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    Introducing PHP 7/MySQL
    Introducing PHP 7/MySQL
    Introducing PHP 7/MySQL
    Ebook595 pages5 hours

    Introducing PHP 7/MySQL

    By Prof Sham Tickoo

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    About this ebook


    Introducing PHP 7/MySQL textbook is an example based textbook which is written to cater to the needs of the novice users who wish to learn PHP 7 and MySQL. It is quite helpful for the experienced web developers as well who want to develop efficient programs. The textbook highlights PHP and MySQL as the easiest languages for learning web development and also explains various features of the languages in a simple and easy style.

    The highlight of the textbook is that each concept introduced in it has been exemplified by a program to clarify and facilitate better understanding. Also, the line-by-line explanation of each program ensures that the users with no previous programming experience are able to understand the concepts and master the programming techniques and use them with flexibility while designing programs.

    The following are some additional features of this book:

    • Consists of 12 chapters that are organized in a pedagogical sequence.
    • Covers various aspects of creating efficient programs using PHP 7 and MySQL.
    • The first page of every chapter summarizes the topics that are covered in it.
    • Each concept discussed in the textbook is exemplified by a program to clarify and facilitate better understanding.
    • Step-by-step instructions that guide the users through the learning process.
    • Additional information is provided throughout the textbook in the form of notes and tips.
    • Self-Evaluation Test and Review Questions are given at the end of each chapter so that the users can assess their knowledge.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherCADCIM Technologies
    Release dateSep 20, 2018
    ISBN9781942689713
    Introducing PHP 7/MySQL
    Author

    Prof Sham Tickoo

    Prof. Sham Tickoo is professor of Manufacturing Engineering at Purdue University Northwest, USA where he has taught design, drafting, CAD and other engineering courses for over nineteen years. Before joining Purdue University, Prof. Tickoo has worked as a machinist, quality control engineer, design engineer, engineering consultant, and software developer. He has received a US patent for his invention Self Adjusting Cargo Organizer for Vehicles. Professor Tickoo also leads the team of authors at CADCIM Technologies to develop world-class teaching and learning resources for Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and related technologies.

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      Book preview

      Introducing PHP 7/MySQL - Prof Sham Tickoo

      Introducing

      PHP 7/MySQL

      CADCIM Technologies

      525 St. Andrews Drive
      Schererville, IN 46375, USA
      (www.cadcim.com)
      Contributing Author

      Prof. Sham Tickoo

      Purdue University Northwest
      Hammond, Indiana
      USA

      Introducing PHP 7/MySQL

      Sham Tickoo

      CADCIM Technologies

      525 St Andrews Drive

      Schererville, Indiana 46375, USA

      www.cadcim.com

      Copyright © 2018 by CADCIM Technologies, USA. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976.

      No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in the database or retrieval system without the prior permission of CADCIM Technologies.

      ISBN 978-1-942689-71-3

      NOTICE TO THE READER

      Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described in the text or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained in the text. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer.

      The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions.

      The Publisher makes no representation or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the reader’s use of, or reliance upon, this material.

      www.cadcim.com

      CADCIM Technologies

      DEDICATION

      To teachers, who make it possible to disseminate knowledge

      to enlighten the young and curious minds

      of our future generations

      To students, who are dedicated to learning new technologies

      and making the world a better place to live in

      THANKS

      To employees of CADCIM Technologies for their valuable help

      Online Training Program Offered by CADCIM

      Technologies

      CADCIM Technologies provides effective and affordable virtual online training on various software packages including Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing and Engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE), computer programming languages, animation, architecture, and GIS. The training is delivered ‘live’ via Internet at any time, any place, and at any pace to individuals as well as the students of colleges, universities, and CAD/CAM training centers. The main features of this program are:

      Training for Students and Companies in a Classroom Setting

      Highly experienced instructors and qualified engineers at CADCIM Technologies conduct the classes under the guidance of Prof. Sham Tickoo of Purdue University Northwest, USA. This team has authored several textbooks that are rated one of the best in their categories and are used in various colleges, universities, and training centers in North America, Europe, and in other parts of the world.

      Training for Individuals

      CADCIM Technologies with its cost effective and time saving initiative strives to deliver the training in the comfort of your home or work place, thereby relieving you from the hassles of traveling to training centers.

      Training Offered on Software Packages

      CADCIM provides basic and advanced training on the following software packages:

      CAD/CAM/CAE: CATIA, Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire, PTC Creo Parametric, Creo Direct, SOLIDWORKS, Autodesk Inventor, Solid Edge, NX, AutoCAD, AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD Plant 3D, Customizing AutoCAD, EdgeCAM, and ANSYS

      Architecture and GIS: Autodesk Revit Architecture, AutoCAD Civil 3D, Autodesk Revit Structure, AutoCAD Map 3D, Revit MEP, Navisworks, Primavera, and Bentley STAAD Pro

      Animation and Styling: Autodesk 3ds Max, Autodesk 3ds Max Design, Autodesk Maya, Autodesk Alias, The Foundry NukeX, MAXON CINEMA 4D, Adobe Flash, and Adobe Premiere

      Web and Programming: C/C++, HTML5/CSS, VB.NET, Oracle, AJAX, and Java

      For more information, please visit the following link: http://www.cadcim.com

      Note

      If you are a faculty member, you can register by clicking on the following link to access the teaching resources: www.cadcim.com/Registration.aspx. The student resources are available at //www.cadcim.com. We also provide Live Virtual Online Training on various software packages. For more information, write us at sales@cadcim.com.

      Preface

      PHP 7/MySql

      PHP is a server-side scripting language used for web development and was developed by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. PHP, over the period, has undergone many changes and improvements. Originally PHP stood for Personal Home Page, and now it is known as Hypertext Preprocessor which is the recursive acronym of PHP. MySQL is an open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is used to interact with database along with PHP. The syntax, style, and features of these languages are very easy to understand.

      Introducing PHP 7/MySQL is an example based textbook which is written to cater to the needs of the novice users who wish to learn PHP 7 and MySQL. It is quite helpful for the experienced web developers as well who want to develop efficient programs. The textbook highlights PHP and MySQL as the easiest languages for learning web development and also explains various features of the languages in a simple and easy style.

      The highlight of the textbook is that each concept introduced in it has been exemplified by a program to clarify and facilitate better understanding. Also, the line-by-line explanation of each program ensures that the users with no previous programming experience are able to understand the concepts and master the programming techniques and use them with flexibility while designing programs.

      The main features of the textbook are as follows:

      Programming Approach: This textbook introduces the key ideas of web development in an intuitive way. The concepts are illustrated through best programming examples, covering all aspects of PHP and MySQL.

      Notes and Tips: Additional information is provided to the users in the form of notes and tips.

      Illustrations: There is an extensive use of examples, schematic representation, flow-charts, tables, screen capture images, and programming exercises.

      Learning Objectives: The first page of every chapter summarizes the topics that are covered in it.

      Self-Evaluation Test, Review Questions, and Exercises: Each chapter ends with a Self-Evaluation Test so that the users can assess their knowledge. The answers of the Self-Evaluation Test are given at the end of the chapter. Also, the Review Questions and Exercises are given at the end of each chapter that can be used by the Instructors as test questions and exercises.

      Free Companion Website

      It has been our constant endeavor to provide you the best textbooks and services at affordable price. In this endeavor, we have come out with a Free Companion Website that will facilitate the process of teaching and learning of PHP and MySQL. If you purchase this textbook, you will get access to the files on the Companion website. The following resources are available for faculty and students in this website:

      Faculty Resources

      • Technical Support

      You can get online technical support by contacting techsupport@cadcim.com.

      • Instructor Guide

      Solutions to all review questions and exercises in the textbook are provided to

      help the faculty members test the skills of the students.

      • Example Files

      The PHP program files used in examples are available for free download.

      Student Resources

      • Technical Support

      You can get online technical support by contacting techsupport@cadcim.com.

      • Example Files

      The PHP program files used in examples are available for free download.

      If you face any problem in accessing these files, please contact the publisher at sales@cadcim.com or the author at stickoo@pnw.edu or tickoo525@gmail.com.

      Stay Connected

      You can now stay connected with us through Facebook and Twitter to get the latest information about our textbooks, videos, and teaching/learning resources. To stay informed of such updates, follow us on Facebook (www.facebook.com/cadcim) and Twitter (@cadcimtech). You can also subscribe to our YouTube channel (www.youtube.com/cadcimtech) to get the information about our latest video tutorials.

      Chapter 1

      Introduction to

      Dynamic Websites

      Learning Objectives

      After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

      • Understand the basic terms used in website development

      • Understand the request/response process

      • Understand the meaning of static and dynamic websites

      • Understand the use of web server

      • Know about the evolution of PHP

      • Understand the benefits of using PHP

      INTRODUCTION

      A website is a collection of related web pages. Every web page you access through Internet is a website or a part of website. There are two types of websites, Static and Dynamic. These websites are designed and developed by using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and MySQL languages.

      Basic Terms Used in Website Development

      In this chapter, you will learn about the basic terminology such as www, HTML, HTTP, URI used in website development; the request/response process; the static or dynamic nature of websites; web server; evolution of PHP; and benefits of using PHP.

      Some basic terms that are generally used in relation to websites are explained next.

      WWW

      The World Wide Web or WWW in short, is the base of today’s web which supports specially formatted documents also known as web pages on Internet servers. These web pages are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language). HTML is the part of basic web technologies.

      In 1990, Tim-Berners-Lee invented three basic technologies, namely HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HyperText Markup Language (HTML), and Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) which together formed a global information medium called World Wide Web that operates on Internet.

      HTTP

      HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is an application protocol for regulating the request and response between the client (web browser running on the end user’s system) and a web server. It runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols and by default port 80 is used for HTTP traffic. It is designed to enable communications between clients and servers.

      For example, if a user is sending a request (URL) such as www.cadcim.com which is actually an HTTP command, to the server through a web browser, then the browser is known as the client. Whereas the server is a system that accepts the request made by the client and returns a response message to the client in the form of HTML pages, websites, and other content. In short, client makes a request and server responds to that request.

      Note

      http:// and ftp:// are the protocols also known as access mechanisms.

      HTML

      HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It defines the structure of web pages displayed on World Wide Web. Any website or web page you see on Internet consists of an HTML code. HTML is the base to form electronic documents (web pages). A website is a collection of related web pages. For a website, proper formatting of text and images can be done with the help of an HTML code. An HTML code ensures that the website is displayed on the Internet browser as it is intended to look. Formatting of websites or web pages are done with the help of various HTML tags. The latest version of HTML is HTML5.

      Standard HTML Template

      Given below is the standard HTML page template.

      Title of web page

      Explanation

      defines the document to be HTML5 (HTML version 5).

      The text between and describes HTML document.

      The text between and provides information about the document.

      The text between and provides a title for the document.

      The text between and describes the visible page content.

      is a comment which will not be displayed on the browser.

      Note

      HTML is case-insensitive, implying that it does not matter whether the HTML tags are written in UPPERCASE, lowercase, or camelCase.

      URI

      URI is an acronym of Uniform Resource Identifier. It is a string of characters used to identify names or resources on the Internet and is commonly used to specify the address of any website or related web page. Whenever users browse any website, they are actually browsing for the URI of that website which is the only medium to reach the site. URI can be further classified as Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Uniform Resource Name (URN), or both.

      Note

      An access mechanism is added in front of a URN to make it a URL.

      For example:

      http://www.cadcim.com/cadcimDesignCenter.aspx?loagPage=multimedia.htm

      In this example, http:// is the protocol (access mechanim) and www.cadcim.com/cadcimDesignCenter.aspx?loagPage=multimedia.htm is the URN which together forms a URI. Here, www is the subdomain, and cadcim.com is the domain name.

      URL

      URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is part of the URI. When an access mechanism is included in front of URN, it becomes a URL. It helps in locating the resource on the World Wide Web. First part of the URL is the protocol used and second part is the IP address or domain name where the resource is located. URL is a human readable alias for an IP address.

      For example:

      http://www.cadcim.com/

      In this example, http:// is the protocol used, www is the subdomain, and cadcim.com is the domain name. These all together form a URL.

      URN

      URN stands for Uniform Resource Name. It is also a subset of URI and is completely unique. URN identifies a source by name in a given namespace. A group of names or identifiers is known as namespace. URN is different from URL as it does not include any protocol. The best example of URN is ISBN number which is used to identify a book uniquely.

      For example:

      www.cadcim.com/ProductDetails.htm?ISBN=978-1-942689-44-7

      In this example, www is subdomain, cadcim.com is the domain name, ProductDetails.htm is the resource location, and ISBN=978-1-942689-44-7 is an ISBN number which is a part of the URN. These together form a URI. URN does not include any access mechanism.

      In other words, both URN and URL are part of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), as illustrated in Figure 1-1.

      From Figure 1-1, you can conclude that:

      http://www.cadcim.com/cadcimDesignCenter.aspx?loagPage=cadcimConsultingPage.htm is URI.

      http://www.cadcim.com/cadcimDesignCenter.aspx is URL.

      www.cadcim.com/cadcimDesignCenter.aspx?loagPage=cadcimConsultingPage.htm is URN.

      Request/Response Process

      Request / Response cycle is the process in which the user browses for the content and requests the web server for the same. The web server receives the request and sends back the requested page to the browser. There are two types of Request/Response processes. They are discussed next.

      Basic Request/Response

      The process of basic Request/Response is as follows:

      User enters URL into the address bar of any web browser. For example, http://www.cadcim.com.

      The browser looks up the IP address in the browser cache for the cadcim.com (domain name). If not found, it sends a request to DNS (Domain name system).

      The browser makes a request for the home page at cadcim.com.

      The request through Internet is relayed to the web server of cadcim.com.

      The web server receives the request made by the user and looks for the web page on its disk.

      The server retrieves the web page and return it to the web browser.

      The web browser receives it and displays the web page to the user.

      Dynamic Request/Response

      The process of dynamic Request/Response is as follows:

      User enters URL into the address bar of any web browser. For example, http://www.cadcim.com.

      The browser looks up the IP address in its browser cache for the cadcim.com (domain name). If not found, it sends a request to DNS (Domain name system).

      The browser makes a request for the home page at cadcim.com.

      The request through Internet is relayed to the web server of cadcim.com.

      The web server receives the request made by the user and looks for the web page on its hard disk.

      The web server notices that the file in the memory is incorporating PHP scripting language and to interpret (translate) the file server sends it to the PHP interpreter.

      The code is executed by the PHP interpreter.

      If there are MySQL statements in the file then PHP interpreter passes the file to the MySQL database engine.

      The MySQL database engine sends the result of the statements back to the PHP interpreter.

      The PHP interpreter returns the results of PHP code and MySQL statements to the web server.

      The web server receives the requested page and sends it to the web browser which displays the received page.

      Static Vs Dynamic Website

      The differences between the static and dynamic websites are discussed next.

      Static Website

      Static website is the one in which the content of the site remains static, means it does not change automatically. To change the content of the site, designer needs to change it manually by making changes in the source code. It can be designed by using HTML(Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS(Cascading Style Sheets). These languages are used to design front-end part of a website and therefore are known as client-side scripting languages. For example, the date displayed on a website would remain same forever unless it is changed manually in the source code. In other words, the content of a static website is fixed.

      Note

      Web content is the data (text, images, videos, and so on) that you read or see on a web page.

      Dynamic Website

      Dynamic website is the one in which the content changes automatically at run time. It can connect the website with the database, organize data in structured way, and easily fetch information from the database to display it on the site. It can also send data from the site to the database.

      Dynamic websites are interactive and user friendly and help in maintaining data. Any change or update required can be done easily on dynamic website as compared to static website. Server-side scripting languages including PHP and JavaScript are used for developing dynamic websites. These languages work with HTML, CSS, and MySQL to form a dynamic website.

      All e-commerce sites and online shopping sites are dynamic websites. Dynamic websites are capable of producing different content for different visitors from the same source code file. Such as, in any online shopping website, the content displayed on the home page keeps on changing according to the likes and dislikes of the visitors. For example, if a user repeatedly searches for laptops and other electronic gadgets on a website then the website will start displaying similar suggestions on its home page. The dynamic websites contain web pages that are generated in real-time. Whenever a dynamic web page is accessed, the code within the page is parsed on the web server and the resulting HTML is sent to the client’s web browser.

      Note

      Apart from PHP, MySQL, and JavaScript, there are various other languages such as ASP.Net, Python, and Ruby on Rails that are used to build a dynamic website.

      Web Server

      A web server is used to develop and test a dynamic website. It processes requests made by the client through HTTP and returns the response message to the client in form of HTML pages or web pages. There are many web servers available. In this book, you will read about the Apache web server.

      Apache web server is the most commonly used web server all over the world. About 60% of the web server machines use this web server. It is developed and maintained by Apache Software Foundation, it is an open source software which is free to use and can be installed in almost every operating system such as Linux, UNIX, Windows, Mac OS X, and so on.

      Apache provides a variety of multiprocessing modules instead of implementing just a single architecture. This allows Apache to run in a process-based, hybrid (thread and process), or event-hybrid mode, to match the demands of a particular infrastructure. The design of Apache ensures reliable and consistent processing of request within a given time-frame by increasing the rate of process and reducing the latency.

      PHP and Its evolution

      PHP is a server-side scripting and general-purpose programming language used for web development. It was developed by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. Originally PHP stood for Personal Home Page, and was initially designed for tracking visits to the personal online resume of the developer, Rasmus Lerdorf. As he needed additional functionality in the ‘Personal Home Page Tools’, he added more features to it and rewrote the PHP tools and now it is known as ‘Hypertext Preprocessor’ which is the recursive acronym of PHP.

      In 1995, PHP source code was made available for general public under open source platform. Initially it was a simple set of Common Gateway Interface (CGI) binaries written in the C programming language but now it is capable of database interaction, managing dynamic content, session tracking, building entire e-commerce sites, and so on.

      Over the period of time, starting from PHP/FI to PHP 7, many improved versions of PHP have been introduced. The evolution of PHP starting from 1995 is discussed next.

      PHP/FI (Version 1.0)

      PHP was expanded in 1995 and the name ‘Personal Home Page’ was dropped for a short period of time. A new name, FI which stands for ‘Forms Interpreter’, was given to this language. In April, 1996 a complete makeover of the code was done and by combining the past names - PHP and FI, Rasmus Lerdorf introduced a new name PHP/FI. This implementation began to evolve PHP from a suite of tools to a programing language. It included built-in support for DBM(Database Management), cookies, user defined functions, and so on.

      PHP/FI 2 (Version 2.0)

      PHP/FI 2 was officially released in November, 1997 after Beta testing. It evolved to the point where it could work with HTML files and instead of just making personal home page setup, it was now used for an entire website. Now it did not require small Perl CGI programs as it was able to directly work with HTML files. Due to this, the overall performance of the web pages got improved and speed got enhanced.

      PHP 3 (Version 3.0)

      PHP/FI 2 was rewritten in 1997 by Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans. They were the programmers at Technion IIT. PHP/FI 2 was an entirely new language which was released with the new name, PHP, a recursive acronym for Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP 3.0 was the first version that closely resembles existing PHP.

      PHP 4 (Version 4.0)

      In 1998, after the release of PHP 3.0, Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski started working on PHP core. Their goal was to improve the complex applications and modularity of PHP code because designing complex application and handling it efficiently with PHP 3.0 was not possible.

      The Zend Engine (Zend is comprised of their first names, Zeev and Andi) successfully reached the goal by following a new paradigm of compile first, execute later. and introduced PHP 4.0 in mid 1994. They added wide range of new features such as highly improved performance, support for many more web servers, output buffering, HTTP sessions, more secure way to handle user input, and several other new language constructs in PHP 4.0 and released it in May 2000.

      PHP 5 and Later Versions

      Soon after the release of PHP 4, the demand for more object-oriented features increased so Andi came up with the idea to rewrite the object-oriented part of Zend Engine. Zeev and Andi along with a team of developers created Zend Engine 2.0 which became heart of PHP 5.

      Over a period of time, PHP 5.1 to PHP 5.5 were introduced. In August 2014, stable version of PHP 5.6 was released. Debugging was re-factored in PHP 5.6 with phpdbg as an interactive integrated debugger SAPI.

      PHP 7.0

      During 2014 and 2015, a new version of PHP was developed. This version was named as PHP7 and was released on 3 December 2015, with huge performance improvement. It is the latest PHP version which powers everything from website and mobile to enterprises and the cloud.

      The new Zend Engine 3.0 (PHP 7) has drastically reduced the memory consumption, improved exception hierarchy and converted many fatal errors to exception. It gives up to 2x faster performance than PHP 5.6. It also removed old and unsupported SAPIs and extensions and so on. This version allows you to serve more users without adding any extra hardware.

      Note

      PHP 6 was abandoned due to shortage of developers and performance issues with UTF-16 conversions.

      Benefits of using PHP

      PHP is widely used for developing websites all over the world. The reasons behind the success of PHP are discussed next.

      Easy to Learn

      PHP scripting language is easy to learn and understand. The syntax of PHP is very simple and the PHP documents are clean and organized. In PHP documents or files, it is not necessary to follow an order of functionality. The developers can quickly add or remove any function in PHP file without disturbing the functionality of other functions in that file. So, developer can easily learn and work with this language to develop the website which makes PHP language easy.

      Technical Support

      PHP is widely used as scripting language and getting help on any technical issue is very easy. Finding online help or documentation for PHP is extremely easy. The fact that PHP is open source also contributes to the large support community of PHP as the PHP group (developers community, where they share their scripts as well as doubts.) provides the complete source code for customization and extension.

      Freedom

      PHP is open source meaning that everyone has free access to the source code made available by PHP group and can use it for developing websites. It is compatible with most web servers and operating systems. As compared to other languages, PHP does not need any specific text editor for writing it. Developer can use any text editor such as Brackets, Notepad++, Sublime Text, or even Notepad.

      PHP Frameworks

      PHP frameworks provide basic structure of PHP code where users can build web applications very easily and quickly. It helps in creating more stable web applications with less repetitive coding. There are many PHP frameworks available which work as helping hand for database access libraries, session management, or in code reuse.

      Most popular PHP frameworks are:

      Laravel

      Symfony

      codeigniter

      Yii 2

      Phalcon

      CakePHP

      Zend

      Slim

      FuelPHP

      PHPixie

      Easier to Fix Errors

      It is easy to fix errors in PHP. Every request in PHP is independent. So, any change or problem in one request will not necessarily affect another request, thereby making it easier to find out the problem.

      Object Oriented Programming

      PHP works on Object Oriented Programing (OOP) concept. It is object based programing which involves the use of classes to organize the structure and data of web applications. PHP has the ability to call Java and Windows COM objects.

      Note

      You will learn about PHP objects and classes in later chapters.

      More Control

      PHP has more control over web browsers than other scripting languages. Many languages require large scripts to do very simple task whereas PHP can do the same in just few lines of code. PHP works very well with HTML and this is the reason the websites created by using them together are very neat in their functionality. The control over the design flow is also good. It allows user to design web pages according to exact specification.

      Speed

      PHP is much faster than other scripting languages. PHP 7 is double in speed from its earlier releases and it does not use much system resources in order to run. Even when it is used with other software, it does not slow down the process and retains the speed.

      PHP also works well with many RDBMS (Relational Database Management System), and CMS (Content Management System) such as WordPress, Drupal, Zoomla, and other such platforms. So, using PHP for dynamic websites is a good option.

      Self-Evaluation Test

      Answer the following questions and then compare them to those given at the end of this chapter:

      1. The three fundamental technologies given by Tim Berners-Lee are __________, __________, and __________.

      2. Full form of PHP is __________ now.

      3. Dynamic website have dynamic content which can change __________ at run time.

      4. __________ is the latest version of PHP.

      5. PHP is free of cost because it is an __________.

      Review Questions

      Answer the following questions:

      1. WWW stands for:

      (a) World Wide Web-application (b) World Wide Web

      (c) Wide Web World (d) None of them

      2. HTTP stands for:

      (a) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (b) Hyperlink Transfer Protocol

      (c) Hyper Token Transfer Protocol (d) None of them

      3. URI stands for:

      (a) Uniform Resource Identifier (b) Union Resource Identifier

      (c) Uniform Resource Identity (d) None of them

      4. Which of the following versions of PHP is the latest version?

      (a) PHP 6 (b) PHP 5

      (c) PHP 8 (d) PHP 7

      Answers to Self-Evaluation Test

      1. HTTP, HTML, URI,

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