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    Decommissioning at a Multifacility Site
    Decommissioning at a Multifacility Site
    Decommissioning at a Multifacility Site
    Ebook207 pages1 hour

    Decommissioning at a Multifacility Site

    By IAEA

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    About this ebook

    In recent years, several Member States have completed the decommissioning of multifacility nuclear sites. This publication consolidates their technical and organizational experience, and provides information and practical guidance that promotes safe, timely and cost effective implementation. All phases of decommissioning are discussed, from planning and dismantling to waste management and site release, as well as organizational schemes and funding. This publication is intended for decision makers, plant operators, contractors and regulators involved in planning, management, authorization and execution of decommissioning activities. It is particularly relevant for multifacility site operators with nuclear facilities approaching the end of their foreseen lifetime. The publication will also be of interest for the designers and builders of new nuclear installations in order to facilitate eventual decommissioning.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherInternational Atomic Energy Agency
    Release dateJun 16, 2022
    ISBN9789201197221
    Decommissioning at a Multifacility Site

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      Book preview

      Decommissioning at a Multifacility Site - IAEA

      1.png

      DECOMMISSIONING AT

      A MULTIFACILITY SITE:

      AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

      IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES No. NW-T-2.13

      DECOMMISSIONING AT

      A MULTIFACILITY SITE:

      AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

      INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

      VIENNA, 2022

      COPYRIGHT NOTICE

      All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at:

      Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section

      International Atomic Energy Agency

      Vienna International Centre

      PO Box 100

      1400 Vienna, Austria

      fax: +43 1 26007 22529

      tel.: +43 1 2600 22417

      email: sales.publications@iaea.org

      www.iaea.org/publications

      © IAEA, 2022

      Printed by the IAEA in Austria

      June 2022

      STI/PUB/1996

      IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      Names: International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Title: Decommissioning at a multifacility site: an integrated approach / International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2022. | Series: IAEA nuclear energy series, ISSN 1995–7807 ; no. NW-T-2.13 | Includes bibliographical references.

      Identifiers: IAEAL 22-01492 | ISBN 978–92–0–119522–7 (paperback : alk. paper) | ISBN 978–92–0–119622–4 (pdf) | ISBN 978–92–0–119722–1 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Nuclear reactors — Decommissioning. | Nuclear facilities — Decommissioning. | Decision making.

      Classification: UDC 621.039.59 | STI/PUB/1996

      FOREWORD

      The IAEA’s statutory role is to seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. Among other functions, the IAEA is authorized to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on peaceful uses of atomic energy. One way this is achieved is through a range of technical publications including the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series.

      The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises publications designed to further the use of nuclear technologies in support of sustainable development, to advance nuclear science and technology, catalyse innovation and build capacity to support the existing and expanded use of nuclear power and nuclear science applications. The publications include information covering all policy, technological and management aspects of the definition and implementation of activities involving the peaceful use of nuclear technology.

      The IAEA safety standards establish fundamental principles, requirements and recommendations to ensure nuclear safety and serve as a global reference for protecting people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation.

      When IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications address safety, it is ensured that the IAEA safety standards are referred to as the current boundary conditions for the application of nuclear technology.

      Information and guidance on the decommissioning of nuclear facilities provided in over 100 IAEA technical publications — including IAEA Safety Standards and conference proceedings — and brochures also apply to multifacility sites. However, much of this material does not specifically address decommissioning at such sites. With the growing body of experience in the decommissioning of nuclear installations, which includes the completion of several large scale decommissioning projects in recent years, it is now appropriate to consolidate this technical and organizational information and experience. This publication thus provides additional, specific information and guidance on this subject.

      The IAEA expresses its appreciation to all contributors to this publication, in particular to M. Laraia (Italy) for the preliminary draft. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was V. Michal of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology.

      The authoritative version of this publication is the hard copy issued at the same time and available as pdf on www.iaea.org/publications. To create this version for e-readers, certain changes have been made, including a the movement of some figures and tables.

      CONTENTS

      1. INTRODUCTION

      1.1. Background

      1.2. Objective

      1.3. Scope

      1.4. Structure

      2. MULTIFACILITY SITES AROUND THE WORLD

      2.1. Multi-reactor nuclear power plant sites

      2.2. Mixed sites housing nuclear fuel cycle facilities and/or non-power reactors and/or industrial and support facilities

      2.3. Mineral processing sites

      2.4. Decommissioning activities at multifacility sites around the world

      3. OVERARCHING CONSIDERATIONS

      3.1. Development of a site-wide decommissioning strategy

      3.2. Implementation of an integrated approach to decommissioning

      4. TECHNICAL ASPECTS

      4.1. Site layout

      4.2. Shared infrastructure including utilities and structures, systems and components

      4.3. Waste management facilities and provision

      4.4. Development and deployment of decommissioning technologies

      4.5. Ground contamination

      4.6. Site cleanup

      4.7. Area and component reutilization

      4.8. Compliance with end state requirements

      4.9. Safety assessment and emergency preparedness

      4.10. Environmental monitoring during decommissioning

      5. ORGANIZATIONAL and managerial ASPECTS

      5.1. Human resources

      5.2. Organizational structures and systems

      5.3. Regulatory approaches

      5.4. Nuclear security considerations

      5.5. Safety and environmental impact assessment

      5.6. Emergency preparedness

      5.7. Independent owners/operators

      5.8. Knowledge management, learning from experience and record keeping

      5.9. Human factors

      5.10. Asset management including post-decommissioning site reuse

      5.11. Stakeholder engagement

      5.12. Supply chain engagement and commercial arrangements

      6. FINANCIAL ASPECTS

      6.1. Cost estimation

      6.2. Short term funding

      6.3. Long term funding

      6.4. Optimization of scope to reflect funding shortfalls

      7. INTEGRATED PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING

      7.1. Prioritization

      7.2. Integrated oversight

      8. CONCLUSIONS

      REFERENCES

      ANNEXES: SUPPLEMENTARY FILES

      GLOSSARY

      ABBREVIATIONS

      CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW

      STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES

      1. INTRODUCTION

      1.1. Background

      Multifacility sites accommodate independent or interdependent facilities with separate or combined licences and organizational structures. The need to install several facilities at a site is the result of a number of factors. First, ancillary facilities are often needed to support a major facility at the same site. Second, production lines often need several facilities of similar type (e.g. nuclear power reactors) to be commissioned in sequence. Third, multifacility sites benefit from the grouping of resources (and facilities) at one site in support of national nuclear programmes. These benefits include economies of scale and the availability of shared services and infrastructure.

      Numerous multifacility sites exist in both developed and developing Member States. These sites may house a wide range of nuclear and/or radiation facilities, such as nuclear reactors, medical, research, industrial, isotope production, fuel cycle, and waste processing and storage facilities. Typical examples include nuclear power stations (with five power reactors, such as Bohunice in Slovakia (Fig. 1)) and nuclear research centres (including research reactors, hot cells, laboratories, waste treatment and decontamination stations, such as Pelindaba in South Africa (Fig. 2), and the Dounreay and Sellafield sites in the United Kingdom (UK) (Figs 3 and 4)).

      Some sites have facilities which may be interconnected in terms of production routes and/or services, may include several units of effectively the same design, may have single independent facilities, or may be a combination of the above. Even those facilities at sites that are notionally independent will probably share services and infrastructure such as utilities, nuclear security and/or waste disposal routes.

      These sites tend to have been gradually developed over the years and changing demands, regulatory environments and objectives can result in a lack of coordination regarding facility purpose and life cycle management. This lack of coordination may become acute when one or more such facilities reach the decommissioning stage and require the mobilization of significant resources in a short time, while others remain operational.

      It would be unreasonable to consider the decommissioning of one particular facility without recognition of the other facilities on the site. Therefore, when addressing the decommissioning at a multifacility site, many questions arise such as:

      — Should the entire site be decommissioned at once?

      — Does that make good business sense?

      — Will the site remain profitable if one unit is shut down and a reduced staff is refocused on operating the remaining units?

      To understand how decommissioning activities on-site will be dealt with, organizational requirements for each facility will have to be considered. The focus of site personnel is safe, continuous operation. Do you maintain one operations department with staffing for both the operating units and for the decommissioning unit, or do you split responsibilities? Where do you draw the nuclear security boundary: is the site physically divided by a fence between the operating plant and the decommissioning area? Could the shutdown areas be reused for the purposes of the operating plant? Is the solid waste arising from decommissioning stored separately from the operational waste being generated? What costs need to be considered that would otherwise not be included if the entire site was in operation? How are decommissioning related costs accounted for in a site where other facilities are still in operation? Are there any cost savings possible?

      To answer these and other related questions, an integrated approach to decommissioning at multifacility sites needs to be implemented. Any decommissioning approach that focuses only on individual facilities is likely to incur logistical and technical mismatches, which may result in delays of planned activities and increased decommissioning costs.

      In particular, unplanned end of operation and shutdown facilities may quickly lose priority and the focus of the site staff. In this situation, plant modifications may be stopped in midstream and existing operational capacities might be still in place while sustainable funding of forthcoming decommissioning activities might not be yet well established. With

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