Le tombeau de Psousennès Ier , second roi de la 21e dynastie (1039-991 av. J.-C.) fut trouvé intact à Tanis en 1939 et exploré jusqu'en 1946 par Pierre Montet et son équipe. Les incroyables richesses qu'il renfermait, souvent ornées de scènes et d'inscriptions, ont permis d'améliorer considérablement notre connaissance de l'histoire et des pratiques funéraires royales du début de la Troisième Période Intermédiaire. Bien qu'ayant fait l'objet de nombreuses publications dans les années qui suivirent la découverte, les trésors et la tombe proprement dite nécessitaient d'être réexaminés à la lumière des travaux récents. Depuis le milieu des années 1980, la Nécropole royale de Tanis est de nouveau au centre d'études menées sur les mobiliers et les bâtiments (architecture, épigraphie, paléographie), qui renouvellent certaines propositions avancées en son temps par Montet et affinent de nombreux points touchant à la chronologie des édifices et à celle de l'installation de ses occupants. La tombe de Psousennès Ier , monument majeur de cet ensemble, sera détaillée au cours de cette présentation.

This article offers the first publication of a statue-cube belonging to Hor (XIII) son of Padimout (IV) partially reconstructed from three fragments preserved at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Abu Gud storeroom in Luxor.

Se presenta la propuesta clasificatoria definitiva para el conjunto de small
finds del sitio arqueológico Tell El-Ghaba, localizado en la antigua frontera
oriental de Egipto (norte de Sinaí), ocupado desde mediados del Tercer
Período Intermedio (siglo X a.C.) hasta el período Saíta Temprano (siglo VII a.C.). El estudio específico de los N=964 small finds encontrados en las estructuras domésticas de este sitio busca describir, complementar y crear vías de interpretación de las actividades que realizaban los habitantes de las unidades a nivel local y de sus creencias. Fueron recuperados en excavaciones sistemáticas, y analizados bajo condiciones de laboratorio controladas (por la Misión Arqueológica Argentina desde el año 1995). Esta no es una cuestión menor, dado que en la arqueología egipcia, los restos materiales de los asentamientos han recibido comparativamente menos atención que los templos y las tumbas. En Tell el-Ghaba, los small finds
fueron sometidos a procesos de consolidación y conservación para ser
posteriormente registrados, dibujados y fotografiados. De este modo, el
análisis de esta muestra se realiza a partir de las bases de registro –fichas de registro de campo y laboratorio, bases de datos, fotografías y dibujos- y de las diversas publicaciones afines. Este trabajo integra las primeras etapas del estudio de este conjunto mobiliario, presentando las categorías y subcategorías en que puede organizarse la muestra sin aludir a la cuestión funcional como nivel primario de clasificación de objetos, y se espera que esta propuesta pueda ser aplicada a conjuntos de “hallazgos especiales” en otros sitios arqueológicos egipcios.

Lecture. `Local small finds in domestic contexts of a frontier post. Tell el-Ghaba (North Sinai, Egypt) between the 10th and 7th centuries BC´. Current Research in Egyptology CRE, University of the Aegean, Rhodes. May 9-11.
In this work we characterize the small finds of Tell el-Ghaba, recovered in the systematic excavations carried out by the Argentine Archaeological Mission since 1995 in the archaeological site. These objects were found in well defined contexts and analyzed and registered under controlled laboratory conditions. This is not a minor matter since in Egyptian archaeology, settlements material remains have received comparatively less attention than temples and tombs. The current excavations in the Egyptian Delta prioritize the reconstruction of everyday life in settlements, the understanding of their functioning and their connections with other areas. As excavations have revealed, Tell el-Ghaba was an Egyptian frontier post, occupied during the 10th and 7th centuries BC, located on the eastern border of the Nile Delta. The site was connected to Egypt through the Pelusiac branch of the Nile and to southern Palestine through the coastal plain that stretches between the Suez Canal and the Gaza strip. Broadly speaking, the ceramic repertoire of non-Egyptian origin (1.5% of the complete assemblage) corresponds to some well attested types in the Eastern Mediterranean during the first half of the First Millennium BC. Regarding the imported assemblage, the evidence suggests that, at least by the beginning of the 9th Century BC the site had already some degree of interaction with the trade network of the Eastern Mediterranean. In this frontier context both people and goods were in movement and interaction, therefore the predominance of small finds of local origin is striking, including wdjat, figurines, fragments of statues and amulets, scarabs, earrings or pendants, rings, beads, platelets, seals, hooks, game pieces and a spatula. The specific and contextual study of the small finds found in the domestic structures of this border site contributes to understand the daily activities carried out by its inhabitants as well as their characteristics and beliefs.

Entre los materiales cerámicos hallados en Tell el-Ghaba, en el antiguo Delta oriental egipcio, se encontraron fragmentos de vasijas reconocidas como “pigeon pots”. Se trata de un tipo de vasija de cuerpo ovoide, manufacturada en arcilla del Nilo, que presenta dos bordes en sus extremos modelados por el alfafero: un borde superior de diámetro mayor y un borde inferior de menor diámetro semejante a la boca de un embudo. En ocasiones, en la parte inferior de la vasija, a pocos centímetros del borde, se encuentra un agujero adicional modelado en torno. Aparecen principalmente en sitios del Delta oriental a partir de la dinastía XX y su uso se difunde durante el Tercer Período Intermedio, incluso en el período Tardío. A partir de esta difusión comienzan a aparecer ejemplares en el Alto Egipto -como en El Amarna y Elefantina.
La problemática del estudio de los “pigeon pots” se debe en parte al estado fragmentario y al número escaso de ejemplares hallados en los diferentes sitios arqueológicos de Egipto y a los diferentes contextos en que fueron encontrados. Al no conservar mayoritariamente su parte superior resulta difícil reconocer este tipo cerámico. Su posible función continúa siendo un tema de debate, podrían haber sido utilizados en la cría de palomas o aves, pero algunos rasgos que aparecen en los fragmentos -tizne o humeado- podrían indicar otros usos.
El objetivo de esta ponencia es establecer la tipología de los “pigeon pots” hallados en Tell el-Ghaba en contextos del Tercer Periodo Intermedio, compararlos con los provenientes de otros sitios contemporáneos -como Tell el-Retaba, Tanis, Kom Firin, entre otros-, y estudiar en qué contextos aparecen en el sitio. Esperamos de este modo contribuir con información adicional a los estudios cerámicos sobre los “pigeon pots” que se realizaron en otros sitios de Egipto.

Virtual Colloquium: "Perspectives on the Ancient Near East. 20 years after the founding of CEHAO". Organized by the CEHAO, Red Iberoamericana de Investigadores en Próximo Oriente Antiguo (RIIPOA) & Programa de Estudios de las Sociedades Premodernas (PESPREM - IICS - UCA). 28th-29th November. Speakers: Roxana Flammini, Abraham Fernández Pichel, Daniel Justel Vicente, Emanuel Pfoh, António de Freitas, Jorge Cano Moreno, Pablo Andiñach, Jónatan Ortiz-García, Eva Calomino, Amir Gorzalczany, Romina Della Casa, Carlos Gracia Zamacona, Andrea Seri, Juan Manuel Tebes.  

Workshop `Excavating the extra-ordinary 2´ Challenges & merits of working with small finds.
Egyptology & Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology, Institute of Ancient Studies, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Mainz, Germany.
In recent years it has been proposed a review and characterization of the small finds from Tell El-Ghaba archaeological site (North Sinai, Egypt), an urban settlement that was occupied between the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period and the early Saite period (10th-7th centuries BC). Tell el-Ghaba was an Egyptian frontier post, located on the eastern border of the Nile Delta. The site was connected to Egypt through the Pelusiac branch of the Nile and to southern Palestine through the coastal plain that stretches between the Suez Canal and the Gaza strip. The evidence suggests that, at least by the beginning of the 9th Century BC the site had already some degree of interaction with the trade network of the Eastern Mediterranean. In this frontier context both people and goods were in movement and interaction, therefore the predominance of small finds of local origin is striking. These objects were recovered in the systematic excavations carried out by the Argentine Archaeological Mission between 1995 and 2010. From a new analytical proposal, a selected sample of special findings was characterized, considering both published data and databases; these objects were classified in categories and subcategories without using function as the primary classification value. From this, the main characteristics of these objects were exposed and the first steps were taken to interpret the small finds from Tell el-Ghaba. In turn, this general characterization allowed, on the one hand, to deal with a large database; on the other hand, to achieve a global approach parallel to an individual approach, according to the characteristics of published catalogs. As a continuation of this line of study, this work addresses the functionalities that these objects would have had and in what types of activities they would have been involved from analyzing the materials in their contexts, linking the small finds with other remains found on the site and in the analyzed structures. Therefore, this work seeks describe, complement and create ways of interpreting the activities from the study of small finds in domestic spaces.

This article reports on the archaeometallurgical investigation of thirty-one metalworking and artefact samples from the Egyptian site Tell el-Retaba in Wadi Tumilat. These objects were uncovered by a joint Polish-Slovak mission active at the site since 2007. The samples, dating to the Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom, contribute to the already published research on contemporary metalwork, including not only copper but also a unique silver toggle pin from the early New Kingdom. For the Third Intermediate Period—known as the Early Iron Age in archaeological terminology—this article provides the first dataset on settlement metallurgy from Egypt ever investigated. The material also includes a copper ingot fragment found on site’s surface, which likely dates to the Second Intermediate Period. The most unexpected finding is the identification of freshly processed copper, presumably sourced from mining sites in either the Eastern Desert or Sinai.

Yellow coffins form one of the largest and more intriguing corpus
of Egyptian body containers. In terms of pictorial decoration, they
excel in quality and levels of complexity, forming a unique art
historical phenomenon. This book proposes an innovative approach
to the examination of the visual culture displayed in these objects
with a view not only to carry out an ‘iconographic mapping’ of the
repertoire used in the several components of the yellow coffins but
also to understand how and why they evolved along the 21st Dynasty.
Ultimately this examination helps us to unravel the several layers of
meaning displayed in these objects and to foresee the sociopolitical
role they played in the Theban society of the 21st Dynasty.
Besides theoretical insights, this book provides useful methods to
stimulate researchers in exploring yellow coffins by themselves, by
giving them objective tools for dating the compositions and understand
the significance of a given coffin within the broader context of the
yellow corpus

BY ANTHONY LEAHY Srsre BM 1655 (fig. I and pl.2) This was briefly described at the time of acquisition but has attracted little attention since3. Nothing is known of its provenance. The stela is of limestone and measures 54 x 23.7 x 4.5 cms. The surface is divided into three registers, of which the second is marred by a repaired crack running diagonally across it. The king, identified as the nsw bity nb tlwy Nklw and wearing the nemes headdressa and uraeus. offers a field 1 Donation stelae are, olcourse, known from the New Kingdom onwards (with a single instance from Dynasty l7). A comprehensive list of extant examples is published as an appendix to Meeks, .Les donations aux temples dans l'Egypte du I" mill6naire avant J.C.' in Srate antl Temple Economl, in the Ancient Near East II -Orientalia Lovaniensa Analecta 6 (Louvain 1979), 6()5-87, hereinafter cited as Meeks, Les donations aux temples. Meeks, study, which is primarily concerned with the economic significance of donations, contains a wealth of pregnant comment on these stelae. Not the least of its merits is the use of a logical, and chronological, numbering system which permits additions to be made without diflficulty. Exemplary citations of stelae will be followed in parentheses by Meeks, number, to which reference may be made lor a full bibliography. Additional light has recently been thrown on the economy ol temples in the first millennium B.C. by the publication ol two stelae from the reign of Taharka: Meeks, .Une fondation memphite de Taharqa', in Hommages Sauneron I, p.221-59 and pl.3g; Graele and Wassef, ,Eine fromme Stiftung fiir den Gott Osiris-der-seinen-Anhiinger-in-der-Unterwelt-rettet aus dem Jahre 2l des Taharqa (670 v.Chr.)', MDAIK 35, 103-18, pl. 17. 2 The seven donation stelae known lrom Necho's reign are listed, with bibliography, by Meeks, Les tlonations aux temples, 675-6. A doubtful case, Berlin 21798, is also cited, 681 86. ' BMQ 4,3. The stela has twice been cired by yoyotre, MDAIK 16,420-l and BIFAO 61, 127, n.9. It is published here by kind permission ol the Trustees ol the British Museum. Mr. T. G. H. James and Dr. M. L. Bierbrier provided me with every lacility for the study of the stela, and their help is gratefully acknowledged. a There seems to be little significance in the choice of crown in which the king is depicted on donation stelae. In the six examples lrom Necho's reign in which the scene is preserved, the nemes and the red crown are each worn on two occasions, the double and the blue crown once each, and my impression is that this variety is typical. It may ffi In the sparsely-documented history of Egypt in the Libyan and Saite periods, donation stelae take on a particular importance. Often crudely incised, each presents its own features of interest and problems ol interpretation, the resolution of which augments little by little our knowledge of the topography of ancient Egypt, of the multiplicity of its cults, and of the economic structure of Egyptian civilisation and its agricultural base1. This is well illustrated by the two stelae presented here, which record donations to little-known cults of major deities in the reign of Necho II2. REVUE D'EGYPTOLOGIE, t. 34 Stela BM 1655 Pt.2 Leahy, Two Donation Stelae.

La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations, dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l'auteur et de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1 er de l'article 40). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code Pénal.

Stanza 5 of the second cycle belonging to the love lyrics of the Deir el-Medina Vase (O. DM 1266 + O. CGC 25218) is dedicated to an extended simile between the pleasure of possessing the lover and that derived from wearing a fresh garland. Within this picture, a series of plant names are listed, but their exact meaning remains often obscure. Among these phytonyms, 'lapis lazuli' appears, to be understood as a plant only because of its determinative. The term, which knows few other occurrences with this meaning, has been accepted and translated by the Wb simply in a literal way, but without suggesting an identification. Similarly, specialized botanical lexicons after the Wb fail to give an identification to the plant. To my knowledge, the first to translate the phytonym more precisely is Mathieu in his Love Lyrics edition. Nonetheless, his 'intuitive' translation as 'bluets' seems to have fallen by the wayside and is not listed in the current dictionaries. Instead, thanks to the comparison of the contemporary archaeobotanical material to the lyrics, it is possible to lend great support to his hypothesis and thus also to assign an Egyptian name to an almost ubiquitous but hitherto almost anonymous flower.

“A text from the 18th century BC [sic] records shipments of tin from Mari
to “Ibni-Addad king of Hazor.” The form of the name in this text is Accadian; the West Semitic form would be “Yabni-Haddad.” Biblical Jabin (Yabin) is simply a shortened form of this same name”.
Anonymous.

This study aims to reconstruct the historical campaign of Shoshenq I
(Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I: the founder of Egypt’s 22nd Dynasty) in the
southern Levant. By critically examining Egyptian relief inscriptions,
archaeological evidence, and the Hebrew Bible, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the purpose and outcomes of his campaign.
The relief on the Bubastite Portal’s outer wall at Karnak Temple consists
of inscriptions, images, and a list of approximately 150 place names. The
inscriptions proclaim the Pharaoh’s victory as divinely aided, while the
imagery depicts the traditional ‘smiting scene,’ and the place-name list
mentions cities targeted during the expedition. While there is ongoing
debate about whether the place-name list is propagandistic fiction or a reflection of an actual military route, this study concludes that the list likely
represents a historical record summarizing the routes taken by multiple
divisions of the campaign.
Archaeological evidence reveals that the outcomes of Shoshenq I’s
expedition varied by region. In the Jezreel Valley, evidence of destruction from the late 10th century BCE has been identified at certain sites. However,
regions east of the Jordan and parts of the central hill country of Canaan
were already in ruins or remained largely unaffected by the expedition.
Conversely, the Negev Highlands and Beersheba Valley appear to have been
relatively prosperous during this period, reflecting minimal association with
the campaign. Rather than focusing on city destruction and outright
conquest, Shoshenq I’s campaign likely aimed to re-establish effective control
over the region.
The biblical accounts in 1 Kings 14 and 2 Chronicles 12 refer to Shoshenq
I as ‘Shishak’ and describe his approach to Jerusalem, where he plundered
the Temple and royal palace treasures. However, Jerusalem is conspicuously
absent from the Egyptian place-name list. It is plausible that the Pharaoh
secured the surrender of the Benjamin highlands while advancing toward
Jerusalem, negating the need for further military action. This study newly
suggests that the dense recording of place names from the Benjamin
highlands in the list indicates their strategic importance as a key route
utilized during the campaign.
In conclusion, Shoshenq I’s expedition sought to achieve political and
economic objectives. By traversing the southern and central highlands of
Canaan, northern Jordan, and the Jezreel Valley, the campaign re-established
Egypt’s direct rule and secured trade routes. Through a complementary
analysis of Egyptian reliefs, archaeological data, and biblical accounts, this
study offers a fresh interpretation of the historical significance of Shoshenq
I’s campaign.

This work is presented as a continuation of previous writings in which the concept of ‘small finds’ has been problematized and a review of the materials catalogued as small finds for Tell El-Ghaba archaeological site has been systematised and conducted. This urban settlement was occupied between the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period and the Early Saite Period. The focus of this paper is to study the small finds recovered in Building B considering their contextual relationships, characteristics, and possible meanings in a structure defined as domestic. The detailed contextual study of small finds in a domestic context such as Building B aims to contribute to the scarce studies of this matter in the eastern Delta

Egyptology has always been fascinated by those at the top of the ancient hierarchy, kings, viziers, priests, generals, governors, those running things or deputized to keep them running in the state´s benefit, neglecting the people at the bottom of the ancient society, that generated most of its wealth. They were exposed to the corruption, excessive demands and oppression by their better placed bureaucrats, that were safely beyond the many hardships they had to endure, at the mercy of the often pitiless treatment they received, against which they had no recourse other than their complaints, that most of the time were ignored.

25/11/2024 Vanessa Desclaux Dans la série "Pressé d'Antique", retrouvez les bons mots, anecdotes insolites et dessins humoristiques où les découvertes, savants et idées reçues sont moqués dans une presse déchaînée… L'Antiquité à la BnF retranscrit pour vous les pépites numérisées sur Gallica & Retronews. Sous les dehors de la satire, l'article publié dans Le Charivari du 15 juillet 1852 se fait l'écho d'expériences d'abord narrées dans la presse britannique dès 1840, 1 qui donnèrent naissance au vocable "Mummy-Wheat", et très vite réitérées en France. John Gardner Wilkinson est l'un des premiers à mentionner la découverte de "corn-mummies" 2 , nommées plus tard en France "Osiris végétant". Le voyageur anglais membre de la Royal Asiatic Society rapporte par ailleurs un vase en albâtre contenant des céréales et dont une douzaine de graines sont mises à germer vers 1840. Une expérience semblable est menée en France une dizaine d'années plus tard et Auguste Mariette relance le débat en 1861 auprès de l'Institut d'Égypte, au gré de découvertes de grains antiques. 3 Le mythe d'un blé des pharaons à la résistance extraordinaire, aussi durable qu'une momie ou une antiquité égyptienne, est né. Il revient régulièrement sous les plumes lors de disettes et famines jusque durant la première moitié du XX e siècle. Il se pare dans cet article d'autres vertus miraculeuses. L'auteur raille au passage le scepticisme vis-à-vis du déchiffrement des hiéroglyphes 4 , du long sacerdoce que ce dernier représenta alors qu'il suffisait de recourir à la bonne vieille recette magique de l'ingestion-révélation.

In the Histories, Herodotus concentrates on the first four kings of the (Achaemenid) Persian Empire (550-330 BC); of these, the king we know the least about as an historical figure is Cambyses. This is perhaps not surprising, given that his reign of eight years (530-522) was by far the shortest of the four kings, each of whom otherwise reigned for over twenty years: Cambyses' father Cyrus II (559-530), Cambyses' successor Darius I (522-486) and . As with all periods of antiquity, we have only a fraction of the written and visual sources produced during the time of the early Persian kings; Cambyses' shorter reign likely resulted in the creation (and possible survival) of fewer such sources in the first place. The surviving ancient sources for him do not serve us well. No royal inscriptions from the Persian heartland in Iran are extant either for Cambyses or for his father, but we still have a relative wealth of other ancient sources informing us about Cyrus: Babylonian (especially the Cyrus Cylinder, commissioned by Cyrus himself), Hebrew, Greek and Persian (Cyrus' building programme at his capital Pasargadae). For Cyrus, we know enough about his life and reign to warrant a recent scholarly biography (Waters 2022); for Cambyses, no such biography is possible. The few royal inscriptions that have come down to us, such as the Apis bull epitaph from Saqqara in Egypt, do not reveal much about Cambyses' character as king. Our three main narrative sources for his reign -Darius I's Bisitun relief and inscription; the Egyptian dignitary Udjahorresnet's statue and inscription; and Herodotus' account, found mainly in Book 3 -draw incomplete and biased pictures of Cambyses. One thing we know about him for certain is his one great accomplishment: adding Egypt to the Persian Empire in 526 (or, more traditionally, 525). So how effective could a deep dive into Herodotus' Cambyses logos be as a tool for exploring the historical Cambyses? Helping us to answer that question, at least in part, is Andreas Schwab and Alexander Schütze's edited collection, Herodotean Soundings: The Cambyses Logos. The volume grew out of a 2017 conference held in Heidelberg: 'Religion, Violence, and Interaction? An Interdisciplinary Approach to Herodotus' Narrative on Cambyses'. Schwab and Schütze explain that their collection has two main goals: one is to 'to offer selected and targeted "soundings" that deal with specific passages of the Herodotus text' on Cambyses (11) and another is to present readings of Herodotus' Cambyses logos that are multidisciplinary, bringing together scholars from Classics, Achaemenid studies, Egyptology, religious studies and more. Schwab and Schütze claim as model for the first goal Elizabeth Irwin and Emily Greenwood's edited collection, which focuses on Book 5 of the Histories as a connected logos, and for the second goal Thomas Harrison and Irwin's edited collection, which

Some scholars have proposed the perishing of Pharaoh's horsemen in the Red Sea is an event to be associated with Rameses II. I have noted his war reliefs show foot soldiers and chariots but no horsemen or cavalry.
Some Egyptologists understand Cavalry was a late innovation for Egypt, appearing in the 8th century BC. If Egyptologists are right, the perishing of Pharaoh's horsemen in the Red Sea has to be an anachronism of not earlier than the 8th cenury BC.

The Mari-Hazor correspondence provides undeniable evidence that Hazor was a major cultural and economic entity as early as MBIIA. These letters document the trade of gold, silver, and even musicians—a level of grandeur indicative of a city with substantial influence and resources. (Malamat, 1993; Van Koppen, 2007; Heimpel, 2003). This vibrant trade network must have been thriving before 1750 BCE in traditional dating, prior to Hammurabi’s destruction of Mari. (Margueron, 2014; Charpin, 2010)

Whether this trade was orchestrated through a network of smaller cities or a single dominant urban center is secondary to the fact that a prominent entity known as “Hazor” existed during MBIIA, and it was not situated at Tel Hazor. This affirmation comes from the idea that the Hazor pre-XVII settlement in MBIIA sustained significant trade is simply untenable. (Ben-Tor, 2016) In response, Tel Kabri provides evidence of its significance during the Middle Bronze Age. It presents a magnificent MBIIA city and its definitive destruction layer in MBIIB, making it plausible that following its destruction, the Hazor name and prominence were transferred to Tel Hazor, establishing it as the successor to this earlier center of trade and influence.

The Museo Egizio holds 18 Amduat papyri originated from Thebes between the mid of the Twenty-first and the mid of the Twenty-second Dynasty. In the two centuries since they were brought to the museum, they
have left only sporadic traces in Egyptological literature. They were recently the subject of the author’s MA thesis and are presently that of his PhD project, which aims to prepare the first edition of these documents.
The article examines these manuscripts by applying a conceptual framework that integrates philological and semiotic analysis, providing textual and visual insight into Third Intermediate Period scribal practices and the emergence of a new funerary tradition at the end of the Twenty-first Dynasty.

This paper presents a case study of ten copper alloy icons from
the Thiriyaya Collection of the Department of Archaeology in Sri
Lanka. These icons include images of Buddha, bodhisattvas, and
Tara. In 1983, the Thiriyaya Collection was discovered in a ruined
meditation hall at the Thiriyaya Girikanda temple, built during the
first political regime of the Anuradhapura Kingdom (5th century
BC–10th century AD) and thought to be the first Buddhist stupa
on the east coast of Sri Lanka. The technical investigation of
the icons included X-radiography combined with a detailed
visual examination of the surfaces using a binocular microscope.
This approach allowed identification of the manufacturing
methods and materials as well as the current condition of the
objects. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine
one sample. The technical assessment of the collection resulted
in a better understanding of the surface morphology, past burial
environments, post-discovery damage, and the effects of a lack of
conservation treatments. Our methodology provides a protocol
for studying the specific metallurgy, casting technology, and
morphology of similar copper alloy objects from archaeological
sites throughout Sri Lanka and elsewhere.

Preface text about ten people who are either already engaged in Egyptology or are students or young scholars interested in this discipline. Among them are Mykola Tarasenko (head of the Centre), Olha Zapletniuk (Swansea University, UK), Daria Ziborova, Dinara Hereikhanova and Nataliya Bondarenko. The Centre has a number of goals, prominent among them being academic cooperation with Western Egyptological institutions. It will be grateful for any support in its development.

The monograph is devoted to ancient Egyptian objects of the 21st Dynasty, which are kept in the museum institutions of Ukraine (Odesa, Kyiv, Poltava, Lviv, and Zolochiv). The book presents previously unknown facts and archival documents concerning the fate of antiquities originating from the “Second mummy cache” (Bāb el-Gusūs) discovered in 1891 in the Deir el-Bakhri area. In 1893, the Egyptian government donated some of the finds to 17 foreign countries, including the Russian Empire, which received Lot 6. The circumstances related to the stay of the antiquities of Lot 6 in Odesa in 1894-1895, their further fate and the current place of storage are considered.

Ancient Egyptian kings celebrated their military victories as early as the Old Kingdom. This was especially expressed in the art during the New Kingdom. The return of the victorious king from a war, a military battle, or an expedition was a very important theme in the wall scenes inside the ancient Egyptian temples. The research displays the earliest evidence of the victory procession in ancient Egypt, in addition to some scenes from the Early Dynastic Period till the end of the New Kingdom. It also includes an analysis of people who shared in the victory procession, in addition to elements, funerary rites, and the route of the procession.

https://www.pisauniversitypress.it/scheda-libro/autori-vari/the-sacred-and-the-secular-in-the-theban-necropolis-9791256080359-577052.html

The Theban Necropolis is one of Egypt's most captivating archaeological sites. Stretching almost 7 kilometers from north to south on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor, it occupies a broad strip of land between the cultivated fields and the desert mountains and valleys. This extensive site encompasses hundreds of private and royal tombs, monumental temples, smaller chapels and shrines, as well as various settlements. The collected papers, presented to prof. Marilina Betrò, explore diverse aspects of life in the necropolis, including the religious beliefs and rituals of high-ranking officials and priests, the workshops producing funerary objects, and the plundering and reusing of earlier tombs. These studies seek to understand and recreate this intricate ancient landscape.


Introduction
Gianluca Miniaci, Christian Greco, Paolo Del Vesco, Mattia Mancini, Cristina Alù 1
Il paesaggio funerario e rituale della Valle delle Regine durante il Nuovo Regno


Introduction
Gianluca Miniaci, Christian Greco, Paolo Del Vesco, Mattia Mancini, Cristina Alù
– Il paesaggio funerario e rituale della Valle delle Regine durante il Nuovo Regno
Emanuele Casini
– The Opening of the Mouth, Scene 71 in Context
Zoltán Imre Fábián
– Prayers to Columns’: Six text fragments from Theban Tomb 65
Tamás A. Bács
– La liturgia del percorso solare nella tomba di Thutmosi III (KV34)
Emanuele M. Ciampini
– Malédiction sur Osiris. Un entrepôt dans la tombe de Merenptah (KV8) à l’époque byzantine ?
Christophe Barbotin
– A geometric study of the New Kingdom pyramidia
Corinna Rossi
– The Agency of Women in Abnormal Hieratic Legal Documents from the 25th Dynasty
Koenraad Donker van Heel
– Two contemporary queens named Ahhotep at the dawn of the Eighteenth Dynasty: Evidence from the sources and the bracelet Cairo JE 4685
Gianluca Miniaci, Camilla Saler
– Shabti Boxes in Theban Undisturbed Contexts
Paolo Marini
– The Black Coffins and the Earliest Yellow Coffins of the New Kingdom from Thebes. New Insights into this Style Transition During the 18th Dynasty
Lisa Sartini
– Ancient Robbery and Reuse in the Theban Necropolis: A View from Asasif
Julia Budka
– The Island of Amenopet
Nigel Strudwick
– Middle Kingdom tomb MMA 28 and its significance for the construction history of the Hatshepsut temple at Deir el-Bahari. Out of respect for the royal ancestors
Patryk Chudzik
– Funerary settlements of the Third Intermediate Period in the Ramesseum
Hélène Guichard
– Les bois utilisés à la Troisième Période Intermédiaire au Ramesseum
Maria Victoria Asensi Amorós
– Economic Activities in the Theban Necropolis During the New Kingdom. A Case Study of Woodworking at Deir el-Medina
Anna Giulia De Marco
– Il visir Khay e la comunità degli artigiani di Deir el-Medina
Christian Orsenigo
– Documenting Contexts and Contextualizing Objects: Report of the 3D Survey and Modeling Activity at M.I.D.A.N.05
Emanuele Taccola

An account of Thibron's war against Kyrene and the Ptolemaic takeover (324–321 BCE). This includes background on the flight of Harpalus, Kyrene in the 4th century BCE and the organization of the Kyrenean army during this period.
Version 1.1.

By synchronizing Year 1446 BC from the biblical timeline for the Exodus with the traditionally dated Year 1650 BC of modern chronologies, archeology evidences an Egyptian downfall known as Second Intermediate Period that was caused by plagues, famine, geological events, climate disasters, conflicts with a large population of semites and the fleeing of revolting servants in a very similar scenario to the one caused by Moses in the biblical account. 

UPDATE 24-12-24: Added Tel Kabri and Tel Hazor connection response and comparative Middle Bronze Age vs. Late Bronze Age Table of cities from Joshua's conquest list;

The paper analyses the development of northern Lebanon in the 3rd millennium BCE, in the frame of the elaboration of the models for the so-called ‘secondary urbanisation’. The urban planning and the architectural models elaborated in Byblos are compared with the contemporary evidence from north inner Syria and Egypt, with which Byblos was certainly in contact. The originality of the solutions elaborated in northern Lebanon and north inner Syria was the main key for the success of the urban model in regions where no important river was present.

The book discusses two of the main seeds of Western Culture – the Exodus and the Odyssey, which are entwined within the book by both a common link with Egypt and a review of ancient chronology. They were both antecedents to the rise of Christianity, which is at the heart of Western Culture.

It was inspired by a desire to understand the spiritual message of the Odyssey, which required both geographical and spiritual interpretations of the poem. Linked to this was a desire to understand the political context of the Trojan story, which required resolving the false hiatus in the archaeology of Troy. This resulted in a new paradigm for understanding ancient chronology, which revealed the stories behind the Exodus and the location of the Garden of Eden. Writing the book has been a long and eventful journey, longer than Odysseus’ 19 years away from home.

The book is written in five parts:

• Universal Chronology – Based on the identification of Menophres with Thutmose III and of the Bubastite Portal’s reference to Shoshenq’s participation in the Battle of Qarqar, the Egyptian Third Intermediate Period is shortened by 120 years, with a pharaoh ruling from Tanis and subordinate kings at Bubastis and Thebes.

• The Exodus – Using the Universal Chronology and genealogical information and dates provided by the Bible, it is demonstrated that the story of the Exodus is a combination of two events, being the exodus of the Hyksos led by Abraham in 1406 BC following the eruption of Thera, and the exodus of the Atenist (Levite) priests led by Moses in about the first year of Tutankhamun - 1204 BC. The story of Abraham also reveals the location of the Garden of Eden in the heartland of the Levant.

• Radiocarbon Dating – The process that created the dendrochronology-based radiocarbon calibration curve is demonstrated to be a flawed non-scientific process that relied upon circular arguments.

• The Odyssey – By comparing the life and work of Archilochus to both the Odyssey and the Iliad, it is shown that Archilochus must have been the author of the Odyssey. The allegory within the Odyssey is also discussed to provide both geographical and spiritual interpretations of the poem.

• Western Culture – The two main streams of Western Culture (Ancient Greece and Christianity) are shown to have had their foundations in the stories surrounding the Trojan War, the spiritual message of the Odyssey and the influences of Egypt on Greece and Judaism. It is shown how Greek and Jewish religions were fused to create the Gospels and contributed towards modern astrology.

The problem and the aim of the study. Digital Citizenship has become a force affecting the construction
and the implementation of the curriculum, and the idea of including its knowledge, skills and values in the
school curriculum experiences has become an educational goal and a basic standard of the national standards
for learning digital technology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, believing in its effective role in preparing
learners for life, and preparing them to deal constructively with the transformations that The Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia and the world are witnessing it. This research aimed to present a proposal for developing third grade’s
Computer and Information Technology Textbook in the light of digital citizenship dimensions.
Research methods. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach and designed a content
analysis card with digital citizenship dimensions that consists of digital access, digital commerce, digital
communication, digital literacy, digital etiquette, digital law, digital rights and responsibility, digital health,
and digital security. There are adequate 48 standards that represent the digital citizenship dimensions. The
researcher double-checked the card's validity and reliability. Twenty-five experts in the field have reviewed the
card, and it has achieved a high score for reliability 96,24%.
Results. The content analysis results indicated that the dimension of digital literacy had the highest degree of
availability in the computer and information technology book with a percentage of 74,62%, while the rest of
the dimensions were not sufficiently covered in the book. Digital law had the lowest availability percentage at
0,38%, followed by digital health at 0,57%, digital etiquette at 0,76%, digital commerce at 1,14%, digital security
at 1,23%, digital rights and responsibility at 1,42%, and digital communication at 4,83%. Finally, digital access
came in at 15,06 %, in ascending order of percentage availability.
Conclusion. According to the results, the researcher presented a proposal to include digital citizenship
dimensions in the Computer and Information Technology textbook for third grade intermediate level. The
researcher suggested adding educational activities and tasks to the current units of the book to increase
the level of availability of digital citizenship dimensions. Furthermore, the researcher created a proposed unit
based on digital citizenship dimensions to achieve knowledge continuity. Finally, many recommendations were
presented to curriculum designers in Saudi Arabia, those who are responsible for developing the infrastructure
of public education schools, and those who are in charge of professional development for teachers.