The Little Book of Value Investing
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About this ebook
A concise and masterful discussion of a proven investing strategy
There are many ways to make money in today’s market, but the one strategy that has truly proven itself over the years is value investing. Now, with The Little Book of Value Investing, Christopher Browne shows you how to use this wealth-building strategy to successfully buy bargain stocks around the world. You’ll explore how to value securities and find bargains in the stock market. You’ll also learn to ignore irrelevant noise, “advice” from self-proclaimed gurus, and other obstacles that can throw you off your game.
The Little Book of Value Investing also offers:
- Strategies for analyzing public company financial statements and disclosures
- Advice on when you truly require a specialist’s opinion
- Tactics for sticking to your guns when you’re tempted to abandon a sound calculation because of froth in the market
Perfect for beginning retail investors of all stripes, The Little Book of Value Investing will also earn a place in the libraries of veteran investors and portfolio managers seeking an expert reference covering the most time-tested lessons of value investing.
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Book preview
The Little Book of Value Investing - Christopher H. Browne
Introduction
003You need to invest but you don’t need
to be a genius to do it smartly.
MORE PEOPLE OWN STOCKS TODAY than at any time in the past. Stock markets around the world have grown as more people embrace the benefits of capitalism to increase their wealth. Yet how many people have taken the time to understand what investing is all about? My suspicion is, not very many.
Making knowledgeable investment decisions can have a significant impact on your life. It can provide for a comfortable retirement, send your children to college, and provide the financial freedom to indulge all sorts of fantasies. And sensible investing, which can be found in the art and science of the tenets of value investing, is not rocket science. It merely requires understanding a few sound principles that anyone with an average IQ can master.
Value investing has been around as an investment philosophy since the early 1930s. The principles of value investing were first articulated in 1934 when Benjamin Graham, a professor of investments at Columbia Business School, wrote a book titled Security Analysis, the first, and still the best, book on investing. It has been read by millions through the years. So, value investing is not the new-new. It is, in fact, the old-old. This approach to investing is easy to understand, has greater appeal to common sense, and, I believe, has produced superior investment results for more years than any competing investment strategy.
Value investing is not a set of hard-and-fast rules. It is a set of principles that form a philosophy of investing. It provides guidelines that can point you in the direction of good stocks, and just as importantly, steer you away from bad stocks. Value investing brings to the field a model by which you can evaluate an investment opportunity or an investment manager. While investment performance is measured against a benchmark like the Standard & Poor’s 500 or the Morgan Stanley Capital International global and international indices, value investing provides a standard by which other investment strategies can be measured.
Why value investing? Because it has worked since anyone began tracking returns. A mountain of evidence confirms that the principles of value investing have provided market-beating returns over long periods. And it is easy to do. Value investing takes the field out of the arcane and into the realm of easy comprehension. Yet in the face of compelling evidence, few investors and few professional money managers subscribe to the principles of value investing. By some estimates, only 5 percent to 10 percent of professional money managers adhere to those principles. We’ll talk about why so few investors find value investing appealing and why this matters to you later. But first, I will explain the basic principles value investors bring to bear in their research and analysis, show you how you can apply it to find opportunities around the globe, and let you decide if it is all that difficult. As Warren Buffett has said, no more than 125 IQ points are needed to be a successful investor. Any more and they are wasted.
You Are Who You Meet
My firm, where I have toiled since 1969, was founded in 1920 by Forest Berwind Tweedy (aka Bill Tweedy). Bill Tweedy was an eccentric character who looked more like Wilfred Brimley than the dashing stockbrokers of the 1920s. When he started the firm, he looked for a business niche with little competition. He found it in stocks that were seldom traded. Typically, one shareholder or a small group of shareholders held the majority interest in the company. However, in numerous cases, there were minority shareholders who had no market for their shares other than to offer them back to the company. Bill Tweedy saw an opportunity. He would try to put together the minority buyers and sellers. He did this by seeking out shareholders at the annual meetings. He would send them a postcard asking if they wanted to buy or sell some of their shares, and so he became a specialist in closely held and inactively traded stocks.
Tweedy worked at a rolltop desk in a spare office on Wall Street in New York. He had no assistant, no secretary. And he did this for 25 years. In 1945, my father, Howard Browne, and a friend of his, Joe Reilly, left their jobs at different firms where they were not happy and went into partnership with Tweedy; and Tweedy, Browne and Reilly was born. The three wanted to continue the business of making markets in inactively traded and closely held securities that sold at below market prices.
Tweedy’s activities attracted the attention of Benjamin Graham in the early 1930s and they developed a brokerage relationship. When Tweedy, Browne, and Reilly was formed in 1945, the partners took office space at 52 Wall Street down the hall from Graham. They thought that being near him would get them a larger share of Graham’s business.
The firm struggled through the 1940s and the 1950s, but it survived. There were enough eccentric investors who liked cheap stocks that were not listed on exchanges to keep the firm going. In 1955, Walter Schloss, who had worked for Graham and left in 1954 to start his own investment partnership, moved into the Tweedy, Browne, and Reilly offices at a desk in a hallway next to the watercooler and the coatrack. Schloss practiced pure Graham value investing, and he racked up a 49-year record of compounding at nearly 20 percent. While he still maintains an office at my firm, he retired a few years ago when as a widower, he remarried at age 87. (Don’t worry about Walter’s future. Both his parents made it to 100+.)
Walter introduced two key people to the firm. In 1957, Bill Tweedy retired as did Ben Graham. My father and Joe Reilly liked having three partners. Walter introduced them to Tom Knapp who had attended Columbia Business School when Graham was teaching and had worked for him. He became the third partner because he realized that a lot of naïve people offered Tweedy, Browne cheap stocks. His idea was to change the firm into a money management business.
Walter’s second introduction was another associate of the Graham firm, Warren Buffett. Financial lore says that Graham offered to turn his fund over to Buffett, but Buffett’s wife wanted to move back to Omaha, Nebraska. So poor Buffett had to start over. In 1959, Walter Schloss introduced Warren Buffett to my father beginning a relationship based on trust that lasted for 10 years until Buffett closed down his partnership in 1969. My father bought most of the Berkshire Hathaway that Buffett owns today. Tweedy, Browne had the advantage of being broker to three of the most outstanding investors in history: Benjamin Graham, Walter Schloss, and Warren Buffett. No wonder we are committed value investors.
Think of the search for value stocks like grocery shopping for the highest quality goods at the best possible price. This little book will explain the underpinnings of the investment philosophy of the consistently outstanding investors so that you may learn how to stock the shelves of your value store with the highest quality, lowest cost merchandise we can find.
Chapter One
004Buy Stocks like Steaks . . . On Sale
005Buy stocks like you buy everything
else, when they are on sale.
ON SALE
ARE TWO of the most compelling words in advertising. Imagine that you are in the supermarket, strolling down the aisles gathering your groceries for the week ahead. In the meat aisle, you discover that one of your favorites, prime Delmonico steak, is on sale—down to just $2.50 per pound from the usual $8.99 per pound. What do you do? You load up the cart with this delicacy while it’s cheaply priced. When you return the next week and see those Delmonico steaks priced at $12.99 a pound, you pause. Perhaps this week, chicken or pork might be a smarter buy. This is how most people shop. They check the sales flyers stuffed in the Sunday newspaper and make their purchases when they spot a bargain on something they want or need. They wait until they see that dishwasher or refrigerator on sale no matter how much they want or need a new one. Every holiday, they flock to the mall to take advantage of the huge bargains that are only offered a few times during the year. When interest rates drop, they run to the bank or mortgage broker to refinance or take out new and bigger mortgages. Most people tend to look at pretty much everything they buy with an eye on the value they get for the price they pay. When prices drop, they buy more of the things they want and need. Except in the stock