The Cajamarca Complex, widely distributed along the Northern Central Cordillera of Colombia, was formed in a tectonic setting dominated by Permian subduction, volcanic-arc magmatism, basin development and closure and accretion of terrenes. Outcrops of the Cajamarca Complex sequence were studied in Rio Claro and Abejorral municipalities of Colombia. The rocks area metapelite samples which were analyzed by a petrographic microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and geochemical data using major and trace elements. This study focuses on discussing the tectonic implications by the analysis of tectonic discrimination diagrams and the P-T metamorphic conditions calculated in the THERMOCALC software. Bulk geochemistry of metapelites shows an inverse relation to the atomic number in rare earth elements (REE) normalized to chondrite. In addition, the N-MORB analysis shows a depleting of the high-field strength elements (HFSEs) as well as an enrichment on the large-ion Lithophile Elements (LILE). The samples are mainly formed by garnet, amphibole, plagioclase, muscovite, epidote, chlorite and biotite, with rutile, ilmenite, titanite, apatite as accessory phases. The P-T conditions yield a pressure of 8.4 ±3.4 kbar and a temperature of 629 ±83℃. These represent a metamorphic gradient of medium to high pressure and medium temperature metamorphism indicating amphibolite facies conditions, corresponding to Barrovian-type metamorphism. This type of regional metamorphism led toward a depth approximately of 27 km. The tectonic implications across the Colombian Central Cordillera in the present work suggest rifted continental margins developed on continental crust at the edges of continent triggered a oceanic sedimentary basins under a compressive regime. These data suggest that the Jurassic collision previously reported to the south could be extrapolated more to the north in the Cajamarca Complex (Central Cordillera).

Rare minerals, chloriane amphiboles and chloriane biotites were discovered in rocks of  Palaeoproterozoic (Jatulian) traps of Karelia: in gabbro-dolerites of layered Kojkarsko-Svjatnavolok sill and in coarse-grained albitic (“karjalitic”) enclave in basaltic flow, which is exposed in village Girvas. Amphiboles detected as chlorinehastingsites (AlVI  < Fe3+, Fe/(Fe2+ + Mg) > 0,6; Cl from 2,03 to 5,50%), chlorinebiotites attributed to phlogopite-annite series with Fe/Mg ≥ 0,7 and Cl content ranging from 1,44 to 3,41%. These minerals were formed at the latest subsolidus stage of crystallization of Karelian traps. The composition of them indicates high chlorine activity in late- postmagmatic fluid, which could be considered as favorable factor when evaluation of PGE metal mineralization, well known in trap layered intrusions, would be conducted.

Dear researchers, Geoscience and the progress of technology can be put to the service of the environment for the improvement of human living conditions. In this context, the Laboratory of Geodynamics and Natural Resources (LGRN), Department of Geology, The Second Edition of Doctoral Days (2EJD), to be held on January 14 & 15, 2019 at the Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi University Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco. Research Ph.D. students will then have the opportunity to disseminate their research and share their experiences with other researchers. This edition will cover a wide range of topics in the fields of Geoscience and Natural Resources. Researchers who want to participate in the event Email: lgrn.doctoriales@gmail.com We look forward to meeting you at the Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz.

The volcanic rocks (basanites, nephelinites, trachyandesites and trachytes) from southwestern Poland and neighbouring areas in Germany and Czech Republic were investigated (LT). They form the easternmost part of the Central European Volcanic Province (CEVP). Analyses of Pb, Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic ratios were carried out using MC-ICP-MS and TIMS. Our data indicate strong influence of HIMU-type mantle component comparing to volcanic rocks from western Bohemia and Moravia.

The probability of the occurrence of porphyry copper ore associated with subduction zone of the Neo-Tethys ocean and volcanic arc of Iran (Urumieh-Dokhtar) justifies the necessity of exploration and prospection of this type of ore in Iran. Zafarghand index and Kahang deposit of porphyry copper-molybdenum located in Isfahan province, center of Iran using Satellite data interpretations were discovered in the years of 2010 and 2003, respectively. Geological studies have indicated the presence of argillic and propylitic alteration halos associated with porphyry copper systems. The 250 rock samples were systematically collected at a sampling distance of 100 m and in the center of the porphyry system by a distance o f 50 m in Zafarghand. Also, 377 samples of lithogeochemicals (185 rock samples and 192 soil samples) were extracted systematically from Kahang deposit. The study of geochemical data of rock and soil samples showed similarity of these two types of mineralization with other mineralization of porphyry copper-molybdenum elsewhere in the world. Finally, the comparison of geochemical anomalies copper with rock units and alteration zones showed that atmospheric waters had washed out the copper in some of these zones and probably the supergene zone was formed in depth as porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit.

Pressure is one of the most important parameters to be quantified in geological problems. However, in metamorphic systems the pressure is usually calculated with two different approaches. One pressure calculation is based on petrological phase equilibria and this pressure is often termed thermodynamic pressure. The other calculation is based on continuum mechanics, which provides a mean stress that is commonly used to estimate the thermodynamic pressure. Both thermodynamic pressure calculations can be justified by the accuracy and applicability of the results. Here, we consider systems with low differential stress (<1 kbar) and no irreversible volumetric deformation, and refer to them as conventional systems. We investigate the relationship between mean stress and thermodynamic pressure. We discuss the meaning of thermodynamic pressure and its calculation for irreversible processes such as viscous deformation and heat conduction, which exhibit entropy production. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the mean stress for incompressible viscous deformation is essentially equal to the mean stress for the corresponding viscous deformation with elastic compressibility, if the characteristic time of deformation is five times longer than the Maxwell viscoelastic relaxation time that is equal to the ratio of shear viscosity to bulk modulus. For typical lithospheric rocks, this Maxwell time is smaller than c. 10,000 years. Therefore, numerical simulations of long‐term (>10 kyr) geodynamic processes, employing incompressible deformation, provide mean stress values that are close to the mean‐stress value associated with elastic compressibility. Finally, we show that for conventional systems the mean stress is essentially equal to the thermodynamic pressure. However, mean stress and, hence, thermodynamic pressure can be significantly different from the lithostatic pressure.

After carefully reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to: • Summarize the factors that influence the nature of metamorphic rocks and explain why each one is important. • Describe foliation and explain the mechanisms for its formation in metamorphic rocks. • Classify metamorphic rocks on the basis of their texture and mineral content, and explain the origins of these differences. • Describe the various settings in which metamorphic rocks are formed and the links between plate tectonics and metamorphism. • Summarize the important processes of regional metamorphism, and explain how rocks that were metamorphosed at depths of 10 kilometres or 20 kilometres can now be found on Earth's surface. • Describe the important processes of contact metamorphism and metasomatism, and the key role hydrothermal fluids.

Metamorphic rocks are rocks whose characters have been changed from its original form by processes operating within the earth. These processes are physical and chemical in nature resulting in a change in mineral makeup of the rock or relationship between the minerals or texture of the rock or both.  Temperature and pressure are the most important factors controlling the process of metamorphism. Metamorphism may be local or regional in extent. With the concept of metamorphic facies, it is known that certain mineral sets are at equilibrium under different conditions and thus can be predicted. This paper work covers Metamorphism , types of metamorphism, agents of metamorphism, metamorphic facies, metamorphic reactions and mineral paragenesis.

Study of metamorphism deals with the physico-chemical conditions of recrystallization. The study of metamorphic rocks gives us very important information about 1) the pressure and temperature conditions of tectonic processes and 2) the nature of fluid flow in the deep crust. Changes in P, T, and fluid compositions result in reactions among minerals to produce new minerals. Therefore, by studying mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks we can deduce the conditions of metamorphism.

Geological fieldwork carried out at the Idi-Orupa, Alagbon, Akoda, Idi-Aka, and Foritaje environs of Oyo and Osun states reported the lithologies, structures, and the economic potentials of the over 25 sq. Km land area. The mapped area (longitudes 4 deg 0’ 0’’ E and 4 deg 3’ 30’’ E and latitudes 7 deg 41’ 15’’ N and 7 deg 45’ 00’’ N) is part of the basement complex of Southwestern Nigeria. Quartzite and quartz schists cover seventy percent of this area. Other dominant rock types are migmatite, banded, and granite gneisses (migmatites and gneisses make up 25 %), granite (4 %), and amphibolite (1%) respectively.  The general strike of the rocks in this area is NE-SW. Structures such as quartzofeldspathic veins, ptygmatic folds, fractures (mostly discordant), and faults (normal and dextral types) populate the area. The area bears imprints of the Pan-African orogeny. Also, the geological history of the area suggests that the rocks in the area originated from prograding regional metamorphism of the sedimentary rocks (sandstone and shale) and volcanics (such as basaltic bombs). The presence of numerous healed veins across the major fracture zone in the area suggests the presence of hydrothermal deposits. The gneisses and gneisses are useful as aggregates and aesthetics in the construction industry. With the presence of amphibolite, ores associated with ferromagnesian minerals (chromite, niccolite, and magnetite) may be found under detailed exploration. 


Note: The fieldwork was carried out (between July and August 2018) as a course (GEY 781) in the Master's degree program at the Department of Geology, University of Ibadan.

Tanto en el Arcaico como hoy en día, los granitoides constituyen el núcleo de la corteza continental formada en las zonas de subducción. La corteza hadeana era máfica y sufrió una fusión parcial interna, esta fue interrumpida por un bombardeo meteorítico. Después de esto, hace unos 3900 Ma, la tectónica de placas comenzó a funcionar. A final del Arcaico y hasta finales del Proterozoico, la corteza continental creció episódicamente por la convección acelerada del manto. El mayor volumen de corteza continental se dio con la llegada de superplumas mantélicas desplazando material de la parte superior del manto y acelerando la velocidad de subducción.

Prácticamente no hay afloramientos arcaicos, las suposiciones de los científicos se basan en datos geoquímicos, geofísicos y mineralógicos; pero todavía no se conocen cuáles fueron los procesos exactos que actuaron en la Tierra primitiva, y no siempre se debe suponer que lo que sucede en el presente puede ser clave para saber lo que pasó en el pasado.

SARI
Batuan metamorf di Indonesia dapat ditemukan di beberapa lokasi, seperti di Bayah – Banten, Ciletuh – Sukabumi, Bayat – Klaten, Karangsambung - Kebumen, Meratus – Kalimantan dan Bantimala - Sulawesi. Batuan metamorf Bayah diduga merupakan bagian dari suatu metamorfisme regional yang terbentuk akibat adanya proses subduksi. Proses metamorfisme pada suatu metamorfisme regional cenderung untuk menghasilkan batuan metamorf dengan derajat metamorfisme yang bervariasi. Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh proses metamorfisme yang berlangsung secara kompleks, karena dapat didominasi oleh perubahan kondisi temperatur, perubahan kondisi tekanan maupun kombinasi keduanya. Hasil penelitian sendiri menunjukkan fasies metamorfisme pada daerah penelitian berkembang mulai fasies sekis hijau, fasies atas sekis hijau, fasies transisi epidot amfibolit dan fasies amfibolit.
Kata kunci: fasies metamorfisme, fasies sekis hijau, fasies amfibolit, metamorfisme `regional

1 Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone (PCSZ), a central element in the evolution of the SIHG domain, Patel et al report that the structural fabric of the Namakkal area north of the PCSZ and the Mohanur area south of it have more similarities than differences which indicate that the PCSZ may not be a terrane boundary. They report a decompressional clock-wise regime in the Karur area of the Madurai Block south of the PCSZ and metamorphic P-T conditions of not exceeding 900 o C and ~12 kbars, negating claims of ultra-high temperature and pressure metamorphism. They present a tectonic model for the evolution of the southern granulite terrain during the Archean to early Proterozoic that involves oblique transpression and transtension. The need to integrate P-Tt paths with deformation events and with geochronology is emphasized.

Partial melting at continental lithosphere depths plays an important role in generating geochemical variations in igneous rocks. In particular, dehydration melting of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks during continental collision provides a petrological link to intracrustal differentiation with respect to the compositional evolution of continental crust. While island arc magmatism represents one end-member of fluid-induced large-scale melting in the mantle wedge during subduction of the oceanic crust, the partial melting of UHP rocks can be viewed as the other end-member of fluid-induced small-scale anatexis during exhumation of the deeply subducted continental crust. This latter type of melting is also triggered by metamorphic dehydration in response to P–T changes during the continental collision. It results in local occurrences of hydrous melts (even supercritical fluids) as felsic veinlets between boundaries of and multiphase solid inclusions in UHP metamorphic minerals as well as local accumulation of veinlet-like felsic leucosomes in foliated UHP metamorphic rocks and metamorphically grown zircons in orogenic peridotites. Thus, very low-degree melts of UHP rocks provide a window into magmatic processes that operated in continental subduction zones. This article presents a review on available results from experimental petrology concerning the possibility of partial melting under conditions of continental subduction-zone metamorphism, and petrological evidence for the occurrence of dehydration-driven in-situ partial melting in natural UHP rocks during the continental collision. Although the deeply subducted continental crust is characterized by a relative lack of aqueous fluids, the partial melting in UHP rocks commonly takes place during decompression exhumation to result in local in-situ occurrences of felsic melts at small scales. This is caused by the local accumulation of aqueous fluids due to the breakdown of hydrous minerals and the exsolution of structural hydroxyl and molecular water from nominally anhydrous minerals in UHP rocks during the exhumation. The dehydration melting of UHP rocks would not only have bearing on the formation of supercritical fluids during subduction-zone metamorphism, but also contribute to element mobility and ultrapotassic magmatism in continental collision orogens. Therefore, the study of dehydration melting and its effects on element transport in UHP slabs, rocks and minerals is a key to chemical geodynamics of continental subduction zones.

Banded iron formations (BIF) in Um Nar, central eastern desert of Egypt, occur intercalated with schists of volcaniclastic and epiclastic origins within "ophiolitic-island arc rocks" of the Arabo-Nubian Shield. The BIF and its host rocks were affected by folding, thrusting, and regional metamorphism during the Pan-African Orogeny resulting in the development of north-verging overturned folds and E-W striking, S-dipping thrusts. Following the intrusion of granitoids, the entire sequence was refolded into south-plunging folds with NW-SE trending fold axes. Peak mineral assemblages of hornblende + plagioclase, and garnet + biotite + plagioclase + quartz in the host rocks, and andradite-rich garnet + epidote + hematite + magnetite + quartz in the BIF indicate metamorphism under epidote amphibolite facies conditions. Using the multiequilibrium approach of Thermocalc, and conventional thermobarometry, peak P-T conditions of metamorphism are estimated at 520 ± 30°C, 5 ± 2 kbar. Fluids attending peak conditions in the oxide facies layers of the BIF were characterized by XCO 2~0 .03 and log fO 2~− 40. Textural and mineral chemical criteria suggest that, following peak conditions, the rocks underwent a stage of near-isobaric cooling or cooling and compression characteristic of a counter-clockwise P-T path. These results are consistent with a model in which the BIFs formed by hydrothermal activity from off-axis submarine vents in several pulses during a protracted event of oceanic crust generation in an inter-arc basin. Concomitant arc volcanism supplied the basin with pyroclastic material that imposed suboxic conditions on the basin leading to increased concentrations of soluble Fe 2+ . During periods of arc quiescence, Fe 2+ was likely oxidized, leading to deposition of several layers of BIF. During the Pan-African Orogeny, the BIFs, tuffs, oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle were deformed and metamorphosed while being emplaced onto the continental margin.

Proterozoic Al2SiO5 " triple-point " metamorphic rocks of north-central New Mexico are examined to honor the career contributions of Lincoln Hollister to petrology and tectonics, and to promote discussion of outstanding problems in metamorphic petrology. Hollister's career began with studies of compositional zoning in garnet and staurolite, and interpreting the occurrence of coexisting Al2SiO5 polymorphs in British Columbia. These studies emphasized the kinetic and bulk composition controls of metamorphism. Hollister's interest in the Al2SiO5 polymorphs led to his graduate student, Professor Jeff Grambling's pioneering work that proposed the equilibrium occurrence of coexisting kyanite, sillimanite, and andalusite in the Truchas Peaks, New Mexico. Subsequently, polymetamorphism and the disequilibrium coexistence of kyanite, sillimanite, and andalusite have been proposed as alternate explanations for the occurrence of the polymorphs across the region. Field stops in the Picuris Mountains and Tusas Mountains will visit classic metamorphic rock localities, which are the subject of debate regarding the equilibrium/ disequilibrium nature of the regional " triple-point " metamorphism. The trip will examine Al2SiO5-bearing mineral assemblages to demonstrate the regional distribution of the polymorphs. Stops in the Picuris Mountains will examine andalusite ± cordierite, andalusite ± chloritoid, and kyanite + sillimanite + andalusite–bearing rocks. Field stops in the Tusas Mountains will show kyanite and sillimanite ± garnet–bearing assemblages. Garnet + biotite ± staurolite–bearing rocks are common in both areas and will be examined. Results of garnet, monazite, and zircon geochronology and their bearing on the P-T-t-D paths for the region and the timing of orogenesis will be discussed.

A procedure for petrographic and micromorphological thin sections preparation and examination in extra-laboratory and field conditions is presented. With use of basic, often improvised off the shelf equipment, standard petrographic thin sections of rocks, sediments, ceramics, mortars and plasters can be produced and examined. The use of newly-introduced Goren portable microscope enables laboratory-grade examination and recording of such materials during field expeditions. Examples from the field of material analysis in art and archaeology are demonstrated.

The growth and dissolution behaviour of detrital, metamorphic and magmatic monazite and zircon during granulite-facies anatexis in pelitic and psammo-pelitic granulites and in garnetiferous granite from the southern margin of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ) have been investigated using reconstructed metamorphic reaction history, monazite electron microprobe dating and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U^Pb zircon geochronology. Whereas the pelitic granulites record medium-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism (BM 1 stage), the psammo-pelitic granulite reached ultrahigh temperatures (T Max 48808C at 8·7 kbar). The meta-psammite additionally records two stages of granulite-facies recrystallization (BM 2 and BM 3 ). Irrespective of variations in the bulk-rock compositions and peak metamorphic conditions, monazite is highly reactive during the BM 1 event, producing complex, chemically zoned crystals. Textural, compositional and chemical ages of these grains indicate the stability of six compositional domains (CD1 to CD6 in the paragenetic sequence), of which CD1 represents pre-metamorphic detrital cores of Paleoproterozoic age. CD2 and CD3 (combined mean age of 1612 AE 14 Ma) mark two stages of recrystallization of detrital monazite cores during prograde events. Rims of CD4 monazite (ages between 1615 AE 14 and 1586 AE 14 Ma) on partially to completely equilibrated cores indicate melt crystallization at, or immediately following, peak BM 1P metamorphism. CD5 monazite (age of 1574 AE 7 Ma) is restricted to the psammo-pelitic granulites, and marks final melt crystallization at the solidus during post-peak cooling (BM 1R stage, where R represents retrograde metamorphism).

Sebagian besar batuan di perisai benua dan di inti sabuk gunung menunjukkan bukti bahwa asli beku atau sedimen tekstur dan komposisi mereka memiliki berubah. Pada saat yang sama, banyak yang cacat, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh paralel berkerut kumpulan mineral menyerupai warna berputar-putar di kue marmer. Batuan lainnya direkristalisasi dan mengembangkan butiran mineral besar, dan mineral konstituen dari banyak memiliki kuat kain dengan orientasi planar disebut foliation. Itu adalah keunggulan dari rekristalisasi dalam keadaan padat, proses yang kami sebut hasil metamorfis.

The late Paleozoic collision between Gondwana and Laurussia resulted in the polyphase deformation and magmatism that characterizes the Iberian Massif of the Variscan orogen. In the Central Iberian Zone, initial continental thickening (D 1 ; folding and thrusting) was followed by extensional orogenic collapse (D 2) responsible for the exhumation of high-grade rocks coeval to the emplacement of granitoids. This study presents a tectonometamorphic analysis of the Trancoso-Pinhel region (Central Iberian Zone) to explain the processes in place during the transition from an extension-dominated state (D 2) to a compression-dominated one (D 3). We reveal the existence of low-dipping D 2 extensional structures later affected by several pulses of subhorizontal shortening, each of them typified by upright folds and strike-slip shearing (D 3 , D 4 and D 5 , as identified by superimposition of structures). The D 2 Pinhel extensional shear zone separates a low-grade domain from an underlying high-grade domain, and it contributed to the thermal reequilibration of the orogen by facilitating heat advection from lower parts of the crust, crustal thinning, decompression melting, and magma intrusion. Progressive lessening of the gravitational disequilibrium carried out by this D 2 shear zone led to a switch from subhorizontal extension to compression and the eventual cessation and capture of the Pinhel shear zone by strike-slip tectonics during renewed crustal shortening. High-grade domains of the Pinhel shear zone were folded together with low-grade domains to define the current upright folded structure of the Trancoso-Pinhel region , the D 3 Tamames-Marofa-Sátão synform. New dating of syn-orogenic granitoids (SHRIMP U\ \Pb zircon dating) intruding the Pinhel shear zone, together with the already published ages of early extensional fabrics constrain the functioning of this shear zone to ca. 331–311 Ma, with maximum tectonomagmatic activity at ca. 321–317 Ma. The capture and apparent cessation of movement of the Pinhel shear zone occurred at ca. 317– 311 Ma.

This contribution provides a case example on the generation of large-scale recumbent folds in syn-orogenic gran-itoids. We analyze the progressive reworking of extension-related structures into later ones after a period of crustal thickening. The Padrón migmatitic dome formed after the climax of the Gondwana-Laurussia collision in the late Paleozoic. Petrostructural analysis carried out in the eastern flank of this dome reveals that extensional flow resulted in progressive exhumation of mainland Gondwana, which rested under peri-gondwanan alloch-thonous terranes and a suture zone during maximum crustal thickening. Exhumation proceeded up to upper crust levels (andalusite stability field) along with partial melting of the middle-lower crust and with the generation of granitoid laccoliths during an early extensional stage. Newly-formed lithological and mechanical anisot-ropies, such as the presence of variably-sized sheet-shaped bodies of syn-orogenic granitoids, provided a favorable rheological setting for fold nucleation during the intermediate stages of extension. In extending oro-genic crust, whether recumbent folds occur after significant melt production depends on the lateral/vertical flow ratio, and on the orientation of deforming bodies with regard to kinematic/strain axes. We suggest that subhorizontal extensional flow dominated over vertical flow during the early and intermediate stages of the evolution of the Padrón dome. A component of vertical (diapiric) flow caused progressive tilting of the sheet-like bodies and obliquity respect to strain axes. This resulted in the development of regional-scale folds at the expense of syn-orogenic granitoids, such as in the case of the Portomouro recumbent synform. Extensional ductile flow was oblique to the trend of the orogen during the whole process, and directed to the NNW during the formation of recumbent folds. Non-coaxial shearing favored an (NNW-SSE) elongate shape for the syn-kinematic granitic massifs as well as the subsequent nucleation of recumbent folds. Deformation concentrated along discrete detachments during the late stages of extension.

Abstract The Alanya Massif, which is located to the
south of central Taurides in Turkey, presents a typical
nappe pile consisting of thrust sheets with contrasting
metamorphic histories. In two thrust sheets, Sugözü
and Gündoğmus¸ nappes, HP metamorphism under
eclogite (550–567 °C/14–18 kbar) and blueschist facies
(435–480 °C/11–13 kbar) conditions have been recognized,
respectively. Whereas the rest of the Massif underwent
MP metamorphism under greenschist to amphibolite
facies (525–555 °C/6.5–7.5 kbar) conditions. Eclogite
facies metamorphism in Sugözü nappe, which consists of homogeneous garnet–glaucophane–phengite schists with
eclogite lenses is dated at 84.8 ± 0.8, 84.7 ± 1.5 and
82 ± 3 Ma (Santonian–Campanian) by 40Ar/39Ar phengite,
U/Pb zircon and rutile dating methods, respectively.
Similarly, phengites in Gündoğmus¸ nappe representing an
accretionary complex yield 82–80 Ma (Campanian) ages
for blueschist facies metamorphism. During the exhumation,
the retrograde overprint of the HP units under
greenschist–amphibolite facies conditions and tectonic juxtaposition
with the Barrovian units occurred during Campanian
(75–78 Ma). Petrological and geochronological data
clearly indicate a similar Late Cretaceous tectonometamorphic
evolution for both Alanya (84–75 Ma) and Bitlis
(84–72 Ma) Massifs. They form part of a single continental
sliver (Alanya–Bitlis microcontinent), which was rifted
from the southern part of the Anatolide–Tauride platform.
The P–T–t coherence between two Massifs suggests that
both Massifs have been derived from the closure of the
same ocean (Alanya–Bitlis Ocean) located to the south of
the Anatolide–Tauride block by a northward subduction.
The boundary separating the autochthonous Tauride platform
to the north from both the Alanya and Bitlis Massifs
to the south represents a suture zone, the Pamphylian–
Alanya–Bitlis suture.

ade is considered as precious rock or gemstone. Jadeite jade is abundant in high-pressure metamorphic rock of garnet-jadeite-quartz rock, which found in Bantimala Compex of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This contribution presents petrography, mineral chemistry, and metamorphic evolution of the garnet-jadeite-quartz rock from the South Sulawesi in Indonesia.
The garnet-jadeite-quartz rock mainly consists of jadeite, garnet, quartz, phengite, epidote, with subordinate amounts of glaucophane and rutile. Large mass of fine-grained epidote, phengite, albite, with or without garnet occurs sporadically and visible to identified with naked eye, which probably pseudomorph after lawsonite. Allanite is abundant, occupies in the core of epidote grains. The allanite is also considered one of rare-earth elements-bearing mineral. Hence, rare-earth elements pattern of this rock gives highest value among other high-pressure metamorphic rocks from the same area.
During metamorphism, the garnet-jadeite-quartz rock was experience in the phengite + jadeite + lawsonite + katophorite / winchite + quartz stability field at prograde stage. NCKFASHO pseudosection analysis and garnet-phengite thermometry suggest this rock has experience peak P-T condition at 2.2–2.5 GPa and 500–540 oC on the equilibrium of garnet, jadeite, lawsonite, phengite, quartz assemblages and subsequently retrogressed on the equilibrium of epidote, phengite, jadeite, amphibole, and albite stability field.
The garnet-jadeite-quartz rock from South Sulawesi gives important meaning not only from the tectonic evolution but also its economic value as gemstone and rare-earth element-bearing rocks. More detailed study is needed to understanding the occurrence and distributions of this rock.

La estadística es la rama de la Matemática que se ocupa de recopilar datos (en censos, encuestas, etc.), de organizarlos para una mejor comprensión del fenómeno que se desea estudiar y de analizarlos con un determinado objetivo. Ésta se aplica a todas las ciencias, pues facilita el estudio de hechos del mundo o de la sociedad.

Correlation of three high-P and low to intermediate-T belts from NW and SW Iberia allows recognition of a single terrane affected by Late Devonian continental subduction during the Variscan orogeny. This terrane is located in the lower part of the allochthonous complexes of NW Iberia, and in a lower position in most of the Ossa Morena Zone that, therefore, emerges as another allochthonous complex of Iberia. The Ossa Morena Complex together with the allochthonous complexes of NW Iberia form a huge rootless nappe that was transported towards the Variscan foreland during final assembly of Pangea.