The Increasing pace of Industrialization throughout the world has brought with It a serious, and ever Increasing threat from air pollution. It Is true that this threat Is being taken seriously, and that many responsible research workers, government advisers and others are working towards Its reduction. But air pollution seems to have something of the nature of a hydra-headed monster: tackle one problem and another immediately grows to take its place. Actions taken sometimes have results that are far from what was envisioned, sometimes even seeming to make the problem worse.

In "The Forgotten Pollution", Roos shows clearly and In an often entertaining way, how many of the "unexpected" side effects of pollution by waste gases and particles can be explained by paying attention to the electrical activity of the atmosphere and the earth.
Using an Instrument, which he has developed the Electrostatic Charged Aerosol Monitor (ECAM), together with other instruments and reference to the literature, much of it dating back to the early days of science, when electrostatics was appreciated as a science more than It Is today, Roos has succeeded In explaining many hitherto "puzzling" phenomena in a clear, simple and intellectually satisfying way.

Bahía Culebra, at Gulf of Papagayo on the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is an area of seasonal
upwelling where more intense cooling events may occur during some boreal winter weeks mainly. To study these
extreme cool events, records of nine sea subsurface temperature stations from 1998 to 2010 were analyzed. Five
events associated with extremely cool temperatures in this region were identified from these records and taken
as study cases. Sea temperatures decreased about 8-9oC during these events and occurred while cold fronts were
present in the Caribbean, with strong trade wind conditions over Central America. These strong wind conditions
may have favored the offshore displacement of the sea surface water. The axis of Bahía Culebra runs northeast-
southwest, a condition that favors and triggers cool water events, mainly because the displaced water is replaced
by water from deeper levels. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (Suppl. 2): 173-186.

Les conditions de température de l'air sont parmi les paramètres les plus importants du climat d'une région ou d'un pays. Trois aspects de la température sont traités, à savoir les températures minimales, les températures maximales et l'amplitude thermique. Des cartes ont été créées à l'aide de données d'observation issues de la Direction de la Météorologie Nationale. Les résultats ont montré qu'il existe une certaine variabilité entre les différentes zones du Maroc, principalement en raison des différences d'altitude (présence de séries de montagnes), de la proximité de la côte et d'autres aspects météorologiques. Une carte de vulnérabilité a été élaborée à partir des résultats précédents et analysée. Les résultats ont montré que les villes les plus vulnérables sont Béni Mellal, Ouarzazate et Rachidia. Cela implique par exemple que les planificateurs nationaux des secteurs de l'agriculture et des transports / infrastructures dans la partie centrale du pays doivent prendre en compte les vulnérabilités liées à la température lorsqu'ils élaborent des stratégies et des plans sectoriels.

Farming communities have been seriously affected by climate variability, in this sense, many of them have
developed certain skills to properly observe and explain astronomical dynamics, rituals and other forms of fauna and flora.
The objective of this study was recognize the cultural autonomy of the indigenous community Kariña, south of the state of
Anzoategui, in the context of climate, through the assessment of the diversity of ancestral knowledge to determine the
effects and adjustments related to natural resources. The participatory research approach through technical dialogue of
knowledge, involving 49 participants from three generations: the elderly, adult and youth was considered. The principal
component analysis (PCA) for data interpretation was used. Through the PCA were selected the top five components that
explained 72.0% of the total variation. A first component associated with the variables: Location and Sex accounted
for 23.0% of the total variance. Were identified: El congorocho, pájaro Tijereta, Chicharra, El Bachaco, El Relampago and
moon phase as bioindicators astronomical climatic and farming demonstrations. These were mostly used by adults
over Kariña culture representing 10.0% of the participants. The results allowed us to recreate, rebuild and add value to local
knowledge in everyday practices in the weather forecast for the use and management of their crops. This analysis allowed
the generation of tools for rural education with greater social and cultural relevance for new generations.

Монография представляет собой обобщенное представление о ветро-волновыхусловиях прибрежной зоны Азово-Черноморского региона. Основное внимание уделено режимным оценкам ветро-волнового климата в прибрежной зоне Азово- Черноморского региона, включая статистические распределения параметров ветра и волнения, анализу макросиноптических процессов, способствующих развитию штормов в регионе, выявлению закономерности формирования аномалий ветро-волнового режима под действием крупномасштабных процессов в системе океан- атмосфера. Выводы монографии основаны на обширном материале стандартных наблюдений, выполняемых на морской береговой сети Гидро-метеорологических служб Азово-Черноморского региона.
      Монография рассчитана на научных сотрудников, аспирантов, студентов, специализирующихся в области климатологии и океанологии. Монография будет интересна также для специалистов, занятых в области гидрометеорологическогообеспечения морских отраслей экономики.

    The monograph provides a recent knowledge about wind-wave conditions in the Azov – Black Sea coastal zone. The main focus is on estimation of wind-wave climate regime. It includes the statistical distributions of wind-wave characteristics, the analysis of macro synoptic processes conducive to the development of storms in the region, and identification of  the pattern of formation of wind-wave anomalies driven by large-scale processes in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. The conclusions of the monograph are based on the study of wide records of standard observation at the coastal network in the Azov and the Black Sea region  from National hydrometeorological services.
    The present monograph is aimed for researchers, postgraduate students, students specializing in climatology and oceanology as well as it can be of interest for specialists engaged in hydrometeorological service for marine industry.

Abstract: Drought is a hazardous and costly natural phenomenon with slow on-set that has dreadful impacts on economy, social life and environment of a country or region. The fact that it is slow on-set and is not quite distinguishable in when is it started or when ended makes the phenomena difficult to study (Hammouri and Naqa, 2007). Drought appears when rainfall in a region is less than statistical multi-year average for that region over an extended time period (Malaet al., 2014). It is a normal climatic event but its effect varies from region to region. There are four types of drought namely; meteorological drought, agricultural drought, hydrological drought and socio economic drought (Rathore, 2009). Meteorological drought is deficiency of rainfall which can be observed immediately (Panu andSharma, 2002). Although drought is a natural occurring recurrent extreme event (Wilhite, 1993; Shatanawi et al., 2013), various empirical and modelling studies proved that climate change is v...

Study on climate modeling.

It uses the energy balance principle for creating the single layer model.
The primary objective of this study to gain skills and understanding in climate modeling which comes from 'Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation' by Vanek, Albright and Angenent.

Primary target of interest:
1. Senior students in engineering and science.
2. Practicing engineers.
3. Other new in the field related to Climate, Green, and Renewable Energy.

Textbook Resources:
1). Energy Systems Engineering (Vanek Albright & Angenent)-Primary.
2). Other references indicated in notes.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode. Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.

Rainfall in Nigeria is highly dynamic and variable on a temporal and spatial scale. This has taken a more pronounced dimension due to climate change. In this paper, Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Coefficient of Variability statistical tools were employed to analyse rainfall trends and patterns in Abuja between 1986 and 2016. Daily rainfall data of 31 years was used for the study. The daily rainfall data was subjected to several analyses. The result obtained indicated that there is a downward trend in the rainfall amount received in Abuja over the last 31 years. Also, a gradual decadal decline in rainfall was observed using the SPI to compare the three decades under review.

Les données mergées représentent une alternative au problème de fluidité des réseaux d'observations météorologiques in-situ. Cette présentation est un exemple de leurs utilisations pour les prévisions saisonnières en Afrique de l'Ouest.

The merged data represent an alternative to the problem of the fluidity of in-situ observations. This presentation is an example of their uses for seasonal forecasts in West Africa especially for Benin

Şehirler yapıları gereği doğal çevreden daha farklı ısınma ve soğuma karakterine sahip olmaktadır. Bu farklılık sonucunda ortaya çıkan yapıya Şehir Isı Adası(ŞIA) denilmektedir. ŞIA'lar meteorolojik verilerin analizi sonucunda ortaya koyulabilmektedir. Bu analizlerin yapılması için şehir içi istasyonlar ve kırsal istasyonlar arasında kıyas yapılması teorik olarak yeterlidir. Akademik araştırmalar sonucunda şehirlerin ısınma ve soğuma karakterini tanımlamak için Yüzey Isı Adası(YIA) kavramı da ortaya çıkmıştır. YIA ve ŞIA kavramları arasındaki temel fark gözetilmeden bazı yayınlarda YIA kavramı ŞIA kavramı yerine de kullanışmış ve bu kullanımdan dolayı hatalı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu iki kavram arasındaki nüansların belirlenmesi amacıyla her iki kavramın da İstanbul örneğindeki sonuçları araştırılmış ve bu sonuçlar üzerinden farklar ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu amaç doğrultusunda İstanbul İli'nin Meteorolojik kayıtları ile Landsat 8 uydusundan elde edilen görüntüle açık kaynak kodlu Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri(CBS) kullanılarak analizler yapılmıştır. Analizler sırasında PostgreSQL veri tabanı, QGis 3.4 ve 2.18 CBS uygulaması ve çeşitli uzaktan algılama yazılımları kullanılmıştır.

Ce cours traite la structure de l'atmosphère et les paramètres climatiques comme  :
1. le rayonnement solaire,
2. la température de l'air,
3. les précipitations,
4. l'évaporation,
5. l'humidité de l’air,
6. la pression de l'air,
7.  le vent.

Radar cuaca merupakan salah satu jenis penginderaan jauh yang digunakan untuk mengamati kondisi atmosfer. Pengideraan jauh dari sistem radar termasuk ke dalam jenis tipe aktif. Karena radar memancarkan gelombang elektromagnetik kemudian mengenai sebuah benda dan dipantulkan kembali energinya menuju receiver radar. Selain itu, dalam materi ini juga disampaikan langkah pengolahan data radar.

Semoga bermanfaat,
Salam,

Richard Mahendra

Meteorologi merupakan sebuah disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari tentang fenomena atmosfer dan interaksinya. Sedangkan meteorologi tropis adalah ilmu yang mempelajari fenomena atmosfer di wilayah tropis (equator). Seperti yang kita tahu bahwa negara Indonesia terletak di garis equator sehingga radiasi matahari memiliki nilai terbesar dibandingkan daerah lainnya.

Semoga bermanfaat,
Salam,

Richard Mahendra

WEAMAST is a meteorological consultancy firm that will specialize in providing real time weather forecasts for farmers, construction companies and other weather-dependent industries as well as providing workable measures for disaster prevention, loss reduction and profit maximization even with the unstable weather trends.
We understand that there are several existing weather-consultancy firms but we have discovered some additional values that have been neglected by these firms. Therefore, we intend to go beyond the existing trends in weather consultancy with the goal of enhancing the usefulness of the daily weather forecasts and predictions by creating simulation models to assist all weather-dependent organizations in achieving their goals without unnecessary weather restrictions.

Los primeros instrumentos que se utilizan para controlar el tiempo eran los sentidos del cuerpo humano especialmente la vista, tacto (sensación), el olfato y el oído. Hasta cierto punto, incluso hoy en día estos son los instrumentos más importantes, ya que, después de todo, estudiamos el tiempo porque queremos saber cómo afectará a nuestra vida diaria y resultados que constituyen los factores ambientales.

Dalam pelaporan berita cuaca meteorologi, agar penjelasan dan makna sama di seluruh negara, maka dibuat sebuah kesepakatan untuk melaporkan dalam bentuk Sandi / Kode. Berikut ini adalah salah satu dari jenis sandi tersebut. Materi ini lebih cenderung ke dalam pelaporan cuaca permukaan.

Semoga bermanfaat,
Salam,


Richard Mahendra

This article explores the causes for the Hurricanes Harvey,Irma and the recent Southasian floods of 2017 and the Indian Monsoon pattern of 2018. It also shows that astronomical/astrological calculations in the nirayana nakshatra system based on ayanamsa values given by various Indian scholars like Lahiri,Raman,Krishnamurthi etc.are bound to result in erroneous predictions as vedic astronomy/astrology was tropical and did not recognise the precession of the equinox for calculation of the rasis(signs) and nakshatras(luni-solar arcs of time).In the vedic period astronomy was the tool for astrological predictions. The transit result of the luminaries and planets in the nakshatras cannot be reproduced by incorporating the ayanamsa value to a so called first point of Aries in the nirayana system.Planetary transit results vary every moment,day and year.The weather and the seasons depends on lunisolar transits.When incorporating the Lahiri ayanamsa the sun on 9 th-Sept will be at 23 deg Leo,whereas in the Sayana/Tropical system it is at 17 deg Virgo,making a difference of about 24 degrees ,changing the nakshatras,signs and giving wrong conclusions.

O El Niño é um fenómeno meteorológico de escala global caracterizado pela interação oceano-atmosfera e que afecta a circulação geral da atmosfera o que provoca variações na temperatura e na precipitação em diversas regiões do globo. No presente trabalho fez-se um estudo a fim de avaliar a influência do El Niño na variação da precipitação e da quantidade de produção agrária. A sua efectivação foi baseada nos métodos de pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, bem como no método estatístico e os resultados revelam que no período de estudo (2010 a 2016), foram registadas duas ocorrências do El Niño dos quais o de 2015/16 ficou classificado como mais intenso de todos os tempos com 2,3 de ION, valor equiparado ao do El Niño de 1997/98. Com a ocorrência do El Niño, houve redução da precipitação e da quantidade de produção agrária, o que deduziu-se numa correlação positiva entre a Precipitação e a quantidade de produção agrária num horizonte temporal de 2010 a 2016. Estes resultados levaram a conclusão de que no período estudado, o El Niño teve uma influência negativa na produção agrária na Província de Gaza.
Palavras-Chave: Influência; El Niño; Produção Agrária.

RESUMO O El Niño é um fenómeno meteorológico de escala global caracterizado pela interação oceano-atmosfera e que afecta a circulação geral da atmosfera o que provoca variações na temperatura e na precipitação em diversas regiões do globo. No presente trabalho fez-se um estudo a fim de avaliar a influência do El Niño na variação da precipitação e da quantidade de produção agrária nas zonas sul e norte da Província de Gaza. A sua efectivação foi baseada nos métodos de pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, bem como no método estatístico e, resultados revelam que de 1950 a 2016, foram registados, 23 ocorrências do El Niño dos quais os fenómenos El Niño de 1982/83, 1997/98 e 2015/16 foram registados como os mais intensos de todos os tempos. O período em estudo inicia com o término do El Niño 2009/10 (moderado) e é intercedido por duas ocorrências de La Niña (2010/11 e 2011/12), até a ocorrência do El Niño 2015/16, o mais intenso cuja magnitude máxima é de 2.3, valor equiparado ao do El Niño de 1997/98. Com a ocorrência do El Niño, houve redução da precipitação e da quantidade de produção agrária, o que conduziu à concluir-se que existe uma correlação positiva entre a P (mm) e a quantidade de produção agrária. Isto levou a conclusão de que o El Niño tem uma influência negativa na produção agrária em Gaza. Palavras-Chave: Influência; El Niño; Produção Agrária. ABSTRACT El Niño is a global-scale meteorological phenomenon characterized by the interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean, which affects the general circulation of the atmosphere, causing variations in temperature and precipitation in several regions of the globe. In the present work a study was carried out in order to evaluate the influence of El Niño on the variation of precipitation and the quantity of agricultural production in the southern and northern zones of the Gaza' Province. Its effectiveness was based on bibliographic research, documentary research methods, as well as on the statistical method, and results show that from 1950 to 2016, 23 El Niño occurrences were recorded, of which the El Niño phenomena of 1982/83, 1997 / 98 and 2015/16 were recorded as the most intense of all time. The study period begins with the end of El Niño 2009/10 (moderate) and is interceded by two La Niña events (2010/11 and 2011/12), until El Niño 2015/16, the most intense one maximum magnitude is 2.3, equivalent to that of the El Niño of 1997/98. With the occurrence of El Niño, there was a reduction in precipitation and in the quantity of agricultural production, which led to the conclusion that there is a positive correlation between P (mm) and the quantity of agricultural production. This led to the conclusion that El Niño has a negative influence on agrarian production in Gaza.

Soon after the fall of New France 1763) under French King Louis XV to the British Empire (English King George II and George III), more than 65,000 French Canadians were left under new rule along the shores of the St. Lawrence River towards the end of the 18 th century and the early 19 th century.

Measuring climatic conditions is a fundamental task for a wide array of scientific and practical fields. Weather variables change depending on position and time, especially in tropical zones without seasons. Additionally, the increasing development of precision or smart agriculture makes it necessary to improve the measurement systems while widely distributing them at the location of crops. For these reasons, in this work, the design, construction and fabrication of an adaptable autonomous solar-powered climatic station with wireless 3G or WiFi communication is presented. The station measures relative humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, wind speed, and light radiation. In addition, the system monitors the charge state of the main battery and the energy generated by the photovoltaic module to act as a reference cell for solar energy generation capability and agrivoltaic potential in the installation area. The station can be remotely controlled and reconfigured. The collected data from all sensors can be uploaded to the cloud in real-time. This initiative aims at enhancing the development of free and open source hardware that can be used by the agricultural sector and that allows professionals in the area to improve harvest yield and production conditions.

INTRODUCCIÓN La expresión geociencias ha tenido en Venezuela una acepción más bien restringida a ciencias geológicas, pero no en el sentido amplio como puede desprenderse de la etimología de la palabra geología, sino con un alcance usualmente limitado a las ciencias de la litosfera. Por fuerza de hechos, la Geología ha prevalecido sobre las demás ciencias de la Tierra. Esta realidad, desde luego, tiene que ver con la historia de las actividades de prospección y explotación de los yacimientos de petróleo, hierro y aluminio, además de oro y diamantes, entre otros recursos minerales presentes en relativa abundancia en las diferentes formaciones geológicas que constituyen el sustrato físico del territorio nacional y con la trascendental importancia que adquirieron esos recursos en la economía venezolana, como lo prueba el simple hecho de que las voces ALUMINIO, BITUMEN NATURAL, DIAMANTES, GEOLOGÍA, HIERRO, ORO, PETRÓLEO y PETRÓLEO CRUDO, entre otras, aparezcan incorporadas en el Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela (Fundación Polar, 1997), mientras que, con relación al desarrollo de las disciplinas oceanográficas en el país, en esta importante publicación sólo se encuentra la voz CIENCIAS DEL MAR, al tiempo que sobre las ciencias de la atmósfera únicamente puede encontrarse una somera alusión a la fundación del Observatorio Cagigal, hacia finales del siglo XIX, incluida bajo la voz CIENCIAS NATURALES, FÍSICAS Y MATEMÁTICAS, pero sin mención concreta a importantes ciencias como la Meteorología y la Hidrología. Hay que señalar, sin embargo, que la voz CLIMATOLOGÍA también se encuentra incluida en la citada obra de referencia, si bien su texto se limita a una descripción general de las condiciones climáticas del territorio venezolano, sin ninguna información acerca de la evolución de los estudios climatológicos en el país, acompañada de unas pocas referencias bibliográficas que resultan desactualizadas aún para la época de la primera edición (1987) del Diccionario de la Fundación Polar, considerando que para entonces ya existían publicaciones sobre estadísticas climatológicas del territorio venezolano (Servicio de Meteorología FAV, 1980; 1982) mucho más modernas que los trabajos de Epifanio González (1941; 1949) citados en dichas notas, además de que también se omiten las referencias a trabajos como los de Pablo Vila, en cuya obra cardinal (1960) dedica 15 capítulos al análisis de las condiciones climatológicas del territorio venezolano (Foghin, 2004) y a estudios fundamentales como los de Antonio Goldbrunner (1960; 1976; 1982) y Jesús Sánchez Carrillo (1981). Lo cierto es que las ciencias de la litosfera han prevalecido en muchos sentidos-escuelas, planes de estudios, número de asignaturas-, sobre las otras disciplinas que integran el campo de las geociencias en su sentido más amplio, las cuales se han visto relegadas a un segundo plano y han adquirido, en consecuencia, un menor desarrollo. En el ámbito académico y en nuestra propia Institución, sin ir más lejos, se observa que el plan de estudios del Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra contempla la aprobación de seis asignaturas obligatorias en el área de litosfera, mientras que en las áreas de hidrósfera y atmósfera los cursos obligatorios se reducen a uno en cada una. Como consecuencia de esta situación, en la cual las causas y los efectos se retroalimentan, el país ha vivido y sigue viviendo de espaldas, como suele decirse, a su red hidrográfica, con contadas excepciones entre las cuales destaca el desarrollo hidroeléctrico en la cuenca del Caroní; de espaldas, así mismo, a su mar, lo cual se comprueba al observar el escasísimo tráfico marítimo a lo largo de todas nuestras costas, con quizá la única excepción de la flota petrolera y también de espaldas, en gran medida, a su entorno atmosférico, como se verá, con mayor detalle más adelante. Puede decirse entonces, en términos coloquiales, que en Venezuela las ciencias de la hidrósfera y de la atmósfera han sido y siguen siendo las " cenicientas " de las geociencias. Antes de proseguir, como acto de reconocimiento más que para evitar herir susceptibilidades, es conveniente dejar claro que de tal discriminación histórica no puede culparse a los geólogos. Este gremio hizo siempre lo que le correspondía hacer, respondiendo, con el más alto sentido de responsabilidad y el mayor rigor científico, a la llamada de un país que, desde las primeras décadas del siglo XX basó sus planes de desarrollo en los ingresos provenientes de las actividades minero-extractivas. Como pruebas de dicha aserción, entre otras, pueden citarse desde publicaciones de la categoría de la primera edición del Léxico Estratigráfico de Venezuela (Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos, 1956), hasta la reciente celebración del IX Congreso Geológico Venezolano, efectuado en Caracas en octubre de 2007, setenta años después de que se celebrara, en la misma ciudad, el Primer Congreso Geológico, además del

Solar energy is an energy source that depends on time; for a wide range of applications energy requirements also depend on the time, but separately from the supply of solar energy, so that the gap between the periods of availability of solar energy and consumption periods require some form of storage.

La energía solar es una fuente de energía que depende del tiempo; para una amplia gama de aplicaciones las necesidades de energía dependen también del tiempo, pero en forma distinta del suministro de energía solar, por lo que el desfase entre los períodos de disponibilidad de la energía solar y los períodos de consumo, requieren de alguna forma de almacenamiento.

Data iklim merupakan data statistik yang perlu diolah terlebih dahulu sebelum dianalisis. Salah satu teknik pengolahan data yaitu dengan mengidentifikasi data dengan skala pengukuran. Menurut Steven (1946) dalam Ary (2014), skala pengukuran terdiri atas 4 yaitu skala nominal, skala ordinal, skala interval, dan skala rasio. Perbedaan keempatnya terdapat pada jenis penggolongan data dan faktor lainnya. Skala nominal menyatakan kategori tanpa adanya urutan kategori. Skala ordinal mengkategorikan variabel ka dalam suatu kategori dengan adanya peringkat kategori. Penggolongan ordinal mempunyai tingkatan tetapi jarak diantara kategori tidak dapat dianggap sama (Budiaji 2013). Menurut Steven (1946) dalam Ary (2014), skala interval berbeda dengan ordinal, jarak diantara kategori dapat dianggap sama atau dengan nilai interval yang sama. Skala pengukuran yang terakhir, skala rasio yaitu skala interval yang memiliki nilai dasar dan tidak dapat diubah. Keberadaan skala pengukuran dapat memudahkan proses analisis data iklim. Konsep klasifikasi data iklim berupa penataan, penggolongan, dan penggolongan selang sama berbanding dengan skala pengukuran ordinal, nominal, dan interval. Penggunaan skala pengukuran dalam pengolahan data iklim dapat ditemui dalam bidang terapan pertanian, dan kehutanan. Dalam bidang pertanian, penataan curah hujan digunakan untuk menentukan bulan basah, lembab, dan kering untuk klasifikasi iklim Oldeman (Handoko 2017). Selain itu, penataan insolasi matahari juga digunakan dalam bidang kehutanan, yaitu untuk mengetahui kestabilan atmosfer akibat kebakaran hutan dengan skala Pasquill (Sumaryati dkk. 2018). Dalam sistem agroforestri, fluks radiasi digunakan untuk menentukan berapa besar fluks yang ditransmisikan di bawah kanopi. Radiasi matahari yang sampai pada kanopi tanaman sebagian akan diserap, dipantulkan dan diteruskan atau masuk melalui celah daun hingga sampai pada lantai hutan (Pinty et.al. 1997).

Berikut ini adalah rangkuman mengenai pengetahuan umum cuaca. Pengertian dari meteorologi fisis itu sendiri adalah pembahan mengenai sebuah fenomena atmosfer yang dijelaskan secara ilmu fisika. Sebenarnya masih banyak sekali hal yang bisa kita bahas di dalam cuaca itu sendiri. Namun, saya berharap materi ini bisa membantu pembaca untuk lebih memahami cuaca dengan mudah.

Semoga bermanfaat,
Salam,

Richard Mahendra