On the occasion of Kynouria and in order to achieve the protection and projection of antiquities, a web-based model is proposed for highlighting individual monuments and archaeological sites, having in mind the historical and archaeological evidence of the region, the topography, the demographic profile and the tourist infrastructure, and combining them with the development programs for cultural routes. Therefore, creating suitable databases and mapping the monuments in the area are key prerequisites of the process, as they contribute to an objective assessment of the current situation and then to make rational decisions. In this frame, modern technology provides some important planning tools (GIS, GPS, and OMS) which allow recording and mapping of data, viewing the relationships between them in the area where they appear and managing their projection. The complete study of Kynouria’s archaeological routes contains the implementation of a website using free or open-source soft...

This research primarily aims to develop a method in which road distress can be identified at early stage so that it could be maintained and fixed early thus avoiding critical damage. The primary source of data for the project was obtained by field survey with the use of vehicle and a handheld GPS to obtain the coordinates of each distress and a digital camera was used to take the pictures of the distress. The secondary sources of data include the Google Earth Imagery and the Remote sensing data. The approach adopted in this work involves obtaining the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the photographs of each distress noticed on the road, and then attaching the photographs to the classified map. The study was conducted in Yewa South Local Government in Ogun State in Nigeria which cover an area of 656,54 sqkm with population of 168,850 at the 2006 census. The study area has a total road length of 893.017 km. Assessment of road infrastructure using remote sensing and ArcGIS Geodataba...

The scope of the research work comprised the planning and preliminary data requirement analyses, acquisition of preliminary data such as base map, data processing and database creation process, GIS implementation using linear referencing, map creation and analyses of data as well as the presentation of results.The aim of this research is to produce a new and updated map of the study area and document changes that have occurred over time. The objectives therefore includes; obtaining an older map of Lagos Island and update its features, obtaining the GPS coordinates within the study area for geo-referencing, analyzing the land use patterns for the study area, producing a new map in a Geospatial Information System Environment and analyzing the social-economic activities within the study area.The study area of this research is Lagos Island Local Government Area, in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is located in the Southwestern part of Lagos. The Study area is Located to the extreme south of Lagos, within the latitude 6 o 22'-6 o 25'N and Longitude 3 o 25'E around Atlas Cove Depot and Jetty.Methodologically, this study employed field studies where equipments such as Garmin GPS MAP 62 (Series), Data storage, manipulation and retrieval hardwares were deployed. GIS operations were carried out using softwares such ArcGIS 10.8, AutoCAD 2007 for drafting, GoogleEarth-4.2 pro Application, Microsoft Excel 2007 for the storage of easting and northing (x, y) values, for all segment points and points of interest in the study area ArcGIS 10.8 software was used for Dynamic segmentation process and GIS analysis involving spatial analysis and search while Microsoft Word 2007 was used for documentation. The result showed new spatial features such as reclaimed wet lands, new roads, buildings and social amenities located in the updated map. Finally the study by demonstrating the capacity of the use GIS and remote sensing techniques for updating of maps.

While high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets have been captured through space-borne imagery to map badland landscapes at fine scales, these remain essentially top-down views of the surface and cannot adequately capture the micro-morphological features (soil pipes, hollows, earth pillars and rills) which form along the gully flanks and walls. For imaging these, thus, a ground-based, horizontal looking sensor is required, with further post-processing abilities of identifying individual aspects, stitching the images together using common points, generation of sparse and dense point clouds and final creation of meshes with overlain textures to generate viable three-dimensional representations of such surface forms. This paper uses ground-based close-range digital photography along with the structure-from-motion technique to generate high-resolution DEMs and threedimension (3D) representations of gullies and badland landscapes, which cannot otherwise be captured even by very high-resolution imagery or available satellite-imaged elevation datasets, since these systems lack the required view angle. The structure-from-motion technique has been a recent advancement in this domain, and its mechanism and workflow are explained in detail in this paper. Examples of its implementation in gully mapping are then showcased from the Gangani badland tract in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal. Repeated photographic surveys reveal the nature of morphological changes in the micro gully features, documenting erosional activity at fine scales. The imaging and rendering of these micro features also allow information like the relative lithological hardness to be superimposed on them for a better comparative analysis.

Whether the problem is tactical, strategic, or administrative, any data containing location information can be displayed and analyzed using geographic information system (GIS) technology. GIS is an essential part of a crime analyst's toolkit. In this research work, we determine valuable information for the Police force within Mubi Metropolis by incorporating traditional law enforcement agency (Police) data with data such as demographics, different kind of crimes over a specific period of time, infrastructure, and offender tracking in the form of route analysis, GIS was used to transform information into actionable intelligence, improve critical decision making in a rapidly changing environment and have a direct impact on the safety of Police force and the citizens they serve.

The book adopts a classical pedagogical approach by providing a vivid insight into the theory of surveying and its application through solving typical problems in the field of surveying. It aims at helping the students understand surveying more comprehensively through solving field related problems. Each chapter of the book commences with a summary of basic theory and a range of worked out examples making it very useful for all undergraduate and postgraduate courses in surveying. Alternative solutions to the problems wherever possible, have also been included for stimulating the budding minds. A number of objective type questions which are now a days commonly used in many competitive examinations, have been included on each topic to help the readers to get better score in such examinations. At the end, a number of selected unsolved problems have also been included to attain confidence on the subject by solving them. The book is also intended to help students preparing for AMIE, IS, and Diploma examinations. The practicing engineers and surveyors will also find the book very useful in their career while preparing designs and layouts of various application-oriented projects.

The project was aimed at carrying out Second Order Control Densification in Oyo Metropolis, in doing this, a high precision instrument was utilized. The reconnaissance survey was carried out both the office planning and the field reconnaissance, the imagery of the project area was obtained from satellite imagery, the network was designed on the imagery, while ground truthing was obtained using GERMIN 7000 GPS. Data required for the project was obtained through primary means of data acquisition using series 1200 differential GPS from Leica geosystems using it in static mode. Each of the controls was tied to nearby permanent features using compass and linear tape. Data acquired was downloaded from the TC 1200 GPS and was processed with Leica Geo office combined software, transformed using DATUM2 software by Surv. S.A. Ajibade and GEOCALC software, adjustment of the data was done using Wolfpack software by Prof. Paul R.Wolf (Emeritus). The adjusted coordinate for each of the points was plotted in AutoCAD 2013 and exported to ArcGIS 10.2 for the presentation, and a comprehensive report was written.

Daratan: Bentuk muka bumi daratan dapat kita lihat secara langsung. Tidak seperti bentuk permukaan bumi dasar laut. Bentuk permukaan bumi daratan sebagai akibat proses alam endogen dan eksogen sangat banyak dan beranekaragam. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh bentuk muka bumi di daratan, antara lain

Background: Soil erosion causes topsoil loss, which decreases fertility in agricultural land. Spatial estimation of soil
erosion essential for an agriculture-dependent country like Nepal for developing its control plans. This study evaluated impacts on Dolakha using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model; analyses the efect of land use
and land cover (LULC) on soil erosion.
Results: The soil erosion rate categorized into six classes based on the erosion severity, and 5.01% of the areas found
under extreme severe erosion risk (>80 Mg ha−1 year−1
) addressed by decision-makers for reducing its rate and consequences. Followed by 10% classifed between high and severe range from 10 to 80 Mg ha−1 year−1
. While 15% and
70% of areas remained in a moderate and low-risk zone, respectively. Result suggests the area of the north-eastern
part suffers from a high soil erosion risk due to steep slope.
Conclusions: The result produces a spatial distribution of soil erosion over Dolakha, which applied for conservation
and management planning processes, at the policy level, by land-use planners and decision-makers.

The paper reports on both methodological and substantive findings. It presents a method for generating simplified representations for regional urban populations, their geographical sub-populations and communities. the method generates greatly simplified high-resolution socio-economic profiles of populated geographical areas from complex large census data sets.

This study examines the distribution of dump sites within The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria. IKONOS Satellite imagery was acquired and processed for proper identification of the existing dump sites. Field data were acquired using Global Positioning System (Garmin GPS 72csx). Image and data processing as well as database creation was done using ArcGIS 10.5 (Arcmap 10.5). Legal and illegal dump sites were identified and mapped out and as well as the proximity of the dump sites to roads, residential areas and waterways in the study area were determined. Composite map and spatial analysis map queries were produced. From the result, it shows that eleven (11) legal dump sites and twenty four (24) illegal dump sites were within the study area. World standards on dump sites conformity were considered. From the result in the study area, it shows that there are more illegal dump sites than legal dump sites. Based on proximity of the dump sites to the roads, waterways and built up areas, many of the dump site were very close to buildings where they only not destroy the aesthetic value of the areas but also constitute breeding grounds for vectors like flies, rodents, mosquitoes, which transmit diseases like typhoid fever, malaria, cholera and laser fever which are part of the killer diseases in Nigeria and most of the African countries. Therefore, the study recommends that more legal dump sites should be created and monitored in the study area, most especially in the Northern parts the study area since the population there is high. Also, students as well as staff should be well educated on the risk associated with indiscriminate refuse disposal.

The environment is very important to man. Its continuous existence and sustenance depend on the ability to avoid its mismanagement. Land cover is a fundamental parameter describing the Earth’s surface, which is a considerable variable that impacts on and links many parts of the human and physical environments. This research sought to analyse the trend of Land cover transformation of Federal University of Technology Akure over a decade using medium
resolution multi-temporal satellite images (Landsat 1987, TM 2002 and ETM 2017) with the help of satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques. Spatial data were collected over the study period to determine the transformation of the landcover in the study area. The satellite images were subjected to radiometric and atmospheric distortion corrections, pan sharpening enhancement and processing using ENVI 5.3 software; and further subjected to supervised image classification using ArcGIS 10.2 software into five land cover classes which are thick vegetation, light vegetation, grassland, bareland and built up. Land cover maps for each study year were produced and analyzed. The analysis
showed that thick vegetation had an increase of 6.9% from 1987-2002, and a further gain of 4.1% from 2002-2017. Grassland increased by 6.2% in the year 1987 to 2002 and diminished with 0.8% loss from year 2002 to 2017 while bare land experienced a 0.1% increase from 1987- 2002 and a 3% increase from 2002 - 2007. Built up areas increased by 10.4% from 1987-2002 and 2.2% from 2002-2017. Light vegetation on the other hand had a -15.7% decrease between the year 1987 and 2002 and a further -8.5% loss between 2002 to 2017. The study observed a steady infrastructural development on the campus responsible for these changes and predicted more transformation by the year 2030. The study recommended a regular and consistent conduct of the analysis of land cover trend for environmental monitoring towards sustainable planning and development.

Keywords: Analysis, decade, land cover, multi-temporal, trend

Land is limited resource in the Earth and therefore land has become more valuable than ever.
Land use is changing, deforestation is occurred, settlement and agricultural practices is increased and
that demands more land. Increased understanding of human impact on nature and environment
underlines importance of sustainable land use and planning. In that perspective the importance of
landscape analysis and understanding of interaction of nature factors and human activities become
more and more significant. The aim of the project is to provide an assessment and description of the
character, distinctiveness and qualities of the landscape of Kansai – Tangai interfluves area of
Paschim Midnapur District, identifying their component landscape types and character areas and to
identify factors of change that have influenced landscape change in the past, factors currently at play
and those, which will influence change in the future. This should include outside factors which
impact locally.

The application of the transformation geoid model in Benin City has necessitated its fitting to the existing gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area. The transformation geoid model was determined using the Kotsakis (2008) model for the transformation of global geoid heights to local geoidal undulations. To obtain its accuracy, the root mean square error (RMSE) index was applied. The computed accuracy is 2.0172 m. To apply the determined geoid model in the study area, as well as improving on the computed accuracy, the model was fitted to the gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area. The fitting result shows that geoid heights can be computed using the determined geoid model with an accuracy of 1.1041 m in the study area.

MSc Student Assignment Nr. 3 on module ’Geographical Information Systems: Advanced Course (GISA02)’ Lund University, GIS Centre. The work presents a research on using datasets, working with databases in ArcGIS environment: creating connections, exporting results, adding new field containing reclassification using Spatial Analyst extension, making logical SQL-queries for different available attributes. “Select by Location” and “Select by Attributes” functions were used for data analysis which creates following relationships: intersect, are within, touch the boundary of, ’are crossed by the outline of, contain, share a line segment with, are within distance.

The presentation demonstrates a technical case study of the image processing by ILWIS GIS. Study area is located in the southwestern, agricultural part of Hungary (Mecsek Hills foothill area). The landscapes of the Mecsek region represent a unique part of the Hungarian environment belonging to the Carpathian basin. However, changes in the land cover types were detected recently caused by various environmental reasons. Study aim was to compare changes in the land cover types and landscape dynamics. 3 Landsat TM images have a temporary gap of 14 years (1992-2006). The gap aimed to assess vegetation changes in the summer months (June). The study includes following methodological steps: 1) Data collection: 3 Landsat TM images; 2) Data import and conversion. 3) Data preprocessing: scenes of 1992, 1999 and 2006. 4) Making color composites from 3 Landsat TM spectral channels (multi-band layers). 5) Image segmentation and classification (clustering). 6) GIS mapping and spatial analysis. 7) Google Earth snapshot verification. 8) Results interpretation. Results analysis shown changes in the selected area detected by ILWIS GIS image classification.

The proposed transformation of the global geoid model method for the determination of the local geoid model of Nigeria has only been applied in part of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. To determine the consistency of the accuracy of the method for the intended purpose, there is a need to apply it in some other parts of the country. As a result, this study presents the verification of the consistency of the proposed transformation of global geoid method accuracy for local geoid model of Nigeria determination. DGNSS observations were carried out to obtain the coordinates of the used points. The processed global geographic coordinates were used with online software (GeoidEval) to obtain the EGM 08 geoid heights of the points. The global geographic coordinates, the global geoid heights of the points and the transformation parameters from WGS 84 to Minna datum were applied to obtain the transformed (local) geoid heights of the points using a Microsoft Excel program. The transformed geoid heights were compared with their corresponding geoid heights from the gravimetric-geometric local geoid model of the study area to obtain the model RMSE (accuracy). The obtained accuracy (2.0172 m) was compared with those of the gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area (0.675 m) and the transformation of global geoid heights when the method was applied in part of Abuja (0.0014 m). The comparison results showed the inconsistency of the accuracy of the proposed method. It is recommended that the method should not be applied for the intended purpose.

Actualisation and sustenance of cities is an important part of the 'agenda 2030' global sustainable development goals (SDGs) especially as it concerned the metamorphosis of developing countries through emergence of future cities. This study sought to map the spatio-temporal landuse pattern of Akure, Ondo State Nigeria, as an important component in actualizing and sustaining future cities in developing countries. Ikonos and Quickbird satellite images for years 2006 and 2016 were acquired, and corrected for atmospheric, geometric and radiometric distortions, and then subjected to segmentation algorithm of the Object Oriented Image Analysis (OBIA) using the eCognition developer 64-9.01 software. OBIA segmentation groups similar pixels as 'objects' and into 'segments'. The segmentation result was exported to ArcGIS 10.3 software environment where each segment was assigned a landuse type, using visual interpretation techniques. Eight landuse classes were extracted for each of the two years and generated into landuse maps. An accuracy assessment was performed on the maps and the result obtained was 93.07% and 87.73% respectively. The result of the analysis showed that a 201.76km 2 total area mapped in 2006 has increased to 204.69 km 2 in 2016. Open landuse had the highest areal coverage in 2006 followed by residential landuse, but the reverse was the case in 2016. The study observed significant areal change in the landuse types as Open-space and Residential were the dominant landuse types in the study period while other landuse types did not make significant changes within the study period. The study recommended a close watch on the observed unguided expansion and uncontrolled urbanization which may defeat the actualization and sustenance of the future Akure city.

Water is a renewable natural resource which is an important constituent in human life. Surface water in almost all countries is getting highly polluted. To determine the quality of water physical and chemical parameters of water samples were determined and the results were compared with the values of WHO and IBS water quality standards. To determine groundwater configuration electrical resistivity techniques were applied to measure earth resistivity by passing an electrical current in to the ground and measuring the resulting potential created on the earth.

المستخلص: إن تطورمجال نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والاستشعار عن بعد، ساهم مساهمة كبيرة في تطور واكتشاف العديد من المعالم الأثرية، لذلك نجد دراستنا تناقش توثيق المعالم المكانية الأثريةلمنطقة قري، السودان باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والاستشعار عن بعد، حيث نجد أن قلة في المعلومات الوصفية والمكانية للمعالم الأثريةلمنطقة قري، إضافة الي عدم وجود تطبيق معلوماتي متكامل يسهم في توثيق هذه المعالم وتطويرها من خلال دعم متخذي القرار. إن أهداف الدراسة تتمثل في جمع وتصنيف البيانات والمعلومات المكانية والوصفية للمعالم الأثريةلمنطقة قري، تصميم قاعدة البيانات المكانية للمعالم المكانية الأثريةلمنطقة قري، تنفيذ تطبيق جغرافي مكاني للمعالم المكانية الأثريةلمنطقة قري، إنتاج خريطة المعالم المكانية الأثريةلمنطقة قري. اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي الميداني التطبيقي. توصلت الدراسة الي العديد من النتائج من أهمها:تم تسجيل وحصرحوالي 20 موقع  أثري بمنطقة قري حيث تعود لفترات تاريخية مختلفة منذ العصور الحجرية حتي الفترة الإسلامية. تشمل مواقع استيطانية – مقابر- كنائس. هذا التنوع والثراء في المواقع  يوضح ان منطقة قري ظلت معاصرة كل الفترات الأثرية في السودان،  (( عصور حجرية (300.00- 3700ق م) 8 معالم، مابعد مروي (من القرن الربع الميلادي - القرن السادس الميلادي) 4 معالم، الفترة المسيحية ( منصف القرن السادس الميلادي – 1504 م) 4 معالم، الفترة الاسلامية (1505 – 1820 م)  5 معالم،  و 2 معلم غير محدده)). تم بناء قاعدة البيانات المكانية للمعالم المكانية الأثريةلمنطقة قري، تنفيذ تطبيق جغرافي مكاني للمعالم المكانية الأثريةلمنطقة قري، تم إنتاج العديد من الخرائط والمعالم المكانية الأثرية لمنطقة قري(خريطة لجميع المعالم، في العصر الحجري، الفترة ما بعد مروي، الفترة المسيحية، الفترة الاسلامية، الفترة غير محددة)، توصي الدراسة بتصميم تطبيق ويب وموبايل لدعم متخذ القرار، وارشادي للسائح، كما توصي باعداد دراسة مستقبلية لتطبيق ثلاثي الابعاد للمنطقة.
الكلمات المفتاحية : نظم المعلومات الجغرافيةالأثرية (Archeology Geographic Information System-AGIS)، قاعدة البيانات الجغرافية الأثرية (Archeology Geodatabase-AGDB)، تطبيقات الجيومعلوماتية Geoinformatics Application

This research primarily aims to develop a method in which road distress can be identified at early stage so that it could be maintained and fixed early thus avoiding critical damage. The primary source of data for the project was obtained by field survey with the use of vehicle and a handheld GPS to obtain the coordinates of each distress and a digital camera was used to take the pictures of the distress. The secondary sources of data include the Google Earth Imagery and the Remote sensing data. The approach adopted in this work involves obtaining the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the photographs of each distress noticed on the road, and then attaching the photographs to the classified map. The study was conducted in Yewa South Local Government in Ogun State in Nigeria which cover an area of 656,54 sqkm with population of 168,850 at the 2006 census. The study area has a total road length of 893.017 km. Assessment of road infrastructure using remote sensing and ArcGIS Geodatabase methodology for monitoring the condition of paved and unpaved road is an efficient approach utilized in management, planning and subsequent development of the road network in the study area.

Surveying and remote sensing are an integral part of modern archaeological research. The main tasks solved by remote sensing methods: high-precision geodetic support of archaeological work, consolidation of diverse and heterogeneous data into a single geographic information system, research (search) of archaeological objects. The article presents the technologies and methods for a comprehensive survey of archaeological sites using unmanned aerial photography, airborne laser scanning and magnetometric ground reconnaissance. The work was carried out at the facilities of the Bosporus Archaeological Expedition of the State Historical Museum on the Taman Peninsula. Aerial photography was performed by the Geoscan 101 Geodesy complex with the definition of high-precision projection centers for areal objects and the DJI Phantom 4 Pro quadrocopter for relatively small local objects. Photogrammetric processing was performed in Agisoft PhotoScan software. New technologies for geodesic referencing of aerial photographs and photogrammetric processing made it possible to ensure high positioning accuracy and reliability of received terrain documents (digital surface and terrain models, orthomosaics, three-dimensional terrain models and objects). Airborne laser scanning was performed using a Russian-made AGM-MS3 laser scanner mounted on a DJI MATRICE 600 quadcopter, with an integrated satellite receiver and Novatel inertial system.
The magnetometric survey was carried out using a 4-sensor SENSYS induction gradiometer of high resolution and sensitivity, with georeferencing of magnetograms to the WGS-84 common geodetic coordinate system, as well as aerial photographs. Comparison and analysis of airborne and ground-based remote sensing data was performed by the QGIS geographic information system. The data obtained made it possible not only to improve the quality and reliability of forecasts and hypotheses in archaeological research, but also to correct and supplement previous studies.

Den Ausgangspunkt dieser Monographie bilden die seit Jahrzehnten verankerte Methode des Projektes der Tabula Imperii Byzantini (TIB) der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und die daraus anhand des Quellenstudiums gewonnenen Lemmata zu den Toponymen der historischen Landschaft Makedonien, wie sie im Rahmen des Teilprojektes „Makedonien, nördlicher Teil“ (TIB 16) vorab definiert wurde.
Der Verfasser hat bewußt eine Mesoregion aus diesem umfassenden Bearbeitungsgebiet von TIB 16 gewählt, nämlich die Flußtäler der Strumica (Strumešnica) und der Kriva Lakavica zwischen den Orten Štip im Nordwesten und Melnik im Osten, um an ebendieser seine Gedanken einer innovativen Weiterentwicklung der historisch-geographischen Erforschung des Byzantinischen Reiches exemplarisch darzulegen bzw. zu formulieren.
Diese Weiterentwicklung wird in insgesamt neun Abschnitten umfassend erläutert. Ausgehend von der TIB setzt der Verfasser zunächst einen Schwerpunkt auf die Untersuchung der erwähnten Mesoregion unter dem Gesichtspunkt siedlungstheoretischer Überlegungen. Namentlich wird die modifizierte „Central Place Theory“ auf insgesamt vier Untereinheiten der Mesoregion angewandt, um deren räumliche Ausgestaltung bzw. Differenzierung vom 13. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert erfaßbar zu machen. Daraus lassen sich neben Daten zur Zentralität auch jene zur Siedlungsentwicklung – wie zum Beispiel zu Wüstungsprozessen, Kolonisation und Siedlungskontinuität – herauslesen. Aufgezeigt wird zudem die Bedeutung der Weidewirtschaft in der Nutzung von vermeintlichem „Niemandsland“ zwischen Siedlungen, die sowohl in den schriftlichen Quellen als auch im toponomastischen Befund greifbar ist.
Weiters wird veranschaulicht, wie sich der Informationsgehalt mittelalterlicher schriftlicher Quellen und archäologischer Befunde zum Bearbeitungsgebiet sinnvoll durch neuzeitliche Archivalien des 19. Jahrhunderts (d. h. aus vorindustrieller Zeit), durch Surveys vor Ort, durch die Anwendung des Global Positioning System (GPS) und durch den Einsatz der Geoinformatik ergänzen bzw. bereichern läßt. Hierbei tritt deutlich hervor, daß z. B. eine wesentliche Vertiefung der Kenntnisse über den Verlauf von Verkehrswegen in einer Region durch die Einbeziehung der besagten Aspekte (im besonderen durch „ least-cost path“-Modelle sowie Georeferenzierung neuzeitlicher Landkarten) erzielt werden kann.>BR> Nur durch eine zeitintensive Vorbereitung läßt sich feststellen, ob aus der Kombination von schriftlichen Quellen, archäologischem Befund, ergänzenden neuzeitlichen Archivalien und von Surveys samt GPS-Einsatz ein Datensatz erstellt werden kann, der sich in das Rechenmodell geoinformatischer Anwendungen (Geographical Information Systems / GIS) einbetten läßt. Ausgehend von den GPS-Wegpunkten der auf der Basis der schriftlichen Quellen greifbaren Siedlungen, die während der Surveys vor Ort eingemessen wurden, wird eine tiefergreifende Auswertung des Zentralitätsfaktors von Siedlungen mittels historisch-geographischer Netzwerkanalyse präsentiert.
Somit stellt diese Monographie das verbindende Glied in einer langen Kette historisch-geographischer Forschungstätigkeit an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften dar, indem sie von der bewährten Methode der TIB ausgehend durch gezielte Anwendung von Siedlungstheorien und Geoinformatik den bisherigen Weg bereichert und einen neuen in Richtung GIS, GIS-Datenbanken und verstärkter Internetpräsenz weist.

Result values that are obtained from diverse queries and cartographic products need to be sufficiently comprehensible to their users. Geographic Information System GIS is the most effective way of examining and evaluating the results of analyses which use a multitude of data and different criteria. In the research into reasons for traffic accidents, several statistical methods can be used for determining the most critical points, called Hot Spots, where traffic accidents frequently happen.

Increasing population growth, lack of suitable waste treatment and disposal sites, in addition to inadequate equipment for waste recycling, poor town planning, accumulation of waste beside the roads and canals caused by inadequate waste collection and lack of enough data and information on waste generation could be observed as palpable causes of inadequate waste management in our societies, as well as sources of environmental pollution. This paper considered the applications of Geographic Information Systems in the selection of suitable land fill sites in Ado-Odo/Ota LGA. Geospatial data of the study area were obtained, buffer, overlay and intersection analysis were carried out to exclude non-suitable locations and identification of suitable sites. The suitable locations for landfill were selected, and we concluded that GIS is a veritable tool in qualitative decision making in environmental management and sustainable development.

The application of the transformation geoid model in Benin City has necessitated its fitting to the existing gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area. The transformation geoid model was determined using the Kotsakis (2008) model for the transformation of global geoid heights to local geoidal undulations. To obtain its accuracy, the root mean square error (RMSE) index was applied. The computed accuracy is 2.0172 m. To apply the determined geoid model in the study area, as well as improving on the computed accuracy, the model was fitted to the gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area. The fitting result shows that geoid heights can be computed using the determined geoid model with an accuracy of 1.1041 m in the study area.

Deformation measurements are performed periodically to prevent death and injuries in case of the damage or collapse of manmade structures such as dams, tunnels, bridges, high-rise buildings, and other natural landslide regions. Deformations and displacements in such structures can occur if structures are not built on solid ground and they are subjected to huge static loadings, which causes hazardous shaking due to the motion of the ground beneath. To reduce losses, it is very important to make continuous observations using various measurement methods to detect changes and to analyze the scales of these changes using various analysis techniques. The aim of this study is to determine the behavior of a steel arch bridge under a static load by measuring and analyzing potential deformations and displacements using four different measurement methods. The graphs depicting the result of each measurement method show that the results of the four different measurement methods coincide with each other.

Background: Soil erosion causes topsoil loss, which decreases fertility in agricultural land. Spatial estimation of soil erosion essential for an agriculture-dependent country like Nepal for developing its control plans. This study evaluated impacts on Dolakha using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model; analyses the effect of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) on soil erosion. Results: The soil erosion rate categorized into six classes based on the erosion severity, and 5.01% of the areas found under extreme severe erosion risk (> 80 Mg ha-1yr-1) addressed by decision-makers for reducing its rate and consequences. Followed by 10 % classified between high and severe range from 10 to 80 Mg ha-1yr-1. While 15% and 70% of areas remained in a moderate and low-risk zone, respectively. Result suggests the area of the north-eastern part suffers from a high soil erosion risk due to steep slope. Conclusions: The result produces a spatial distribution of soil erosion over Dola...

On the occasion of Kynouria and in order to achieve the protection and projection of antiquities, a web-based model is proposed for highlighting individual monuments and archaeological sites, having in mind the historical and archaeological evidence of the region, the topography, the demographic profile and the tourist infrastructure, and combining them with the development programs for cultural routes. Therefore, creating suitable databases and mapping the monuments in the area are key prerequisites of the process, as they contribute to an objective assessment of the current situation and then to make rational decisions. In this frame, modern technology provides some important planning tools (GIS, GPS, and OMS) which allow recording and mapping of data, viewing the relationships between them in the area where they appear and managing their projection. The complete study of Kynouria’s archaeological routes contains the implementation of a website using free or open-source soft...

This research focus on examining and analyzing the landuse/land cover change detection that occurred over Adamawa State University Mubi during the period between 2001 to 2014 by geospatial modeling approach. This research was able to detect and identified the land cover changes that occurred during the period of 13 years. The multi-temporal satellites images (MSS, TM, and ETM+) covering the study area between 2001, 2006, 2012 and 2014 were used as the primary data sources for this research. The global mapper 13 software, Google Earth, and http://glovis.usgs.gov were used for image acquisition while the ArcGIS 10.1 software was used in the data analysis such as the classification of the image, calculation of areas and visualization of cartographic features. The study shows that the Agricultural land use reduced drastically due to increases in Residential land use and institutional land use in the study area. This is because of the increase in the institutional land use within the study area which attracts people to reside within the study area. The results further show a high level of accuracy for the selected images for the years 2001, 2006, 2012 and 2014, respectively. It also shows that the study area was once very rich in Agricultural land use or vegetation land cover consisting of grass, shrubs, and farmland as at 2001 which later reduced remarkably in 2012 and totally eliminated by 2014 due to changes in the land cover of the study area.

The reported work is part of a study that aims at exploiting validated data sets to predict soil properties of the top layer on large areas and to generate maps of international relevance at medium scales, in a more cost-effective way. This paper presents the results obtained to increase the applicative value for Romania in the case of such spatial data sets made freely available after 2012. As a source of environmental covariates for topsoil prediction, firstly the MERIS satellite superspectral images - acquired from 2002 to 2012 at full resolution - have been analyzed in terms of quality and coverage extent. For a preliminary prediction, the MERIS images selected have less than 1% cloud coverage over the national territory and contrasting fractions of soil covered by vegetation (i.e., specific to early spring and mid summer). Other sources of predictors have been the “SRTM 1 arc-second” digital elevation model and the “CRU TS 3.22” climate information, both data sets released in t...

This paper presents a case study of a marketing agency that used geomarketing to perform a new campaign for a food company. Initially the food company started a ad-hoc initiative of advertisement renting five outdoors in the most crowded avenues of Recife. This research was conducted based on a action research, in a real environment, where the marketing agency evaluated the former marketing campaign and based on its results, proposed a new one reaching more people and places where the product is sold. The result was the increment of target people reached and also in the sales. The knowledge about where were the best places to put the advertisements was acquired using geomarketing only.

While high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets have been captured through space-borne imagery to map badland landscapes at fine scales, these remain essentially top-down views of the surface and cannot adequately capture the micro-morphological features (soil pipes, hollows, earth pillars and rills) which form along the gully flanks and walls. For imaging these, thus, a ground-based, horizontal looking sensor is required, with further post-processing abilities of identifying individual aspects, stitching the images together using common points, generation of sparse and dense point clouds and final creation of meshes with overlain textures to generate viable three-dimensional representations of such surface forms. This paper uses ground-based close-range digital photography along with the structure-from-motion technique to generate high-resolution DEMs and three-dimension (3D) representations of gullies and badland landscapes, which cannot otherwise be captured even by very high-resolution imagery or available satellite-imaged elevation datasets, since these systems lack the required view angle. The structure-from-motion technique has been a recent advancement in this domain, and its mechanism and workflow are explained in detail in this paper. Examples of its implementation in gully mapping are then showcased from the Gangani badland tract in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal. Repeated photographic surveys reveal the nature of morphological changes in the micro gully features, documenting erosional activity at fine scales. The imaging and rendering of these micro features also allow information like the relative lithological hardness to be superimposed on them for a better comparative analysis.

CC journals are an abbreviation for journals included into the Current Contents (CC) bibliographic base. CC is the most popular bibliographic database in Croatia. Its popularity is due to relatively strict criteria of journal selection, coverage of all scientific fields, frequent updates, paper abstracts/summaries, author addresses, publisher names and addresses, possibility to review content of journal issues, and additional key words which facilitate searches (On line databases, Manual, http://www.online-baze.hr/ob/novosti; link on the right side of the title page).

This research primarily aims to develop a method in which road distress can be identified at early stage so that it could be maintained and fixed early thus avoiding critical damage. The primary source of data for the project was obtained by field survey with the use of vehicle and a handheld GPS to obtain the coordinates of each distress and a digital camera was used to take the pictures of the distress. The secondary sources of data include the Google Earth Imagery and the Remote sensing data. The approach adopted in this work involves obtaining the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the photographs of each distress noticed on the road, and then attaching the photographs to the classified map. The study was conducted in Yewa South Local Government in Ogun State in Nigeria which cover an area of 656,54 sqkm with population of 168,850 at the 2006 census. The study area has a total road length of 893.017 km. Assessment of road infrastructure using remote sensing and ArcGIS Geodatabase methodology for monitoring the condition of paved and unpaved road is an efficient approach utilized in management, planning and subsequent development of the road network in the study area.

Land as a resource is fixed in supply but its demand for various uses is variable and on the increase as human population keeps on increasing. This explains why efficient land administration is central to socio-economic development of any nation. This paper presents an overview of Surveying and Mapping in sustainable land administration systems vis-à-vis its relevance in socio-economic development of Nigeria. Therefore, a comprehensive discussion of the concept of land administration systems was attempted, in view of this; a prototype land information system was developed. The engineering and scientific applications of surveying and mapping in solving both human and socio-economic problems were identified. In conclusion, the paper stressed the need to accord surveying the rightful place and priority in the national development programme.