes on various subjects. Therefore, this lecture is developed to fill the existing gap and strengthen the teaching learning processes. This lecture note is primarily prepared for Animal Health Science and Veterinary Laboratory Technology and students pursuing their studies in various higher teaching institutions. It can also be helpful for those graduates who are in service. In the development of this lecture note, materials have been gathered and adapted from different standard books. This lecture note is divided into fifteen chapters covering major and relevant topics of the subject matter. Within each chapter, important topics are identified and discussed in simple language so as to facilitate rapid reading and understanding of important concepts. Each chapter is also followed by review questions that can enable the reader to use them as self-assessment tools. The author strongly believes that this teaching material will play a crucial role in promoting the teaching-learning process through delivery of pertinent information to the trainees. Nevertheless, constructive comments and suggestions from readers are welcome so as to further strengthen this lecture note.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen remains a clinical dilemma. Acute appendicitis is considered one of the commonest surgical emergencies. Correct diagnosis and
prompt treatment are required to reduce the development of complications. Ultrasound has been
shown to be of value in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with sensitivity varying from one study
to another.  METHODS: One hundred-and-three adult patients with suspected acute appendicitis who underwent preoperative ultrasound scan of the abdomen and subsequently appendectomy; had the histopathology reports compared with their operative findings.  RESULTS: 103 patients whose ages ranged from 15 to 65 years with a mean age of 30.6±18 were retrospectively reviewed. Male to female ratio was 1.5:1. Seventy-five patients had ultrasound diagnosis of acute appendicitis, 68 of which correlated with histopathology. There were 16 patients with equivocal ultrasound findings while ten patients had normal scans and two patients had a misdiagnosis of ovarian cyst. Of the ten, eight had histopathological features of acute appendicitis. Sensitivity of ultrasound in this study was 90.2% while specificity was 85.6%.CONCLUSION: Ultrasound scan in patients with suspected acute appendicitis provides a high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis and therefore a formidable tool for diagnosing acute appendicitis in low resource center.

Fixation is the first step of any histological and cytological laboratory technique.  It is the process by which the tissue are fixed in a chemical and physical state to prevent all the biochemical and proteolytic activities within the tissue cells so that the cells or tissues can resist any morphological change or decomposition after subsequent treatment with various histological and cytological reagents. The process of fixation helps to maintain the tissue nearest to its original state in the living system.
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Nowadays, the coronavirus epidemic represents a major threat to the human being, represented by great numbers of deaths and wide world life disrupt. COVID-19 virus, is not only representing a threat to the life of human being, but also to the economic activities that nearly stopped in many countries due to the partial to complete closure of life activities in order to control the wide spread of virus infections. In these extraordinary and unprecedented critical times of human being life, it is essential to review and discus the virus epidemic in trial to suggest an idea that might be beneficial to researchers to find out an exit from this dark tunnel and to prevent as possible epidemic recurrence. Many attempts of management protocols and trials all over the world, nearly failed until now to control the wide spread and the high incidence of morbidity and mortality of this viral infection. In this review, we highlight the virology and pathogenesis of epidemic and possible used therapeutics in a simplified and concise form to be easily understood and available for healthcare members and even general population. This might help in control and eradication of the current epidemic.

ABSTRACT
The liver is a vital organ in the body. It plays a major role in metabolism, including ridding the body of substances that would otherwise be injurious if allowed to accumulate, and excretion of xenobiotics from the body. The endogenous antioxidants defenses from reactive oxygen species are strengthened by natural antioxidants and restore the optimal balance by neutralizing reactive species. The present study aims to highlight on hepatotoxic agents, and prevention of hepatic disorders using Curcuma longa, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Allium sativum, Coffea arabica, Petroselinum crispum, Olea europaea leaves, and Mentha piperita. Curcuma longa showed that hepatoprotective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol, diethyl nitrosamine, CCl4, and gentamicin. Also, the hepatoprotective effect of Trigonella foenumgraecum seeds has been elucidated against hepatic disorders induced by γ-radiation, monosodium glutamate, ethanol, CCl4, AlCl3, and diabetes. Allium sativum has been used in the treatment of hepatic disorders. The hepatoprotective effect of Allium sativum has been confirmed against oxidative damage and hepatic toxicity of D-galactosamine, lipopolysaccharide, ethanol, and CCl4, which may be due to the presence of organosulfur compounds. Coffea arabica intake has been inversely related to the incidence of liver diseases. Petroselinum crispum showed a hepatoprotective effect against hepatic disorders induced by CCl4 and diabetes, which may be due to their high content of antioxidants. The leaves of Mentha piperita showed a good hepatoprotection against hepatopathy induced arsenic, anti-tuberculosis drugs, and CCl4 which may be due to their high content of phenolics and flavonoids. Olea europaea leaves extract significantly ameliorated pathophysiological changes induced in the liver by diazinon, carbendazim, and γ-irradiation in rats. It can be concluded that administration of Curcuma longa, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Allium sativum, Coffea arabica, Petroselinum crispum, Olea europaea leaves, and Mentha piperita showed a remarkable hepatic protection against hepatotoxic agents, which may be due to its antioxidant properties of these medicinal plants and herbs. So, Human expose to hepatotoxic agents and the patients with hepatic disorders should be advised to take these medicinal plants and herbs.