Nutrients

14 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Is a Risk Factor for Infants’ Epigenetic Gestational Age Acceleration at Birth in Japan: A Cohort Study

by Tomoko Kawai, Seung Chik Jwa, Kohei Ogawa, Hisako Tanaka, Saki Aoto, Hiromi Kamura, Naho Morisaki, Takeo Fujiwara and Kenichiro Hata

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020368 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 517

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The DNA methylation of neonatal cord blood can be used to accurately estimate gestational age. This is known as epigenetic gestational age. The greater the difference between epigenetic and chronological gestational age, the greater the association with an inappropriate perinatal fetal environment [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The DNA methylation of neonatal cord blood can be used to accurately estimate gestational age. This is known as epigenetic gestational age. The greater the difference between epigenetic and chronological gestational age, the greater the association with an inappropriate perinatal fetal environment and development. Maternal vitamin D deficiency is common in Japan. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between maternal serum vitamin D levels and epigenetic gestational age acceleration at birth in Japan. Methods: The data were obtained from the hospital-based birth cohort study conducted at the National Center for Child Health and Development in Tokyo, Japan. Maternal blood was collected in the second trimester to measure the serum vitamin D concentration. Cord blood was collected at birth to measure serum vitamin D and to extract DNA. DNA methylation was assessed using an Illumina methylation EPIC array. Epigenetic gestational age was calculated using the “methylclock” R package. Linear regression analysis was performed to see associations. Results: Maternal serum vitamin D levels in the second trimester were negatively associated with epigenetic gestational age acceleration at birth when calculated by Bohlin’s method (regression coefficient [95% CI]: −0.022 [−0.039, −0.005], n = 157), which was still significant after considering infants’ sex (−0.022 [−0.039, −0.005]). Cord blood serum vitamin D levels were not associated with epigenetic age acceleration. Maternal age at delivery and birth height were associated in positive and negative ways with epigenetic gestational age acceleration, respectively (0.048 [0.012, 0.085] and −0.075 [−0.146, −0.003]). Conclusions: Maternal vitamin D deficiency was related to an infant’s epigenetic gestational age acceleration at birth. These findings suggest that the association between fetal development and maternal vitamin D levels may involve the fetal epigenetic regulation of the fetus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiological Epigenomics on Nutrition and Health)

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10 pages, 616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence and Body Weight with Daily Avocado Consumption Among Latina Women of the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial (HAT)

by Tiffany Q. Luong, Mopelola A. Adeyemo, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Nirupa R. Matthan, Kristina S. Petersen, David M. Reboussin, Joan Sabaté and Zhaoping Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020367 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the adherence, changes in weight, and, waist circumference associated with the daily consumption of a culturally preferred food, namely an avocado, among Hispanic/Latina females in the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial (HAT). Methods: HAT [...] Read more.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the adherence, changes in weight, and, waist circumference associated with the daily consumption of a culturally preferred food, namely an avocado, among Hispanic/Latina females in the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial (HAT). Methods: HAT was a multisite, randomized controlled trial conducted between 2018 and 2020. Participants in the Avocado-Supplemented Diet Group were provided with and instructed to consume one avocado/day (~2.2 servings) for 6 months; participants in the Habitual Diet Group were instructed to follow their usual diet and limit intake to ≤2 avocados/month. Avocado consumption was assessed using three random 24 h dietary recalls administered by dietitians. This analysis focused on women who self-identified as Hispanic/Latina. Results: Within HAT, 158 females self-identified as Hispanic/Latina (median age: 42 years, IQR: 36–54). Across the dietary recalls, the Avocado-Supplemented Group (n = 80) consumed 1.9–2.1 avocado servings/day; the Habitual Diet Group (n = 78) consumed 0.04–0.09 servings/day (p < 0.001). The weight and waist circumference measurements were similar between groups. Hispanic/Latina females remained adherent to daily avocado consumption for the 6-month study period, without a significant change in their body weight or waist circumference measurements. Conclusions: Integrating a culturally preferred food into a dietary intervention enhanced adherence amongst Latina adults, with no impact significant impact on body composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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19 pages, 1912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Pumping Profiles of Women That Predominantly Pump Milk for Their Infants

by Zoya Gridneva, Ashleigh H. Warden, Jacki L. McEachran, Sharon L. Perrella, Ching Tat Lai and Donna T. Geddes

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020366 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 428

Abstract

Background: Whilst it is inconvenient and time-intensive, predominantly (PP) and exclusively pumping (EP) mothers rely on breast expression to provide milk for their infants and to ensure continued milk supply, yet these populations are poorly understood. Methods: We assessed and characterised Western Australian [...] Read more.

Background: Whilst it is inconvenient and time-intensive, predominantly (PP) and exclusively pumping (EP) mothers rely on breast expression to provide milk for their infants and to ensure continued milk supply, yet these populations are poorly understood. Methods: We assessed and characterised Western Australian PP mothers (n = 93) regarding 24 h milk production (MP) and infant milk intake and demographics, perinatal complications and breastfeeding difficulties, the frequencies of which were compared with published general population frequencies. Pumping efficacy and milk flow parameters during a pumping session in PP mothers (n = 32) were compared with those that pump occasionally (reference group, n = 60). Results: PP mothers had a higher frequency of pregnancy complications and breastfeeding difficulties than the general population. Exclusive pumping did not impact the 24 h MP and the amount of milk available to the infant. PP mothers had more milk ejections, longer active flow duration and lower milk removal efficacy ratios; however, responsiveness to pump (time to first milk ejection), total flow duration, time to stop pumping, percentage of available milk removed and comfort parameters were not different to the reference group. Conclusions: Despite the reported challenges, when an effective pump is used, predominant or exclusive pumping does not negatively affect the 24 h MP and the amount of milk available to the infant. Increasing awareness of the impacts of perinatal and breastfeeding complications on women may assist health professionals in early identification of mothers at high risk for early cessation of breastfeeding, escalating early postpartum intervention and targeted breastfeeding support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Maternal and Child Nutrition: Pathways to Equity and Resilience)

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22 pages, 5103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Brussels Chicory Enhances Exhaustive Aerobic Exercise Performance and Post-Exercise Recovery, Possibly Through Promotion of Lactate Oxidation: A Pilot Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study

by Yihui Mao, Junhao Huang, Shuangshuang Li, Guanyu Chen, Yushi Du, Mengxi Kang, Shasha Zhu, Wenyu Zhang, Qiuhui Xu, Yihan Wang, Wenhua Ling, Xijuan Luo and Dongliang Wang

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020365 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 653

Abstract

Background: Brussels chicory affluent in phenolic acids could inhibit atherosclerosis; however, its effects on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery are unknown. We hypothesized that Brussels chicory could enhance exhaustive aerobic exercise performance and post-exercise recovery by promoting lactate oxidation. Methods: This is a [...] Read more.

Background: Brussels chicory affluent in phenolic acids could inhibit atherosclerosis; however, its effects on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery are unknown. We hypothesized that Brussels chicory could enhance exhaustive aerobic exercise performance and post-exercise recovery by promoting lactate oxidation. Methods: This is a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled two-way cross-over trial involving 32 untrained college students (men 18) who consumed either Brussels chicory juice (100 g of Brussels chicory containing ~130 mg phenolic acids and 180 mL fresh milk) or placebo (180 mL fresh milk) for 7 days with a 2-week washout period. On the 7th day, participants received a short-term, progressive workload, high-intensity, exhaustive aerobic exercise with the Bruce protocol. Time to exhaustion and blood lactate were evaluated after exercise. C2C12 myotubes were treated with Brussels chicory phenolic acids (0.625–10 μM) to evaluate these effects on lactate metabolism and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and B (LDHB), two enzymes responsible for lactate biosynthesis and oxidation, respectively. Results: Brussels chicory consumption increased time to exhaustion by 8.3% and 12.2% for men and women participants, respectively. This administration also promoted post-exercise recovery, evidenced by a reduction in blood lactate (14.5% for men and 10.6% for women). In C2C12 myotubes, Brussels chicory protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid did not affect LHDA-mediated lactate production, whereas these compounds dose-dependently promoted LDHB-mediated lactate oxidation through an enrichment of mitochondria LDHB. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with Brussels chicory may enhance short-term, progressive workload, high-intensity, exhaustive aerobic exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in humans, possibly by accelerating LDHB-mediated lactate oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Nutrition: Current and Novel Insights—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overweight and Obese Children Aged 6–17 Years in China Had Lower Level of Hydration Status: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Jianfen Zhang, Wei Cao, Juan Xu, Hongliang Wang, Ruihe Luo, Qian Gan, Titi Yang, Hui Pan, Zhenyu Yang, Wenhua Zhao and Qian Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020364 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 409

Abstract

Purpose: The aims of this study were to explore the differences in total body water and hydration status among Chinese children aged 6–17 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was implemented among children aged 6–17 years in China. The total body water (TBW), intracellular [...] Read more.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to explore the differences in total body water and hydration status among Chinese children aged 6–17 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was implemented among children aged 6–17 years in China. The total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The participants were divided according to age—age 6–8 years, age 9–11 years, age 12–14 years, age 15–17 years—and body mass index (BMI) of China—underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups. The differences of variables of groups were compared using analysis of variance, Student’s t-test, and Kruskal–Wallis test. Significance levels were set at 0.05 (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 59,643 participants (30,103 males and 29,540 females) completed the study. As children became older, the TBW, ICW, ECW, ICW/TBW, and TBW/FFM (TBW to fat free mass ratio) increased simultaneously (all p < 0.05); concurrently, the ECW/TBW decreased with age (all p < 0.05). Boys had higher TBW, ICW, ECW, ICW/TBW, TBW/BW, and TBW/FFM than those of girls at each age (all p < 0.05). For all BMI groups, increases in TBW, ICW, ECW were observed from the underweight group to the obese group, both in boys and girls (all p < 0.001). For the increase in BMI in all age groups, the values of TBW made a significantly lower percentage compared to BW. The higher BMI groups showed higher levels of TBW/FFM, both in girls and boys (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: The body water contents of children aged 6–17 years varied according to their age, sex, and BMI. Overweight and obese individuals may have inferior hydration status compared to those with normal weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Obesity, and Overweight in Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Habits on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Subjects with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Comparison Between the Mediterranean Diet and a Gluten-Free Diet

by Martina Laganà, Tommaso Piticchio, Angela Alibrandi, Rosario Le Moli, Francesco Pallotti, Alfredo Campennì, Salvatore Cannavò, Francesco Frasca and Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020363 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 560

Abstract

Background: The Mediterranean diet (MedD) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects that are beneficial in autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD). Recently, a gluten-free diet (GFD) has been proposed for non-celiac patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), but its usefulness is under debate. The present pilot study [...] Read more.

Background: The Mediterranean diet (MedD) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects that are beneficial in autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD). Recently, a gluten-free diet (GFD) has been proposed for non-celiac patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), but its usefulness is under debate. The present pilot study evaluates the effects of these two dietary regimes, with a focus on redox homeostasis, in HT. Patients and Methods: 45 euthyroid HT patients (30 F; median age 42 years) were randomly assigned to different dietary regimes: MedD (n = 15), GFD (n = 15) and free diet (FD, n = 15). Thyroid function tests, autoantibodies, and oxidative stress markers (Advanced glycation end products, AGEs; glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thioredoxin reductase (TRxR), and total plasma antioxidant activity (TEAA) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results: In the MedD group, significantly lower values of AGEs and higher values of GPX, TRX and TEAA with anti-oxidant action were detected (p < 0.05) at 12 weeks compared to baseline, and compared to the GFD and FD groups, in which the oxidative stress parameters did not change significantly (p > 0.05). No significant differences in serum levels of TSH, FT4, Ab-Tg, Ab-TPO compared to baseline were found in any group. Conclusions: This pilot study confirms the protective effect of the MedD against oxidative stress, while a GFD does not significantly influence markers of oxidative stress and/or thyroid autoimmunity/function parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition 3.0: Between Tradition and Innovation)

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26 pages, 8647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Explainable CNN and Vision Transformer-Based Approach for Real-Time Food Recognition

by Kintoh Allen Nfor, Tagne Poupi Theodore Armand, Kenesbaeva Periyzat Ismaylovna, Moon-Il Joo and Hee-Cheol Kim

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020362 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 430

Abstract

Background: Food image recognition, a crucial step in computational gastronomy, has diverse applications across nutritional platforms. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used for this task due to their ability to capture hierarchical features. However, they struggle with long-range dependencies and global feature [...] Read more.

Background: Food image recognition, a crucial step in computational gastronomy, has diverse applications across nutritional platforms. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used for this task due to their ability to capture hierarchical features. However, they struggle with long-range dependencies and global feature extraction, which are vital in distinguishing visually similar foods or images where the context of the whole dish is crucial, thus necessitating transformer architecture. Objectives: This research explores the capabilities of the CNNs and transformers to build a robust classification model that can handle both short- and long-range dependencies with global features to accurately classify food images and enhance food image recognition for better nutritional analysis. Methods: Our approach, which combines CNNs and Vision Transformers (ViTs), begins with the RestNet50 backbone model. This model is responsible for local feature extraction from the input image. The resulting feature map is then passed to the ViT encoder block, which handles further global feature extraction and classification using multi-head attention and fully connected layers with pre-trained weights. Results: Our experiments on five diverse datasets have confirmed a superior performance compared to the current state-of-the-art methods, and our combined dataset leveraging complementary features showed enhanced generalizability and robust performance in addressing global food diversity. We used explainable techniques like grad-CAM and LIME to understand how the models made their decisions, thereby enhancing the user’s trust in the proposed system. This model has been integrated into a mobile application for food recognition and nutrition analysis, offering features like an intelligent diet-tracking system. Conclusion: This research paves the way for practical applications in personalized nutrition and healthcare, showcasing the extensive potential of AI in nutritional sciences across various dietary platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformations in Nutrition)

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13 pages, 1366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Strengths-Based Approach to Increasing Nutrition Knowledge in Student-Athletes: The ‘Eat 2 Win’ Pilot Program

by Andrea Fuller and Stephen P. Bird

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020361 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 559

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Proper nutrition and hydration are essential for the health, growth, and athletic performance of student-athletes. Adequate energy availability and sufficient intake of macro- and micronutrients support adolescent development, prevent nutrient deficiencies, and reduce the risk of disordered eating. These [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Proper nutrition and hydration are essential for the health, growth, and athletic performance of student-athletes. Adequate energy availability and sufficient intake of macro- and micronutrients support adolescent development, prevent nutrient deficiencies, and reduce the risk of disordered eating. These challenges are particularly relevant to student-athletes, who are vulnerable to nutrition misinformation and often exhibit limited nutrition knowledge. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the ‘Eat 2 Win’ nutrition education pilot program for high school student-athletes and assess changes in nutrition knowledge using the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire—Adolescents (NSKQ-a). Methods: Fifty-five high school student-athletes (14.1 ± 2.2 years; 53% male, 47% female) from the Bremer State High School Sports Academy participated in the ‘Eat 2 Win’ program. The curriculum was tailored to align with the nutritional needs of Australian high school student-athletes and included three interactive workshops on sports nutrition concepts, practical cooking classes, and online learning modules. Sessions were delivered onsite at the school over three consecutive weeks, once per week. Twenty-four participants (43.6%) completed all program components. Results: The program was feasible and well-accepted by participants. Nutrition knowledge, assessed in 16 participants using the NSKQ-a, revealing an overall knowledge increase of 9.7%, with sub-category improvements ranging from 3.1% to 34.4%. Conclusions: The ‘Eat 2 Win’ pilot program improved student-athletes’ nutrition knowledge, particularly in macronutrients and hydration. Participant feedback highlighted enjoyment and positive impacts. Targeted nutrition education programs like ‘Eat 2 Win’ can empower student-athletes to make informed dietary choices by addressing knowledge gaps, debunking nutrition myths, and fostering positive dietary behaviours. Future programs should emphasize energy intake, practical skills, and accessible, actionable information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Nutrition Knowledge: Diet, Energy, Recovery and New Perspectives Related to Health and Performance)

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12 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Dietary Assessment Methods Used to Measure Individual Dietary Intakes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and Under-Served Populations in High-Income Countries

by Janelle L. Windus, Samantha J. Stewart, Marc T. P. Adam, Connor T. Dodd, Tracy L. Burrows, Clare E. Collins and Megan E. Rollo

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020360 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 528

Abstract

Background/Objectives: For low- and middle- income country (LMIC) settings, a global nutrition transition is rapidly emerging as diets shift, resulting in a dual burden of malnutrition. High quality dietary intake data for these populations is essential to understand dietary patterns contributing to these [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: For low- and middle- income country (LMIC) settings, a global nutrition transition is rapidly emerging as diets shift, resulting in a dual burden of malnutrition. High quality dietary intake data for these populations is essential to understand dietary patterns contributing to these nutrition issues. New technology is emerging to address dietary assessment challenges; however, it is unknown how researchers conducting studies with LMIC populations or under-served groups in high-income countries adopt technology-assisted methods. This study aimed to describe the features of the dietary assessment methods used in these settings. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of members of an online international nutrition network was conducted. Participants completed an online questionnaire collecting data on dietary assessment method use, populations studied, and factors influencing method selection. Results: Of 45 participants (ranging from 27 to 60 years) who completed the questionnaire, 67% conducted dietary assessments in children aged 1–5 years, 60% in pregnant women and 60% in female adults. Dietary assessment was conducted predominantly in countries classified as LMIC (n = 50), compared to the assessment of vulnerable groups in high-income countries (n = 3). All participants reported using 24-h recalls, 80% used food frequency questionnaires, while 22% used image-based and 22% used image-assisted methods. Predominant modes were interviewer-administered, paper questionnaires and manual analysis; however, digital survey platforms were used by nearly half of participants. Conclusions: Although traditional dietary assessment methods continue to dominate in LMICs, evidence of technological-assisted method use is emerging. Technology-assisted methods, tailored to address challenges in collecting quality dietary intake data in LMICs, are becoming more accessible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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17 pages, 3462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Enhancement of Fat-Soluble Vitamin Absorption and Bioefficacy via Micellization in Combination with Selected Plant Extracts In Vitro

by Stefanie Steinbauer, Melanie Wallner, Lisa-Marie Karl, Theresa Gramatte, Katja Essl, Marcus Iken, Julian Weghuber, Bernhard Blank-Landeshammer and Clemens Röhrl

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020359 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 537

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Individuals with special metabolic demands are at risk of deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, which can be counteracted via supplementation. Here, we tested the ability of micellization alone or in combination with selected natural plant extracts to increase the intestinal absorption and bioefficacy [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Individuals with special metabolic demands are at risk of deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, which can be counteracted via supplementation. Here, we tested the ability of micellization alone or in combination with selected natural plant extracts to increase the intestinal absorption and bioefficacy of fat-soluble vitamins. Methods: Micellated and nonmicellated vitamins D3 (cholecalciferol), D2 (ergocalciferol), E (alpha tocopheryl acetate), and K2 (menaquionone-7) were tested in intestinal Caco-2 or buccal TR146 cells in combination with curcuma (Curcuma longa), black pepper (Piper nigrum), or ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plant extracts. The vitamin uptake was quantified via HPLC-MS, and bioefficacy was assessed via gene expression analyses or the Griess assay for nitric oxide generation. Results: Micellization increased the uptake of vitamin D into buccal and intestinal cells, with vitamin D3 being more efficient than vitamin D2 in increasing the expression of genes involved in calcium transport. The micellization of vitamin E acetate increased its uptake and conversion into biologically active free vitamin E in intestinal cells only. The vitamin K2 uptake into buccal and intestinal cells was increased via micellization. Plant extracts increased the uptake of select micellated vitamins, with no plant extract being effective in combination with all vitamins. The curcuma extract increased the uptake of vitamins D2/D3 but not their bioefficacy. Black pepper and ginger extracts increased the uptake of vitamin E acetate into intestinal cells but failed to increase its conversion into free vitamin E. The ginger extract augmented the uptake of vitamin K2 and increased NO generation additively. Conclusions: Our data substantiate the positive effects of micellization on fat-soluble vitamin absorption and bioefficacy in vitro. While the application of plant extracts in addition to micellization to further increase bioefficacy is an interesting approach, further studies are warranted to understand vitamin-specific interactions and translation into increased bioefficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Non-nutrients in Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements That Regulate Metabolism and Improve Disease States)

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21 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome Concerning the Cardiometabolic Risk

by Stefania Scaglione, Tiziana Di Chiara, Mario Daidone and Antonino Tuttolomondo

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020358 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 792

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia (intended as an increase in triglyceride levels and a reduction in HDL cholesterol levels), and elevated fasting glucose, that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia (intended as an increase in triglyceride levels and a reduction in HDL cholesterol levels), and elevated fasting glucose, that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. With the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome, effective dietary interventions are essential in reducing these health risks. The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil and moderate in fish and poultry, has shown promise in addressing metabolic syndrome and its associated components. This diet’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, primarily due to its unsaturated fats, polyphenols, and fiber, have improved blood pressure, lipid levels, and insulin sensitivity. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been linked to reductions in central obesity and insulin resistance, both key elements in managing metabolic syndrome. Regarding lipid management, the Mediterranean diet lowers triglyceride levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol while raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, enhancing lipid profiles. It also helps regulate blood glucose levels, reducing the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the diet promotes weight loss and improves body composition, particularly by decreasing visceral fat, a primary driver of metabolic syndrome according to IDF classification. The Mediterranean diet offers a holistic approach to managing metabolic syndrome and reducing the risk of related chronic diseases. Its positive impact on metabolic health, combined with lifestyle changes like increased physical activity, provides a sustainable method for addressing the global burden of this syndrome. This review aimed to summarize the positive effects of the Mediterranean diet on the component of the metabolic syndrome with subsequent positive effects on cardiometabolic risk profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome)

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29 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Interventions, Supplements, and Plant-Derived Compounds for Adjunct Vitiligo Management: A Review of the Literature

by Michael J. Diaz, Jasmine T. Tran, Drake Rose, Aria Wei, Deepak Lakshmipathy and Shari R. Lipner

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020357 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 820

Abstract

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune pigmentation disorder shaped by a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental triggers. While conventional therapies—phototherapy, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants—can be effective, their benefits are often partial and temporary, with recurrence common once treatment stops. As such, there is [...] Read more.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune pigmentation disorder shaped by a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental triggers. While conventional therapies—phototherapy, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants—can be effective, their benefits are often partial and temporary, with recurrence common once treatment stops. As such, there is increasing interest in exploring complementary approaches that may offer a more sustainable impact. Emerging evidence suggests that macronutrient and micronutrient-level changes could be beneficial for managing progression and, in some cases, facilitating repigmentation. Antioxidant-rich foods, such as apples, green tea, Indian gooseberry, onions, and peppers, may help mitigate oxidative stress, while inflammatory foods, such as gluten and high-phenol nuts and berries, may exacerbate the condition. Certain supplements, including high-dose vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, may enhance phototherapy outcomes. Omega-3 and other unsaturated fatty acids, in addition to prebiotics and probiotics, are under active investigation for their roles in gut health and immune regulation. Notably, plant-derived compounds, i.e., Ginkgo biloba, have demonstrated promise in promoting repigmentation and managing disease progression. However, it must be emphasized that these nutritional interventions remain exploratory, and more research is needed to establish their efficacy, safety, and optimal usage before they can be recommended as part of a standard treatment regimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationships between Dietary Factors and Inflammatory Skin Diseases)

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18 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Protein-Rich Foods, Nutritional Supplements, and Age of Natural Menopause and Its Symptoms

by Yilin Yang, Yehuan Yang, Zhenghua Yong, Li Yang, Yanxia Zhao, Mengke Yan, Ruimin Zheng and Xiaomin Luo

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020356 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 554

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the relationship between protein-rich foods, various nutritional supplements, and age of natural menopause and its symptoms. Methods: This study was a large-scale cross-sectional survey. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select a sample of 52,347 residents aged [...] Read more.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between protein-rich foods, various nutritional supplements, and age of natural menopause and its symptoms. Methods: This study was a large-scale cross-sectional survey. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select a sample of 52,347 residents aged 35–60 years from 26 districts/counties across 13 cities in 12 provinces in China. The mean natural menopause age was represented by the average and median, and logistic regression models were employed to examine the relationship between the intake of protein-rich foods, use of nutritional supplements, and natural menopause age as well as menopausal symptoms. Results: The average natural menopause age of the study population was 49.46 (±3.22) years, with a median age of 50 years. Logistic regression analysis revealed that with increasing frequency of fish consumption, the natural menopause age was delayed and the severity of menopausal symptoms gradually decreased, especially in relation to physical symptoms, psychological symptoms, and urogenital symptoms, which showed significant negative correlations. Milk and soy products were significantly negatively correlated with various dimensions of menopausal symptoms. Calcium and iron supplements were significantly positively correlated with the severity of menopause symptoms. Subgroup analysis by different age groups and premenopausal versus postmenopausal status showed minimal impact on the study results. In the population with BMI ≥ 18.5, fish consumption was significantly negatively correlated with menopausal symptoms. In the population with BMI between 18.5 and 27.9, milk consumption was significantly negatively correlated with menopausal symptoms. In all the populations, soy product consumption was significantly negatively correlated with menopausal symptoms. Conclusions: The intake of fish, milk, and soy products plays a role in alleviating the severity of menopausal symptoms, particularly in delaying natural menopause, with the effect of fish intake being especially significant. Calcium and iron supplements may play a role in exacerbating the severity of menopausal symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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15 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spirulina Supplementation Alleviates Intense Exercise-Induced Damage and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Mice

by Chunxia Wang, Huijuan Liu, Shuyu Zhang, Chengyi Ren, Jiaming Xu, Juanjuan Chen, Haimin Chen and Wei Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020355 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 406

Abstract

Background: Spirulina, which are filamentous cyanobacteria, have gained significant popularity in the food industry, medicine, and aquaculture. Methods: In this study, our objective was to explore the influence of Spirulina on the gut microbiota and exercise capacity of mice undergoing high-intensity exercise. [...] Read more.

Background: Spirulina, which are filamentous cyanobacteria, have gained significant popularity in the food industry, medicine, and aquaculture. Methods: In this study, our objective was to explore the influence of Spirulina on the gut microbiota and exercise capacity of mice undergoing high-intensity exercise. Twenty-four male BALB/c mice were divided into four groups, with six mice in each group. These groups included the control group (Control, in which the mice received saline gavage and were permitted free movement), the exercise group (Running, in which the mice were gavaged with the same volume of saline and subjected to a structured exercise regimen), and the Spirulina intervention groups (including Spirulina ^Low and Spirulina ^High). In the Spirulina intervention groups, the mice were orally administered with Spirulina at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg/day for four weeks while simultaneously participating in the exercise protocol. Results: The results illustrated that the Running group mice subjected to intense exercise exhibited reduced weight and tension, acute damage to muscle and liver tissues, oxidative stress, and an imbalance in the gut microbiota compared with that of the Control group. However, high-concentration Spirulina supplementation was found to increase the tensile strength of the exercise mice by 1.27 ± 0.19 fold (p < 0.05) and ameliorate muscle and liver damage. In the Spirulina ^High group, the levels of certain indicators related to muscle oxidative stress, including reactive oxygen species, total superoxide dismutase, and catalase, were decreased by 39 ± 5.32% (p < 0.01) and increased by 1.11 ± 0.17 fold and 1.19 ± 0.22 fold (p < 0.01) compared to the Running group. Additionally, a correlation analysis reveals that the alterations in gut microbiota induced by Spirulina might be associated with the indicators of tension and oxidative stress. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings point to the fact that Spirulina can effectively mitigate the acute damage to muscles and the liver induced by intense exercise in mice by enhancing antioxidant capacity and regulating the gut microbiota, thereby providing novel insights into the mechanism underlying the enhancement of exercise function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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18 pages, 2893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Gender Differences in the Effects of Diet and Physical Activity on Metabolic Parameters

by Stefania Gorini, Elisabetta Camajani, Alessandra Feraco, Andrea Armani, Sercan Karav, Tiziana Filardi, Giovanni Aulisa, Edda Cava, Rocky Strollo, Elvira Padua, Massimiliano Caprio and Mauro Lombardo

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020354 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 497

Abstract

Background: Gender differences in metabolic response to lifestyle interventions remain poorly explored. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a six-month Mediterranean diet (MD) intervention combined with regular physical activity on metabolic parameters in overweight adults. Methods: A prospective cohort study was [...] Read more.

Background: Gender differences in metabolic response to lifestyle interventions remain poorly explored. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a six-month Mediterranean diet (MD) intervention combined with regular physical activity on metabolic parameters in overweight adults. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in an obesity clinic in Rome, Italy, involving overweight adults (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) motivated to improve their lifestyle. Participants (n = 205; 107 men and 98 women) self-selected into physical activity groups (aerobic, anaerobic, combined or no activity). Gender-specific metabolic changes were assessed, including lipid profiles, liver markers and fasting glucose. Results: Significant gender differences in metabolic results were observed. Men showed greater reductions in total cholesterol (TC) and LDL, as well as significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Women showed a significant increase in HDL cholesterol. Fasting blood glucose decreased significantly in both sexes, with no differences between the sexes. Activity-specific analysis revealed that anaerobic activity significantly improved lipid metabolism in men, while aerobic activity produced the greatest benefits in women, including increased HDL and improved liver marker profiles. Conclusions: Therapeutic strategies combining MD and physical activity must take into account gender-specific physiological differences and the type of sport activity to optimise metabolic benefits. Personalised approaches may improve the management of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight individuals. Study registration: This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06661330). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Behaviors, Body Composition and Neuro Vulnerability in Energy Metabolism Regulation—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gluten-Free Diet and Health-Related Quality of Life: The Validated Hellenic Version of the Celiac Dietary Adherence Test

by Emmanuel Psylinakis, Alexios Manidis, Fotios Makris, Nikolaos Thalassinos, Anastasia Markaki, Vasileia Kounelaki, Eirini Sfakianaki and Aspasia Spyridaki

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020353 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 762

Abstract

Background/Objectives: A reliable assessment of gluten-free diet (GFD) adherence is essential for managing celiac disease (CD). This study aimed to validate the Hellenic version of the Celiac Disease Adherence Test (H-CDAT) to evaluate adherence levels and explore the impact of dietary adherence on [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: A reliable assessment of gluten-free diet (GFD) adherence is essential for managing celiac disease (CD). This study aimed to validate the Hellenic version of the Celiac Disease Adherence Test (H-CDAT) to evaluate adherence levels and explore the impact of dietary adherence on health-related quality of life (HRQoL)—both of which have never been objectively assessed in Greek CD patients. Methods: The study included 102 adult CD patients who completed H-CDAT, diet-related questions, and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: H-CDAT demonstrated good psychometric properties and showed multiple strong correlations with HRQoL dimensions. H-CDAT adherence was Good in 38.2%, Moderate in 42.2%, and Poor in 19.6% of patients, despite their perception of effective adherence, with 51% never having visited a dietitian for guidance on a GFD. Patients scored significantly lower across most HRQoL dimensions compared to the general Greek population. When stratified into the three adherence categories, striking differences emerged between Good and Moderate adherence across both physical and mental health domains, highlighting that moderate adherence is not sufficient for optimal health outcomes. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the critical role of strict GFD adherence in improving overall health and underscore the importance of dietetic intervention for achieving optimal patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coeliac Disease: Addressing Nutritional Challenges and Dietary Practices)

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12 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Systematic Use of Small Doses of Vitamin D Have Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Effectively Correct Deficiency Among Healthy Adults?

by Anna Walawska-Hrycek, Eugeniusz Hrycek, Weronika Galus, Halina Jędrzejowska-Szypułka and Ewa Krzystanek

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020352 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 676

Abstract

Background: Calcitriol, beyond its well-established role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, contributes to immunological processes. No known vitamin D dosage regimen effectively corrects the deficiency while accounting for immunoregulatory effects. Therefore, the purpose of this assessment was to determine whether regular administration of [...] Read more.

Background: Calcitriol, beyond its well-established role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, contributes to immunological processes. No known vitamin D dosage regimen effectively corrects the deficiency while accounting for immunoregulatory effects. Therefore, the purpose of this assessment was to determine whether regular administration of low doses of vitamin D might correct deficiency and have immunoregulatory effects. Methods: A total of 35 healthy volunteers were asked to supplement with vitamin D daily at a dosage of 500 or 1000 IU, depending on the degree of deficiency, for 12 months. At the beginning of the study and after the end of the supplementation period, concentrations of 25(OH)D; PTH; total calcium; inorganic phosphorus; and the inflammatory cytokines IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β, and IFN-γ were determined in all participants. Results: Correction of vitamin D deficiency was achieved with accompanying decreases in PTH and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, while the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines remained stable. Conclusions: Therefore, regular vitamin D supplementation, even in small doses, effectively corrected the deficiency and had immunomodulatory effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

15 pages, 1413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Caffeine Intake Combined with Self-Selected Music During Warm-Up on Anaerobic Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study

by Bopeng Qiu, Ziyu Wang, Yinkai Zhang, Yusong Cui, Penglin Diao, Kaiji Liu, Juan Del Coso and Chang Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020351 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 745

Abstract

Background: Both listening to music during warm-up and consuming caffeine before exercise have been independently shown to enhance athletic performance. However, the potential synergistic effects of combining these strategies remain largely unexplored. To date, only two studies have reported additional benefits to combining [...] Read more.

Background: Both listening to music during warm-up and consuming caffeine before exercise have been independently shown to enhance athletic performance. However, the potential synergistic effects of combining these strategies remain largely unexplored. To date, only two studies have reported additional benefits to combining music during warm-up with a caffeine dose of 3 mg/kg on taekwondo-specific performance tasks. However, these studies did not evaluate whether this combination produces additive or synergistic effects on other types of sports performance. The present study aimed to assess the effects of listening to music alone or combined with caffeine intake on performance in the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in physically active subjects. Methods: Twenty-four physically active male participants took part in this randomized, double-blind, crossover experiment. Participants underwent WAnT performance evaluations under three conditions: (i) no intervention (control; CON); (ii) music plus placebo (Mus + PLA), involving the intake of a placebo (maltodextrin) 60 min prior and self-selected high-tempo music during warm-up; and (iii) music plus caffeine (Mus + CAF), involving the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min prior and self-selected high-tempo music during warm-up. Under all conditions, participants wore the same Bluetooth headphones (with or without music), performed a 10 min standardized warm-up, and completed the 30 s WAnT with a load of 7.5% of their body weight on a calibrated ergometer. Power output was recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz throughout the exercise. The Feeling Scale was assessed both before and after the exercise test, while heart rate (HR) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured immediately following the exercise. Results: Mus + PLA and Mus + CAF significantly improved peak power, mean power, and total work compared with CON (p < 0.05). Furthermore, peak power was higher in Mus + CAF than in Mus + PLA (p = 0.01). Post-exercise HR and RPE showed no significant differences across conditions (p > 0.05). Regarding the Feeling Scale (FS) before exercise, the Mus + PLA and Mus + CAF conditions showed significantly higher scores than CON (p < 0.05), while no differences were found after exercise. The perceived fitness metrics displayed no significant differences among conditions (p > 0.05), except for self-perceived power, which was higher in Mus + CAF than in CON (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Self-selected music during warm-up, either alone or combined with caffeine, significantly enhanced several WAnT performance metrics, including peak power, mean power, and total work. Remarkably, combining music with caffeine further improved peak power and increased self-perceived power compared with music alone. While listening to self-selected music during warm-up provided measurable benefits on anaerobic exercise performance, the combination of music and caffeine demonstrated additive effects, making it the optimal strategy for maximizing anaerobic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Caffeine Intake for Human Health and Exercise Performance)

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15 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Meat Lipids in Nutrition and Health: Balancing Benefits and Risks

by José A. M. Prates

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020350 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 934

Abstract

Meat lipids are determinants of the nutritional, sensory and physiological qualities of meat, encompassing triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and bioactive compounds. These lipids provide essential fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, critical for metabolic regulation, inflammation control and cognitive health. However, [...] Read more.

Meat lipids are determinants of the nutritional, sensory and physiological qualities of meat, encompassing triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and bioactive compounds. These lipids provide essential fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, critical for metabolic regulation, inflammation control and cognitive health. However, the dual role of meat lipids as essential nutrients and potential contributors to health risks, such as cardiovascular disease and oxidative stress, necessitates a nuanced understanding. This review evaluates meat lipids’ biochemical diversity, nutritional contributions and health implications, balancing their benefits and risks. It examines factors influencing lipid composition, including species, diet and processing methods, emphasising strategies such as omega-3 enrichment and antioxidant supplementation to enhance lipid quality. Advances in functional meat products, such as hybrid formulations combining plant and animal lipids, are highlighted for their potential to improve health outcomes. Emerging technologies in lipidomics provide deeper insights into lipid oxidation pathways and nutritional profiling, aiding in the development of safer, higher-quality meat products. By synthesising recent evidence, this review offers insights into dietary guidelines, optimises consumer choices and informs sustainable meat production practices aligned with public health and environmental goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—2nd Edition)

16 pages, 5045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin and Vitamin D Supplement Attenuates Knee Osteoarthritis Progression in ACLT + MMx Rat Model: Effect on Cartilage Protection and Pain Reduction

by Lokesh Kumar Mende, Yaswanth Kuthati and Chih-Shung Wong

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020349 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 480

Abstract

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and debilitating disorder marked by joint degradation, inflammation, and persistent pain. This study examined the possible therapeutic effects of curcumin and vitamin D on OA progression and pain in a rat knee OA model by anterior [...] Read more.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and debilitating disorder marked by joint degradation, inflammation, and persistent pain. This study examined the possible therapeutic effects of curcumin and vitamin D on OA progression and pain in a rat knee OA model by anterior cruciate ligament transection and meniscectomy (ACLT + MMx). Methods: Male Wistar rats were categorized into five groups: control, curcumin-treated (100 mg/kg/day), vitamin D-treated (25 µg/kg/day), a combination of vitamin D and curcumin, and sham-operated. All supplements were administered orally on a daily basis for 12 weeks. Pain behaviors were assessed, serum biomarkers were measured, and knee histology was examined. Results: Both curcumin and vitamin D independently reduced pain, while the combined group exhibited better analgesic effects. Serum inflammatory cytokines demonstrated a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an elevation in anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the supplement groups. The antioxidative markers were partially recovered by curcumin and vitamin D supplement. However, the oxidative stress marker Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) was significantly reduced. Histology analysis revealed a preservation of joint architecture and cartilage integrity and decreased synovium inflammation in the groups treated with curcumin and vitamin D. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a dual mechanism that encompasses the role of anti-inflammation and antioxidation on knee OA progression and pain reduction, underscoring the potential of these natural chemicals as therapeutic agents for knee OA; curcumin and vitamin D supplement may be added in delaying knee OA progression and associated pain management in clinical patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dose–Response Relationships of Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D Intake with Health Outcomes—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 3979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin K1 Administration Increases the Level of Circulating Carboxylated Osteocalcin in Critically Ill Patients

by Nadide Aydin, Thomas Kander, Ulf Schött and Sassan Hafizi

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020348 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 558

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) all commonly possess specially modified γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues created in a vitamin K-dependent manner. Several liver-derived coagulation factors are well characterised VKDPs. However, much less is known about extrahepatic VKDPs, which are more diverse in their molecular structures [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) all commonly possess specially modified γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues created in a vitamin K-dependent manner. Several liver-derived coagulation factors are well characterised VKDPs. However, much less is known about extrahepatic VKDPs, which are more diverse in their molecular structures and functions, and some of which have been implicated in inflammatory disorders. Vitamin K metabolism was shown to be impaired in critically ill patients, in whom systemic inflammation and sepsis are common features. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin K administration to these patients on their circulating levels of selected VKDPs. A particular novelty of this study was the measurement of specifically carboxylated forms of these proteins in addition to their overall levels. Methods: Blood samples were taken from 47 patients in the intensive care unit before and approximately 24 h after intravenous vitamin K1 (10 mg) administration, and proteins were analysed by specific immunoassay. Results: Vitamin K1 induced increases in plasma levels of carboxylated osteocalcin and total Gas6 (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0032, respectively). No changes were detected in levels of carboxylated Gas6 or PIVKA-II (undercarboxylated prothrombin), although the latter positively correlated with undercarboxylated osteocalcin (r = 0.38). Conclusion: Injected vitamin K1 increases the blood levels of two distinct VKDPs in critically ill patients, both of which have been implicated in inflammation regulation, including the increased carboxylation of one of them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fat-Soluble Vitamins for Disease Prevention and Management (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Translation and Adaptation of the SCOFF Questionnaire to the Greek Language (G-SCOFF) Using a Tertiary-Setting Adolescent Sample

by Eleni G. Paschalidou, Athina Markopoulou, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Aristea Gioxari, Alexandra Foscolou, Eirini Karagiannopoulou, Tonia Vassilakou, Dimitrios G. Goulis, Kyriaki Tsiroukidou and Efstratia Daskalou

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020347 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 485

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) constitute an important mental health problem today, especially among youngsters. The Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food (SCOFF) questionnaire was developed 25 years ago and remains the most frequently applied screening tool for FEDs among adults and youngsters. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) constitute an important mental health problem today, especially among youngsters. The Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food (SCOFF) questionnaire was developed 25 years ago and remains the most frequently applied screening tool for FEDs among adults and youngsters. The aim of the present study was to translate and adapt the SCOFF questionnaire to the Greek language, using a tertiary-setting adolescent sample. Methods: A total of 167 adolescents (86 boys, 81 girls) admitted to the pediatric outpatient clinics of the Georgios Gennimatas and Hippokration General hospitals completed the SCOFF questionnaire. Anthropometric indices were measured and dietary intake was recorded. Results: A total of 74 adolescents (44.3% of the sample) were classified as engaging in disordered eating behaviors and as possible patients with FEDs based on the SCOFF questionnaire. No differences were noted in the dietary intake between adolescents who screened positive and those who screened negative for FEDs. The body mass index z-score and obesity status were greater among children screening positive for FEDs compared to those screening negative (p < 0.01). One patient who was later diagnosed with anorexia nervosa was detected as a possible FED case by the questionnaire. Conclusions: The present study revealed that more than two out of five adolescents attending a pediatric clinic exhibited disordered eating behavior. The use of the G-SCOFF questionnaire is feasible and effective for FED triage in the Greek tertiary pediatric setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents)

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16 pages, 1033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association Between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in University Students: The Mediating Role of Lean Mass and the Muscle Strength Index

by Sofía Alfaro-González, Miriam Garrido-Miguel, Carlos Pascual-Morena, Diana P. Pozuelo-Carrascosa, Rubén Fernández-Rodríguez, José Alberto Martínez-Hortelano, Arthur E. Mesas and Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020346 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 732

Abstract

Background/objectives: recent studies have suggested that components typical of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) are associated with depression and anxiety prevention. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to analyse the associations between adherence to the MedDiet and depression and anxiety [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: recent studies have suggested that components typical of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) are associated with depression and anxiety prevention. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to analyse the associations between adherence to the MedDiet and depression and anxiety symptoms and to examine whether this relationship is mediated by lean mass and the muscle strength index (MSI). Methods: a cross-sectional study (based on data obtained from the Nuts4Brain-Z study) was conducted from 2023–2024, involving 428 university students, aged 18–30 years, from a Spanish public university. Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and anxiety was assessed via the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) tool. Adherence to the MedDiet was assessed using the MEDAS questionnaire. Lean mass was assessed via bioimpedance, and MSI was measured via a dynamometer. ANCOVA models were used to test the mean differences in depression and anxiety scores using MEDAS categories (low adherence < 9 points vs high adherence ≥ 9 points). Serial multiple mediation models, adjusted for the main confounders, were used to explore the role of lean mass and MSI in the relationships between adherence to the MedDiet and depression and anxiety symptoms. Results: university students with high adherence to the MedDiet exhibited lower scores for depression and anxiety symptoms (p < 0.05) than did students with low adherence to the MedDiet. The mediation analysis preliminarily revealed that both lean mass and MSI acted as mediators of the relationships between adherence to the MedDiet and depression and anxiety. Conclusion:adherence to the MedDiet in university students per se does not appear to have a direct effect on depression and anxiety symptoms because these associations are partially (for depression) or entirely (for anxiety) explained by lean mass and MSI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Habits and Body Composition of Children, Adolescents and Young Adults)

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17 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Treatment Experiences of Vegetarians and Vegans with an Eating Disorder: A Qualitative Study

by Courtney P. McLean, Kathleen de Boer, Megan F. Lee and Siân A. McLean

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020345 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 691

Abstract

Background: Vegetarianism and veganism have long been tied to disordered eating and are frequently considered to be methods of limiting available food choices. Health professionals specializing in eating disorder treatment may modify their treatment practices to support their vegetarian or vegan clients. However, [...] Read more.

Background: Vegetarianism and veganism have long been tied to disordered eating and are frequently considered to be methods of limiting available food choices. Health professionals specializing in eating disorder treatment may modify their treatment practices to support their vegetarian or vegan clients. However, there are no formally recognized clinical guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders in these groups. Moreover, no studies have yet explored the experiences of seeking and receiving eating disorder treatment while adhering to vegetarianism or veganism, which are needed to inform the development of guidelines. The present study aims to explore the lived experiences of vegetarians and vegans on eating disorder treatment through semi-structured interviews and reflexive thematic analysis. Methods: Seventeen participants (aged 19–48, 76% female, 41% vegan) with a history of receiving eating disorder treatment were recruited. Results: We identified five themes that participants described as important experiences for the treatment of their eating disorder when sought as a vegetarian or vegan: (1) Health professional perspectives, (2) The interaction of dietary status with treatment quality, (3) The give and take of treatment, (4) Lack of flexibility in treatment services, and (5) Current treatment approaches not well equipped to support dietary variations. Conclusions: This paper identifies the complex relationship between eating disorders, veganism, and vegetarianism and the perceptions of treatment from the perspectives of those who have received treatment. Our findings suggest that acknowledgement and the flexibility to work with an individual’s vegan and vegetarian values within treatment may contribute to enhanced outcomes and treatment experiences. Limitations include potential participation and response biases and a predominantly female-identifying sample. This study will contribute to the development of clinical guidelines when working with vegan and vegetarian clients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interdependence of Nutrition and Mental Well-Being)

16 pages, 3190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient–Nutrient Interactions Among Broccoli Glucosinolates and Their Implications for Breeding Cruciferous Crops to Enhance Human Health

by Weston Bussler, Katelyn DeZego, Holli Chandler, Robert W. Reid and Slavko Komarnytsky

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020344 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 600

Abstract

While a balanced diet can fulfill most nutritional needs, optimizing the composition of specific foods like broccoli can amplify their health benefits. Background/Objectives: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) is a widely consumed cruciferous vegetable valued for its gastrointestinal and immune health [...] Read more.

While a balanced diet can fulfill most nutritional needs, optimizing the composition of specific foods like broccoli can amplify their health benefits. Background/Objectives: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) is a widely consumed cruciferous vegetable valued for its gastrointestinal and immune health benefits. However, the individual contributions and interactions of broccoli glucosinolates, as they hydrolyze into bioactive isothiocyanates, remain poorly understood. Methods: This study investigated mixtures of four major aliphatic glucosinolates—glucoraphanin, gluconapin, progoitrin, and sinigrin—in individual and combinational models to assess their effects on human colorectal cell proliferation. Results: Combination index analysis revealed moderate to strong antagonistic interactions among these glucosinolates, with the most significant antagonism observed during enzymatic hydrolysis by myrosinase. Mixture analysis identified an optimal glucosinolate ratio including glucoraphanin (81–84%), gluconapin (9–19%), and others (0–7%) to maximize their antiproliferative effects (adjusted R² > 0.80). This optimal profile was achievable within the target broccoli mapping population. Testing the near-optimal VB067 isogenic broccoli line showed a 44% increase in antiproliferative activity compared to the initial breeding parent or an average sister line. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of leveraging nutrient–nutrient interactions to guide molecular breeding and produce functional varieties of cruciferous vegetables with optimized health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Dietary Bioactive Compounds)

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15 pages, 2775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Nutrient-Adequate Sustainable Diet Scenarios That Are Plant-Based but Animal-Optimized

by Thom Huppertz, Luuk Blom, Lionel van Est and Stephan Peters

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020343 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 931

Abstract

Background: Transitions toward more sustainable food systems may become rather polarized, particularly in the plant-based vs. animal-based debate. These discussions, however, are often based on environmental impact data from individual products or product groups and do not consider that the products together [...] Read more.

Background: Transitions toward more sustainable food systems may become rather polarized, particularly in the plant-based vs. animal-based debate. These discussions, however, are often based on environmental impact data from individual products or product groups and do not consider that the products together should form a nutrient-adequate diet that is also affordable. Linear programming approaches are ideal for exploring the impact of changes in diet composition on environmental impact and price while ensuring nutrient adequacy. Methods: In this study, we used a linear programming system, Optimeal 2.0, based on the diet in the Netherlands to explore the impact of changing the contributions of specific food groups on the environmental impact and price of the diet. Results: Reducing the amount of meat products in the diet reduced the environmental impact but increased the price. On the other hand, when dairy products were reduced or even omitted, the environmental impact of the nutrient-adequate optimized diet did not change notably, but prices increased notably. This could be attributed to the fact that the products required to compensate for the nutrient gaps by removing dairy products have equal environmental impact and higher prices. Increasing vegetable or fruit consumption increased price but did not affect the environmental impact nor did it increase the consumption of beans and pulses when kept within realistic levels. Conclusions: Overall, this work strongly highlights that consideration of ‘sustainability’ at a food product level is insufficient and that their role in nutrient-adequate diets needs to be considered. Furthermore, dietary shifts should be considered from the perspective of affordability and consumer preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Food-Related Social Media and Its Relationship to Body Image and Disordered Eating

by Bethany A. Roorda and Stephanie E. Cassin

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020342 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 627

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Appearance-related social media, such as “thinspiration” and “fitspiration” posts, have been shown to contribute to poor body image and disordered eating. Food-related social media is becoming increasingly popular; however, far less is known about its relationship to body image and disordered eating. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Appearance-related social media, such as “thinspiration” and “fitspiration” posts, have been shown to contribute to poor body image and disordered eating. Food-related social media is becoming increasingly popular; however, far less is known about its relationship to body image and disordered eating. Methods: The current review searched PsycNet and PubMed (Medline) for all the literature examining food-related social media and its relationship with body image and/or disordered eating outcomes. Results: From 796 initial hits, the search identified 16 relevant studies. The study designs and types of media examined varied widely, including mukbang videos, food blogs, and “What I Eat In A Day” videos. Findings on the relationship between food-related social media and outcome variables were quite mixed, perhaps speaking to the wide variety of media included in the review. Conclusions: The existing literature is sparce, but overall, it suggests a potential relationship between food-related social media, negative body image, and disordered eating. Additional experimental research is needed to clarify outcomes for different media types (e.g., food blogs versus mukbang videos) and to determine the direction of causality for each. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Obesity to Eating Disorders: Scaling Up the Evidence)

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17 pages, 1439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Dietary Fiber and Polyphenols During Pre-Gestation, Gestation, or Lactation on Intestinal Gene Expression

by Daniela Ceballos-Sánchez, Laura Sáez-Fuertes, Sergi Casanova-Crespo, Maria J. Rodríguez-Lagunas, Margarida Castell, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano and Malen Massot-Cladera

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020341 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Diet composition is important for health, especially during critical periods such as pre-gestation (P), gestation (G), or lactation (S), due to its potential impact not only on the mother but on the offspring. The Mediterranean diet includes many healthy foods rich in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Diet composition is important for health, especially during critical periods such as pre-gestation (P), gestation (G), or lactation (S), due to its potential impact not only on the mother but on the offspring. The Mediterranean diet includes many healthy foods rich in fiber and/or polyphenols, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts. The present preclinical study assesses the impact of a diet rich in fiber and polyphenols (HFP diet) during one of those three periods (P, G, or S, three weeks each) on the rat gene expression of the small intestine obtained at the end of the lactation period. Methods: This analysis was performed by the mRNA two step PCR amplification by random primers and poly-T, followed by library generation and HiSeq X-Ten Illumina sequencing (Seqplexing), and further confirmed by Real time PCR and ELISA. Results: The results showed a broad number of genes significantly modulated after the HFP diet compared to the reference diet, with a higher number of genes modulated when the supplementing period was closer to the analysis day (S > G > P). Notably, genes involved in immune signaling, intestinal absorption, and cell growth were among those more significantly affected by the HFP dietary intervention. The HFP diet influenced the expression of key genes such as ferritin, fatty acid synthase, apelin, and complement proteins, among others. There was a unique gene modified in all the intervention periods (Family with Sequence Similarity 117 Member A, Fam117A, which codifies a protein with unknown function), indicating that this molecule may participate critically in the effects induced by fiber and polyphenols during these periods. Conclusions: Overall, in rats, the influence of diet for a three-week period around birth is able to modulate the intestinal gene expression, and consequently, maternal health, which can eventually have an indirect impact on the offspring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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16 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specific Nutrients Mediate the Association of Food Insecurity and Sleep Regularity Index (SRI) in U.S. Adults: NHANES 2011–2014

by Samuel Myron Degenhard, Nicole Farmer, Li Yang, Jennifer J. Barb, Katherine A. Maki and Gwenyth R. Wallen

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020340 - 18 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Food-insecure individuals are at risk for poor health outcomes, including substandard sleep health. A possible association of food insecurity with sleep regularity has not been explored, and factors contributing to the relationship between food insecurity and sleep are not well understood. This [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Food-insecure individuals are at risk for poor health outcomes, including substandard sleep health. A possible association of food insecurity with sleep regularity has not been explored, and factors contributing to the relationship between food insecurity and sleep are not well understood. This cross-sectional study explored the relationship between food insecurity and sleep regularity and identified specific nutrients that mediated the association. Methods: This study used dietary intake, interview, physical examination, actigraphy, and laboratory data from NHANES 2011–2014 to assess the possible correlation between food insecurity and sleep in a sample of U.S. adults (n = 6730). Mediation analysis was conducted to determine specific serum biomarkers and intake of nutrients that indirectly contributed to the relationship. Results: Food insecurity was negatively correlated with sleep regularity. Dietary intake of fiber; vitamins A, B1, B2, C, E, and K; β-carotene; zinc; copper; and potassium and serum concentrations of palmitoleic acid had significant indirect effects on this association. The low/marginal food security group under-consumed vitamin K, and the very low food security group under-consumed vitamin K and zinc. Among food-insecure, income-eligible adults, those who received benefits from food assistance programs consumed significantly less fiber and β-carotene and exhibited significantly higher serum concentrations of palmitoleic acid than non-participants. Conclusions: Food insecurity predicted sleep regularity, and this relationship was mediated by dietary intake and serum concentrations of specific nutrients, underscoring the role of nutrition security when evaluating potential health impacts for adults experiencing food insecurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship Between Sleep, Dietary Patterns and Human Health)

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13 pages, 936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iron Deficiency Anemia Following Bariatric Surgery: A 10-Year Prospective Observational Study

by Kinga Kędzierska, Marcin Dymkowski, Wiktoria Niegowska, Maria Humięcka, Ada Sawicka, Iwona Walczak, Zofia Maria Jędral, Michał Wąsowski, Agata Bogołowska-Stieblich, Artur Binda, Paweł Jaworski, Wiesław Tarnowski and Piotr Jankowski

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020339 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 445

Abstract

Background: The long-term follow-up studies investigating the risk of anemia and iron deficiency following bariatric procedures are scarce. This study aimed to determine the influence of body weight reduction and type of bariatric surgery on iron metabolism parameters. Methods: We included 138 consecutive [...] Read more.

Background: The long-term follow-up studies investigating the risk of anemia and iron deficiency following bariatric procedures are scarce. This study aimed to determine the influence of body weight reduction and type of bariatric surgery on iron metabolism parameters. Methods: We included 138 consecutive patients who underwent bariatric surgery (120 underwent sleeve gastrectomy and 18 underwent other types of bariatric surgery) between 2010 and 2016. At baseline and at follow-up (median observation: 10 years), examination weight and height were measured, and blood samples for iron metabolism parameters were taken. Results: Red blood cells (4.75 [4.59–4.96] 10⁶/μL vs. 4.51 [4.25–4.83] 10⁶/μL, p < 0.0001), hemoglobin (14.0 [13.3–14.7] g/dL vs. 13.0 [12.1–14.3] g/dL, p < 0.0001), and folic acid (7.4 [5.9–10.4] ng/ml vs. 6.0 [4.5–9.1] ng/mL, p = 0.01) were significantly lower, while anemia prevalence (6.52% vs. 28.99%, p < 0.0001) was significantly higher at the follow-up examination compared to the baseline values. In contrast, iron concentration (86.5 [68.0–109.0] µg/dL vs. 86.5 [55.0–110.0] µg/dL, p = 0.42) and TIBC values (351 [326–391] µg/dL vs. 345 [5311–387] µg/dL, p = 0.08) did not change significantly. The multivariable regression analyses showed that the only factors independently related to the hemoglobin concentration change were initial hemoglobin concentration, age, and bariatric procedures other than sleeve gastrectomy. Similarly, in the multivariable logistic analysis, the only variables independently related to the risk of anemia were age (adjusted odds ratio 0.93 [95% confidence intervals 0.89–0.97]), initial hemoglobin concentration (0.69 [0.49–0.97]), and procedures other than sleeve gastrectomy bariatric procedures (6.12 [1.86–20.15]). Conclusions: Age, initial hemoglobin concentration, and type of bariatric procedure but not sex, baseline iron serum level, or weight change are related to the risk of anemia in the long-term follow-up following bariatric surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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