California recently implemented a statewide effort to learn how best to outreach to and involve 'disadvantaged communities' in integrated regional water management (IRWM) planning. Using the case of the Kings Basin Water Authority's Disadvantaged Community Pilot Project Study, we argue that social learning is a key mechanism through which the procedural and distributive justice goals of environmental justice are integrated into water resources planning. Using interviews, focus groups and survey results, we find that social learning has short-and medium-term effects of increasing access to information, broadening stakeholder participation and developing initial foundations for structural changes to water governance. However, long-term change in the structure of IRWM institutions is, at best, in its early phases. Social learning provides a basis for changing water governance and management outcomes in ways that promote representation of traditionally marginalized groups and the water challenges they face.

Nowadays, there are implementations of hydropower projects wherever possible in Myanmar as it is necessary for electricity in order to be balance with demand and supply, in doing so, it is facing deforestation, decreasing habitat, biodiversity loss in the vicinity of Hydropower project area (hereafter project area). It is also affected on water quality of riverine ecosystem where Hydropower is situated. Indeed, hydropower is renewable clean energy; therefore, it is vital importance to undertake to implement hydropower projects in Myanmar by reducing impacts on natural resources as water bodies, aquatic life, and biodiversity richness to be sustainable state for the sake of community regarding Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the present work, the criteria of physico chemical indicator of water quality except few cases of the result of colour, conductivity, total dissolved solids of water quality in three locations is higher than W.H.O standard, as well as the turbidity of Ye-Pu stream is also higher than W.H.O standard by comparing with the standardization of World Health Organization (W.H.O) with two values, desirable as well as imperative values. Therefore, the role of innovative overall empirical solutions for conservation of water resources is vital importance by analysing water resources in the vicinity of middle Paunglaung hydropower dam.

Keywords: implementations of hydropower projects, riverine ecosystem, natural resources, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Recently, a novel approach to a highly sensitive and quantitative detection of rare earth element (REE) ions including La3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, has been reported. The detection of REE ions is based on the catalytic nature of REE ions targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thus monitoring of the ions can be achieved by reading the level of intact DNA by PCR. Despite of its high sensitivity (at ppb to ppt levels), the conventional PCR-based REE detection protocol requires certain length of time (1-2 hours). In the present study, we modified the PCR-based REE detection protocols by employing the high-speed PCR, and performed the automated and rapid detection of La3+ in small-sized aqueous samples within 5min.

Egypt is one of the biggest and affected country in Africa and Middle East, which affected by increasing population and many developing projects. The Nile is the artery of life to Egypt as it shares with other ten countries as it considered the longest river by adding its tributaries which reach 6,850 km. Egypt is suffering from deficit of water resources at the present and in the future. Modeling may be helpful in solving water shortage problems in the Nile valley with successful future planning. Many previous studies had applied mathematical, physical and mechanical models on Nile river basin and studying the impact of climate change and new strategies in water resources management and using the GIS and share decisions with al participates. In the present research, we apply WEAP program on east Nile delta and study Sharkia Governorate as case study as it is the third big governorate in population and it is expected to suffering from water deficit problem, so to achieve this deficit place and amount. We feed the program with total resources of main canals (Ismailia and Bahr Mowais) and total demand of water from different sectors; irrigation, domestic, and industrial water demands. then the program determines the deficit area and redistributes the water according to demand node priorities. We concluded that the water deficit value =11.6MCM/year occur at the end of irrigation network (San Al Hagar & Al Salheya region) where some illegal actions done by the farmers to overcome this water shortage.

It is well known that rivers connect upstream and downstream ecosystems within watersheds. Here we describe the concept of precipitationsheds to show how upwind terrestrial evaporation source areas contribute moisture for precipitation to downwind sink regions. We illustrate the importance of upwind land cover in precipitationsheds to sustain precipitation in critically water stressed downwind areas, specifically dryland agricultural areas. We first identify seven regions where rainfed agriculture is particularly vulnerable to reductions in precipitation, and then map their precipitationsheds. We then develop a framework for qualitatively assessing the vulnerability of precipitation for these seven agricultural regions. We illustrate that the sink regions have varying degrees of vulnerability to changes in upwind evaporation rates depending on the extent of the precipitationshed, source region land use intensity and expected land cover changes in the source region.

In the framework of the IWAS/Água-DF project, this study focuses on changes in mean surface air temperature and accumulated precipitation in Central Brazil over the past 40 years. It has two main objectives: (1) comparison between two climatological periods (2001–2010 and 1971–2000) and (2) trend analysis of climate variables. Time series of meteorological and rain gauge stations from Central Brazil have been organized in a databank, which contains tools for homogeneity tests. From that, 4 temperature and 55 precipitation time series were sufficient homogeneous, while 1 temperature and 5 precipitation time series were identified as inhomogeneous. Reliable spatial distribution was produced using proper interpolation method. Trends and significance levels were calculated by Rapp’s estimator of slope and Mann–Kendall test, respectively. The most important results of the comparisons and trend analysis in the last four decades are: (1) marked increase in annual and seasonal mean surface air temperature, (2) evident decreases of accumulated rainfall in winter and autumn, and (3) apparent increase of precipitation amounts in the rainy season.

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as a process has enthused a range
of positive international debate following its becoming the one paradigm being
globally promoted by institutions and water professionals to answer to the multi-
dimensional, multi-sectoral and multi-regional water issues. Despite it becoming a
commonplace concept in many countries that seek to address critical water resource
management issues and water shortages, the extent to which it is being adopted in
the affluent State of Qatar remains unknown with little evidence to indicate that
progress has been achieved in embracing an IWRM plan that is attuned to Qatar’s
needs.
This study explored the perception of IWRM and the factors impeding the adoption of
Integrated Water Resource Management as a process for managing the water
resources and addressing the critical water-shortage problems in Qatar. A
comprehensive qualitative literature review was carried out to seek out critical
information about the subject of IWRM. Several challenges and barriers were
identified from literature and used in exploratory interviews with industry experts in
Qatar to investigate the relevance of each. A survey questionnaire was prepared and
commissioned with water experts and practitioners from various backgrounds
ranging from government representatives, property developers, consultants and
contractors who are all involved in water development and management.
The interviews were prudent to help identify the level of awareness and the top three
factors hindering the adoption and application of IWRM in Qatar. The results revealed
that participants were mostly familiar with the concept of IWRM however only 40%
said they were well-versed. The results also indicated that human capacity building
(80%) is the number one reason preventing a full-fledge development of IWRM
followed by the fragmental and piecemeal approach towards managing water
resources (60%) and lastly, the ineffective management of water-related data and
information (50%). The clear majority felt that the current legal framework in place
comprised of policies and legislation that promote that concept of IWRM. The study
also showed an urgent need in Qatar for education and promotion of IWRM concepts
and principles at the level of water practitioners as well as the civil society and general
public.
In conclusion recommendations on improvements, emphasis and strategic direction
to attain IWRM plan in Qatar were drawn out and discussed.

The present research discusses the geomorphologic parameters of Bori basin that are determined by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Topographical Conventional System. The digital elevation model (DEM) of the basin is downloaded from Aster-GDEM and this digital map is used in the GIS software program to determine the geomorphologic parameters of the Bori basin. The geomorphological parameters are the area of basin, perimeter, river length, slope, etc. The extracted parameters are compared with the parameters obtained by conventional methods. These studies have shown that the geomorphologic parameters of the Bori basin determined by using GIS are much more precise and accurate than those determined by the conventional topographic method.

Water service delivery crises are increasingly prevalent in post-apartheid South Africa. This paper builds on earlier research into the challenges faced by local (municipal) government in the provision of water services, as demand grows and as infrastructure ages. The system dynamics modelling endeavour reported here was undertaken to clarify and explain the ongoing socio-technical problems. Six interlinked 'modes of failure' were identified. These include the underinvestment in, and over-extension of, water supply infrastructure; the lack of pro-active infrastructure planning combined with the lack of systematic maintenance; the enforced 'fire-fighting' reaction of municipal staff to service delivery crises; and inadequate financial means, infrastructure capacity, and technical staffing capacity. These modes of failure resonated with the experiences of technical officials from the Sundays River Valley Municipality who had participated in the case study between 2011 and 2015. In addition, the model proved to be an effective tool in communicating the causes of local water services systems failure at national policy level.

This document discusses type of institutional arrangements, organisations and shared leadership necessary to advance integrated river basin management (IRBM) in the Mississippi River Basin. The paper ambitiously proposes a Mississippi River Basin Commission, based on international best practice.

The paper analyses and discusses the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and its application in South Africa. The central characteristics of IWRM are discussed and another feature, good governance, is highlighted as being crucial for effective IWRM. The paper focuses on those features that distinguish water management challenges in developing countries from those experienced in developed countries (where most of the current definitions of IWRM originated). The case study discussed in this paper, the Mhlatuze Catchment in South Africa, was selected as being representative of a catchment situated in one of the country's 19 water management areas (WMAs) where attempts are being made to implement IWRM. The available evidence indicates that three sets of reasons are responsible for the failure to achieve full implementation of IWRM in the Mhlatuze Catchment. First, the national custodian of water resources-DWAF-continues to experience severe internal (technical capacity) problems that hinder its efforts to successfully manage the Usutu to Mhlatuze WMA (of which the Mhlatuze Catchment forms a part) as a unit. Secondly, while IWRM is, on paper, a key part of national policy, the concept has not been fully accepted and practiced by local water managers. Thirdly, a range of institutional challenges persist because there is insufficient alignment and cooperation between the policies of different government departments and the practices of different water use sectors that impact on water.

The Irrawaddy River is Myanmar’s largest and most commercially important water way. Over the years, declining water quality has affected fisheries resources in some areas especially due to the throwing of untreated household waste in the river. Water quality affects fisheries resources generally as well as the population of Irrawaddy dolphins, which number around 70 and are a main ecotourism attraction. There is a direct correlation between water quality, aquatic biodiversity, and the socioeconomic situation of local communities who depend on the river and its resources. This research uses physicochemical indicators to test water quality in the Irrawaddy River, comparing various indicators to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The main recorded fish species are Order Cypriniformes and Siluriformes groups, as well as Synbranchiformes and Perciformes groups. Furthermore, the socioeconomic situation of local communities in the vicinity of Singu, the main ecological habitat of Irrawaddy dolphins, was investigated by conducting interviews concerning the
socioeconomic livelihoods of fishing communities. Concerning the results of water quality testing, the criteria of water color is higher than WHO standards although the result is chemically potable, therefore, not damaging yet. Nevertheless, fisheries resources are gradually declining due to serious impacts as Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, including battery shock fishing, and throwing household waste into the river. These are the main reasons for the decrease in fish population, as confirmed by local fishermen and local communities. Therefore, it is essential to have effective governance with stakeholder mapping for the sake of local community.

Key words: water quality, fisheries resources, Irrawaddy dolphins, IUU fishing, stakeholder mapping

In the chapter A Political Economy of Water, Swatuk demonstrates that, much like a mirror, water access, use and management reflects society back to itself. No ordinary economic good, water is essential to all aspects of human life. As such, the ability to harness the resource has led to the rise of states, empires and civilisation itself. The author focuses on selected aspects of human water use, in particular water for development, for cities and for agriculture. He highlights the various discourses at play in determining who gets what kind of water when as well as the centrality of economic and political power in determining the social flows of water. In conclusion, the author states that there is no 'magic bullet' to solving the world's water woes, partly due to the multiplicity of stakeholders and their differential interests and capacities. As a result, what we tend to see is that water flows toward money, and therefore for more socially equitable, economically efficient and ecologically sustainable outcomes to emerge, citizens must be organised and active in aiming to secure some water for all forever.

River Nyong as many African water resources is highly vulnerable to impacts of climate change, manifested through increased drought and flood severity, more intense storms, shifts in the timing and distribution of rainfall, warmer temperatures, and secondary effects such as poor water quality and disease pressure affecting the local population. The water quality of this river is really affected by climate change, which is occurring as a rapid increase in population growth, fast-paced urbanization, land-use change, and degradation of critical environmental services that underpin food, fish farming and livelihood security in the river Nyong basin. Effectively managing risks to flooding in Cameroon will make the river systems more resilient in the face of climate change, and global environmental will change more broadly. This requires, strengthening the knowledge which is based on current, future vulnerabilities, impacts and appropriate responses across time and space. As a response to the mitigation of water-related risks, this paper emphasis on multidisciplinary approach that is issue-based and solution-focused, combined with actions that foster communication across research, policy and practice are essential to this effort, in the management of water related risk in the river Nyong in Cameroon. The paper explores ways and means to bring different knowledge systems, including indigenous knowledge systems, into the science-policy interface. After scrutinizing the stakeholder's perception and regarding the management of River Nyong basin, our findings lead to a new paradigm which consists of moving from multiple policies related to water management to integrated policy; from fragmentation management of river to integration; from single-risk assessments to multiple-risk assessment; from conflict to prioritization; from deterioration to restoration; from disaster (flood, drought) to mitigation and adaptation.

Dealing with water resources issues requires understanding of the community perception. It is important to create a communicative partnership between community and government towards sustainable water resources management. Opinion survey is an essential step to gather the point of view from local community. However, it always generates a large and complex dataset that are difficult to be interpreted by decision maker. In order to overcome this difficulty, statistical methods are applied to develop an interpretability model for decision maker. This study demonstrated the application of Descriptive Analysis and Principle Factor Analysis (PFA) to reduce the complexity of opinion survey dataset by revealing underlying information. A total of 106 respondents were interviewed; consisting of 68 male and 38 female respondents respectively. This study first applied descriptive analysis to identify the basic score for each variable, and these variables are soil erosion (68.9%), degradation of water quality (65.1%), degradation of freshwater ecosystem (61.0%), water shortage (50%), agricultural solid waste problem (46.2%), water borne diseases (23.6%), illegal land clearing (21.7%), legal land clearing (15.1%),  uncontrolled river water abstraction in upstream (54.7%)), poor solid waste management (34.0%), low awareness of local community (61.3%), haphazard planning and development (74.5%) and administration mistake (37.0%). Based on the PFA result, a total of four rotated factors were extracted, representing different aspects of water related issues in Cameron Highlands. Factor 1, 2, 3 and 4 were summarised to four topics namely (i) water environment degradation caused by illegal solid waste disposal and low awareness of community, (ii) agricultural development leading to negative impacts on water resources such as water shortage and ecosystem deterioration, (iii) land clearing activity leading to serious land erosion (iv) human health problem due to e-coli bacterial pollution and land clearing activity in Cameron Highlands.

Water is a necessary material in order to sustain every period of human life such as nutrition, circulation, breathing, and reproduction. More than two-thirds of the earth's surface is covered by water, but only a very small portion of it is suitable for drinking, food preparation or irrigation. Serious problems arise from the very uneven regional distribution of water resources, from the increased use, in particular by the growing world population and rising living standards, as well as from increasing water pollution. Increasing water pollution contributes to the reduction of available water supply. Water pollution is due to the fact that household and industrial wastewater flows untreated into groundwater, rivers, and lakes. Excessive use of groundwater, through which more and more saltwater penetrates into the groundwater supplies, also threatens the drinking water supplies. At present, more than a billion people have no access to clean and affordable drinking water. The United Nations estimates that approximately 70 percent of all illnesses are due to polluted water consumption. The lack of access to safe drinking water is the cause of one-third of all deaths - including 1000 children a day - in developing countries.

Resumen El acceso al agua potable no sólo depende de la condición geográfica o de desarrollo del lugar donde se habite, sino que también depende también del nivel de ingresos. La pobreza afecta negativamente el acceso al agua potable, se habite en una ciudad o en una zona rural. Así lo han reconocido las Naciones Unidas en la definición del Derecho Humano al Agua, de aquí la importancia de conocer los ingresos por decíles y confrontarlos con las tarifas de agua, para establecer los cri-teriosque permitana los estratos más pobres tener acceso al agua potable.La política económica actualdel país y los bajos ingresos que percibe la mayoría de la población hacen que para muchos cada día sea más difícil tener acceso al agua potable. Es importante conocer los ingresos de los diferentes decíles de la población y compararlos con las tarifas de agua para establecer una política pública basada en la justicia social, que permita establecer un pago asequible por el agua de acuerdo a los ingresos de la población, privilegiando a los que menos tienen, bajo el marco establecido por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos de la ONU. Para tal efecto se hizo uso de los datos estadísticos 142 del H. Congreso del Estado de Puebla (Municipal 2014) y del Plan Municipal de Desarrollo del Municipio de Puebla. La investigación mostró que el cobro del agua no es homogéneo en todos los decíles, así en los decíles I, VI, VII, VIII y IX la tarifa del agua está siempre por encima del límite recomendado por la ONU, situación agravante para el decil I, que es el de menores ingresos (2,572.00 $/mes-hogar). Para alcanzar el criterio de asequibilidad del derecho humano al agua, así como por justicia social, es necesario establecer subsidios cruzados, aumentar el costo de los servicios de agua a los decíles IX y X que son los de mayores ingresos para subsidiar a los decíles I, II, III, y IV, además de replantear la tarifa del servicio de agua a los decíles V y VII. Palabras clave: ingreso, tarifa de agua, pobreza. Abstract Access to drinking water depends not only on the geographic or developmental condition of the place where it is inhabited, but also on the level of income. Poverty negatively affects access to drinking water, whether it lives in a city or in a rural area. This has been recognized by the United Nations in the definition of the Human Right to Water; hence the importance of knowing the incomes of different social classes and comparing them with water tariffs, in order to establish the rules that allow the poorest population to have access to drinking water. The country's current economic policy and the low incomes of the majority of the population make it, for many, increasingly difficult to access drinking water. It is important to know the income of different population deciles and compare them with water tariffs to establish a public policy based on social justice, which allows establishing an affordable payment for water according to the income of the population, privileging Those who have the least, under the framework established by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. For that purpose, statistical data was used by the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics and the National Council for Evaluation of Social Development Policy, Opinion 142 of the H. Congress of the State of Puebla (Municipal 2014) and the Municipal Plan Of Development of the Municipality of Puebla. The research showed that the water tariff is not homogeneous in all the deciles, as in I, VI, VII, VIII and IX the water tariff is always above the limit recommended by the UN, an aggravating situation for decile I, Which is the lowest income decile ($ 2,572.00 / month home). To achieve the criterion of affordability of the human right to water, as well as social justice, it is necessary to make cross subsidies, increase the cost of water services to the IX and X deciles that are the highest income to subsidize the I , II, III, and IV, in addition to restating the tariff of the water service to V and VII.

Sri Lankans, have displayed rare skills in managing water and natural resources during ancient hydraulic civilization and that was collapsed in the 12 th century. Rehabilitation work carried out by the foreign invaders, mainly focused on the development of water courses to improve the trade and commerce in the country and for the renovation of a few major and minor irrigation works. With the rehabilitation work carried out by Sri Lankan governments various political, ethnical, cultural and religious conflicts arose. It has been proved that role playing by the present political and administrative structures are facing difficulties in addressing these issues. In order to address the equitable and efficient allocation of land and water resources, the concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) evolved as a global need. Objective of this paper is to identify an appropriate political and administrative background for successful implementation of Integrated Water Resource Management concept in Sri Lanka.

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

The counties traversed by Yala River Catchment in Kenya have been constrained by acute shortages of water resources because of the declining stream flows, which is occasioned by environmental changes, increasing population and changing land uses. This study applied Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model to evaluate past trends and simulate current demand scenarios for the purposes of planning by authorities in regard to future use. The study used historical data (1970-2015) to assess water supply and demand in the catchment for the period 2016 to 2045 by simulation. Calibration and validation were each performed on 10-year streamflow datasets (1991-2000 and 2001-2010 respectively), drawn from 4 gauging stations. Simulations were then conducted for the scenarios namely: Reference (at 2.8% growth rate), High Growth (3.2%), High Growth (3.5%), and Moderated Growth (2.2%). The categories of water demand evaluated in WEAP included: Domestic-Institutional-Municipal, Agriculture, and Industry uses. In a 5-year time-step, WEAP demonstrated resultant increase in water demand for year 2020 by 7.46% from 2016 at Reference Scenario. WEAP further simulated a gradual increase in water demand during subsequent years. This trend would continue for the rest of the scenarios but with variations occasioned by adjustment of variables in WEAP such as population growth rates, monthly variations, annual activity levels, water use rates, water losses and reuse rates, industrial production units, agricultural acreages, and varied demand sites. In conclusion, there were demonstrated substantial increases in water demands within individual scenarios between 2016 to 2045, but these increases were significantly different scenario-by-scenario. The study recommends that supply and demand measures be employed with the aim of regulating activity levels, losses and consumptions so as to meet demands in case any of the studied scenarios would be applicable.

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m3 year−1 of treated wastewater
(reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer
recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d−1. These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)),
suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens).
The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. On the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration.
Approximately 1280 m2 were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and
drying cycles.

Singapore has depended on water imports from neighbouring catchments in Johor, Malaysia since its founding. Despite long-standing cooperation, economic, environmental, and political forces are destabilizing cross-strait water flows. Johor has historically been water-abundant, but increased water consumption from economic development and population growth in combination with water stresses from drought and pollution have reduced its dry season water catchments. Johor has taken recent far-reaching measures including requesting additional water supply from Singapore, rationing supply to residential and commercial users, and requesting RM660 million in federal support for construction of a new dam at Sungai Ulu Sedili, and there appears to be bilateral support for continuing the Singapore-Malaysia water trade. However, water stress in Johor risks undermining the bedrock of the relationship, and creates the need for redoubled regulatory diligence and clear-minded diplomacy by authorities in Johor, Singapore, and Kuala Lumpur.

Jordan is facing a water crisis since several years. The available amounts are exploited to a large extent (surface water) or even overexploited (groundwater). With a rapidly growing population, these will not be enough to meet the future demand. A number of large projects are currently underway to overcome the consistent water shortage problems. However, some facts are often neglected when demand projections and management plans are drafted: the effects of deteriorating water quality and the possible effects of climate change. The rapid agricultural and industrial development has brought about a considerable risk of pollution for the scarce water resources and in many areas the quality of water resources has deteriorated considerably. Only recently Jordan has adopted stricter water and environmental policies and regulations to counter these pollution risks. Since a number of years, technical cooperation projects between the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) are introducing measures which counter these pollution risks, encompassing groundwater vulnerability maps, the delineation of groundwater and surface water protection zones as well as the establishment of a legal basis for implementation of related landuse restrictions, giving support to the landuse licensing committee and the mining license committee and improving the national groundwater quality monitoring network. The aim of these measures is to achieve a sustainable management of the available water resources under present conditions. The current climatic change scenarios suggest a considerable decrease of rainfall during winter and much hotter summer temperatures in Jordan. This could lead to a decrease in groundwater recharge of up to 30 % and higher evaporation from surface water resources (dams), so that water resources availability may be reduced to values as low as 550 Mm3/a. Since the effects of such climate change are predicted to happen relatively fast, the Government of Jordan must urgently think about strategies to counter such possible decreased water resources availability in the near future. Under such conditions it may be unrealistic talking about sustain able management. Nonetheless should the Government presently try to achieve sustainability by the proposed measures. This will also help reducing costs when additional water sources are needed due to possible climate change effects.

El sector de agua y saneamiento de Argentina presenta un déficit significativo en las coberturas de los servicios y requiere mejoras en la calidad y eficiencia en la prestación de los servicios. Con el objeto de plantear una estrategia para superar estos retrasos, en febrero de 2016 la Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos de la Nación publicó el Plan
Nacional de Agua Potable y Saneamiento (PNAPyS) que constituye uno de los cuatro ejes del Plan Nacional del Agua.

El PNAPyS constituye la piedra angular para el desarrollo del sector: allí se proponen las bases para el desarrollo del sector con el objetivo de alcanzar niveles de cobertura del 100% en agua potable y del 75% en cloaca en las áreas urbanas del país. La expansión y mejora de los servicios implica el reconocimiento de la igualdad de oportunidades para toda la población del país y resulta un aspecto fundamental para la reducción la pobreza.

Los objetivos de este artículo son describir el estado de situación del sector a nivel nacional al momento de elaboración del PNAPyS, identificar los principales desafíos y exponer las acciones emprendidas por la Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos durante estos dos primeros años de gestión para el cumplimiento de las metas. En este sentido,
cabe destacar la creación de la Dirección Nacional de Agua Potable y Saneamiento (DNAPyS) para abordar la problemática del sector de manera integral.

Palabras claves: Plan Nacional de Agua Potable y Saneamiento, Argentina, cobertura, avances de gestión.

A partire dall'esito referendario del 2011 e con la successiva attribuzione dei poteri di regolazione e controllo all'AEEGSI, il sistema idrico in Italia ha intrapreso un percorso di profonda evoluzione. Evoluzione che non ha solo riguardato aspetti tariffari/finanziari, ma ha anche coinvolto profondamente la sfera contabile: le società operanti nel settore infatti sono così chiamate a riflettere su quesiti attinenti la corretta modalità di registrazione dei ricavi, oppure la corretta modalità di trattamento contabile di poste tariffarie innovative. L'obiettivo dell'articolo è quello di esaminare le diverse problematiche di natura contabile associate alla regolazione tariffaria in essere, al fine di offrire uno strumento utile sia alla società idrica che al lettore del suo bilancio.

Iran, once the pioneer of sustainable water management in the arid region of the world, is now experiencing a serious water crisis, reflected by its drying lakes and rivers, declining groundwater resources and deteriorating water quality. Water supply rationing and disruptions are becoming more frequent, agricultural losses are increasing and ecosystem damages are expanding. While decision-makers prefer to blame the current crisis on droughts, climate change and international sanctions, the dramatic water issues of Iran are rooted in decades of shortsighted and disintegrated planning. The public, experts and media continuously warn about the major water crisis symptoms without seriously discussing the causes. But, what are the main drivers of Iran's water crisis? Crisis driver 1: population growth and spatial distribution Iran has experienced a significant population growth in the last century. Its population almost doubled within the last two decades of the 20th century, right after the 1979 Revolution, which promoted different socioeconomic , cultural and ideological changes in Iran. In addition to a sudden population growth, rapid urbanisation and inappropriate spatial population distribution are challenging Iranian water managers. Th e urban population is currently about 70 per cent, compared to 44 per cent in the 1970s. Eight Iranian cities have a population of greater than one million while the population in metropolitan Tehran has surpassed 14 million (18 per cent of the country's population). Despite the consequences of population growth policies, the government of Iran is now showing a strong interest in boosting the current population growth rate of 1.3 per cent. This interest is rooted in concerns about the projections of age distribution in the future. What is clear though is that Iran definitely lacks the required water resources and infrastructure to satisfy increased water demand. Without strong spatial population distribution adjustments and water consumption reduction measures, population growth can have catastrophic effects.

The current state of affairs in the field of water management of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) have exceptionally specific qualities making it different from national water management systems in the neighbouring countries, i.e. the countries of South-Eastern Europe. These specific qualities arise, primarily, from the constitutional character of Bosnia and Herzegovina, consisted of the entities – the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS), as well as Brcko District.
In accordance with the Constitution of BiH and the Constitutions of the FBiH and RS, and pursuant to the Brcko District Arbitration Award, the competences regarding water management (i.e. the competences for regulating development of water resources, protection of waters, use of waters and protection against detrimental effects of waters) rest with the entities and Brcko District. The analysis of the BiH constitutional and legal frameworks indicates that, differently from other peace agreements that were concluded at different times, the Dayton – Paris Peace Agreements do not contain specific and clear provisions that would be associated with the BiH national water resources, i.e. the principles that should be the guidance for the constitutive elements of the BiH state, including the entities and Brcko District, in their management of the shared water resources (the resources intersected by entity or district border line). Therefore, the BiH authorities have no competences for regulating these inter-entity relations. In addition, there is no reliable institutional and procedural system for resolving any possible controversies and disputes regarding management of the shared water resources.
This Strategy deals with all aspects of the management of water resources in the FBiH, including the issues connected to transpositions of the EU water acquis into the legal system of FBiH. Besides, the document is a worthwile source of information and data regarding georgraphy and hydrography of the territoty it pertains to.

Due to bad economics or poor infrastructure, every year millions of people, most of them children, die from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation negatively impact food security, livelihood choices and educational opportunities for poor families across the world. On September 25th 2015 in the United Nations Resolutions A/RES/70/1 , many countries adopted a set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new sustainable development Goals (SDG) agenda. Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years. Goal 6: " Ensure access to water and sanitation for all " is to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. Aiming for water security up to 2050, with population growth coupled with a blooming tourism industry, irrigation requirements as well as industrial and commercial growth will put additional pressure on existing water supply network. Hence, there is a high need for a national water policy to respond to future anticipated growth in water demand in Mauritius. Mauritius receives an annual rainfall of about 2000mm which corresponds to an annual volume of about 3700 Mm3. Yet, Mauritius suffers from chronic water shortage problems that can severely have impacts on its economy and the well-being of its population (SOHUN et al, 2012). During the past years, it has become a necessity for the authorities responsible for water supply to water rationing in order to cater for shortage and drastic water cuts. The target for a national water policy is to cover a100% potable water by 2020 and 75% urban sewerage coverage by 2040. The water policy clearly demarcates that to solve the emerging water resources, the supply side as well as the demand side will have to be managed more carefully than at present (Mauritius, 2014). With Climate Change uncertainties and increasing water demand, the authorities should give the highest of priorities to securing water availability for its sustained development in the key sectors such as the social and economic, for ensuring agricultural productivities and food security. The water resources management strategies are the medium to long-term actions that will pave the way for the implementation of the water-related policies and achieve the developmental goals for the water sector. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether the promulgation of a new National Water Policy will enhance the sustainable development of the water sector in the country.

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is based on the four Dublin principles formulated at the International Conference on Water and the Environment held in Dublin 1992. Considering the concepts of intra-and intergeneration fairness as fundament of sustainability GWP (2000) is developed the recent accepted definition for IWRM: "A process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems". Furthermore, GWP (2000) describes also in details, which main topics of natural and human system interaction are to consider in any IWRM-activities. Promoting the communication during decision-making processes the European Environmental Agency has developed a DPSIR-framework assessment [24] using a classification of compiled data in different environmental indicators. The World Bank et al. [26] estimate that theoretically, Việt Nam has an advantageous water situation, with an extensive network of rivers, favourable topography and rainfall patterns. But in detail, the critical situation of water quality in context of economic and social development in Việt Nam is in strong focus of international cooperation in Việt Nam. For that the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has developed additional 25 elements for IWRM-activities in river basins [1]. I. INTRODUCTION Water consumption has grown at more than twice the rate of the population for the past century. Although there is not yet a global water shortage, about 2.8 billion people, representing more than 40 % of the world's population, live in river basins with some form of water scarcity. More than 1.2 billion of them live under conditions of physical water scarcity, which occurs when more than 75 % of the river flows are withdrawn [25]. The work [9] highlights that challenges faced by more and more countries in their struggle for economic and social development are increasingly related to water. Water shortages, quality deterioration and flood impacts are among the problems, which require greater attention and action. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a process, which can assist countries in their endeavour to deal with water issues in a cost-effective and sustainable way.

The book is based on seminar proceedings on Traditional Water Management Systems organized by the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal at Bhopal (16-18th September 1997), Ahmedabad (19-21st January 1998), Pune (3-4th April 1998) and Bhandara (26-28th October 1998). The introduction and the article by the editor provides an overview of the archaeology, history, philosophy , hydrology and techniques of Indian water harvesting structures from earliest days. It also speaks of the continuing validity of the community management practices for such structures, which are dying fast in India, for supplementing bigger capital intensive dams and management structures.

The increasing water demand along with the constant threat of water scarcity requires
considering the complexity of the links among the various activities carried out in a basin.
This implies that decision makers must know the potential uses of water and its current
distribution considering the social, economic and environmental dimension from a
comprehensive perspective. In response to this need, the aim of this research is to propose
the concept of “Basin Vocation” from the principles of Integrated Water Resources
Management, local and sustainable development. For this, it designed a review using a
deductive method considering two research assumptions: a) The basin vocation must be the
guiding principle and, b) its determination must be under a comprehensive methodology.
Basin vocation was defined as the use or set of water uses from a basin that integrate
synergistically the social, economic and environmental benefits, within the possibilities
offered by the system of material support, and consistent with the basin local development
objective. It’s concluded that the basin vocation can be an essential tool to ensure the
sustainability of water resource management and promote coherent local development with
historical tradition and lifestyle of the community.
Key words: Integrated Water Resources Management, Water

Fish farming is considered an important agricultural activity that is capable of ending nutritional deficiencies of the world and contributing to poverty reduction. Its proponents argue that aquaculture will meet the food security needs of millions of people in developing countries who will benefit from relatively inexpensive protein,
while depleted capture fisheries are allowed to replenish. Egypt is Africa’s leading aquaculture country, followed by Nigeria with similar production systems. The dominant species of fish cultured in Egypt and Nigeria are Tilapia and African catfish, respectively. The aquaculture industries in these two counties are very promising, as
there is a presence of water bodies, some institutional commitment, and high demand for fish among others. Despite some gains made by the countries and the huge potential of the aquaculture sector, it is however bedeviled with constraints such as low technology adoption, inadequate supply of fingerlings, high cost of fish feed, etc. This work is an overview of the aquaculture sectors of Egypt and Nigeria, which includes the production systems, prospects, and potentials of the sector and the constraints that affect aquaculture

— Due to the reduction of groundwater resources, the artificial recharge of these resources through the reuse of treated wastewater (modified water) is an efficient way to tackle the problem. Some of the most important goals to be achieved regarding such a situation are the development of underground resources, building barriers to help avoid the penetration of the saline water to the underground water table in the coastal areas, creating additional levels of water treatment by soil and controlling the soil settlement. The modified water helps to compensate for the underground water. Asthe additional stage of the purification of the modified water offers assurance on the sewage management system, this natural water treatment created underground eliminates the need for costly wastewater treatment processes. Moreover, the groundwater aquifers provide a natural mechanism for the subsurface transfer of the modified water and eliminate the need for the surface storage facilities and associated problems, such as evaporatio n and the growth of algae, which degrade the water quality. One of the most commonly used methods is the aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) technology, which helps overcome the seasonal imbalance associated with the retrieval systems in the world. In the present paper, the methods used to realize this solution, including among others flood spreading, the soil aquifer treatment (SAT) systems, injection in unsaturated areas, and direct injection are examined. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of using the modified water and the required hydraulic analyzes for designing direct injection wells and injection in unsaturated areas will also be investigated.

Današnje stanje na polju upravljanja vodama u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) ima izražene specifinosti koje ga suštinski razlikuju od nacionalnih sistema upravljanja vodama u susjednim zemaljama, odnosno zemalja jugoistone Evrope. Te specifinosti proizilaze, pre svega, iz ustavnog karaktera Bosne i Hercegovine koju čine entiteti - Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine (FBiH) i Republika Srpska (RS), i Distrikt Brko.
Saglasno Ustavu BiH, ustavima FBiH i RS, i Arbitražnoj odluci o Distriktu Brko, nadležnosti za upravljanje vodama (tj. za razvoj vodnih resursa, za zaštitu voda, korišćenje vod i zaštitu od štetnog dejstva voda) u nadležnosti su entiteta i Distrikta Brko. Analiza ustavno-pravnog okvira BiH pokazuje da, za razliku od drugih mirovnih sporazuma, zakljuičvanih u razliitim vremenima, Dejtonosko-pariski mirovni sporazumi ne sadrže specifine i jasne odredbe koje bi se odnosile na nacionalne vodne resurse BiH, odnosno na principe na kojima bi se zasnivali konstitutivni elementi države BiH, entiteti i Distrikta Brčko u pogledu upravljanja zajednikim vodnim resursima (resursima presečenim entitetskom, odnosno distriktskom graninom linijom). Stoga organi BiH nemaju nadležnost za ureivanje tih meuentitetskih odnosa. Pored toga, ne postoji pouzdan institucionalni i procesni sistem unutar koga bi se rješavali mogući nesporazumii i sporovi u upravljanju zajedničkim vodnim resursima.
Ova strategija obuhvata sve aspekte upravljanja vodnim resursima u FBiH, uključujući i pitanja koja se odnose na transpoziciju vodnog akija EU u pravni sistem FBiH. Osim toga, dokument je vredan izvor geografskih i hidroloških podataka i informacija o teritoriji na koju se odnosi.

Many watersheds experience scarcity of water for agricultural and domestic use for most part of the year. Ur river watershed in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, India, falls under a drought prone region of India. Water allocation and management are essential for sustainable agriculture for this region. Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP)-based decision support system can prove to be an effective tool for water allocation, supply and demand analysis. In the present study, spatially distributed model by using WEAP-MABIA method has been developed for analysis and simulation of agricultural water demands in the Ur river watershed. WEAP-MABIA method uses dual crop coefficient approach which helps in computing the separate soil evaporation and transpiration under various water availability situations. Year 2012–2013 is used as base year for customizing WEAP model for 8 subwatersheds. The model was calibrated using PEST tool, available in WEAP. The calibrated model was used for estimating future water demands and unmet demands by using future climate series, from 2015 to 2030, of IPCC scenario- RCP 4.5 of GDFL-ESM2M model. As per GFDLESM2M model (RCP4.5) predictions, rainfall is going to greatly vary in the coming years. The years 2020–2021 and 2028–2029 may experience very dry climatic conditions with 500 mm or less annual rainfall, while 2017–2018, 2023–2024 and 2025–2026 may experience heavy showers (1200 mm). Straight effects of this rainfall pattern could be seen in future water availability for agriculture and resultant crop yield. A high unmet demand exists in the case of agriculture since the first priority for water supply is meant to be for domestic purpose. Area under agriculture in Ur river watershed is large, while respective water supply is low. This gap puts an extra pressure on water resources leading to over extraction of groundwater and related problems. Looking at this scenario, water allocation requires great attention to narrow down the gap between existing demands and water supply. Since area under agriculture is large, water-efficient crops should be more emphasized. Also, efficient agricultural practices and rain water harvesting should be promoted in the study area. Since the watershed falls in semiarid condition and river flows are seasonal, different stress/deficit irrigation scenarios can be built using customized WEAP model to get higher yield.