Systems

29 pages, 5400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Coordinated Development and Identification of Obstacles in the Manufacturing Industry Based on Economy–Society–Resource–Environment Goals

by Jiaojiao Yang, Ting Wang, Min Zhang, Yujie Hu and Xinran Liu

Systems 2025, 13(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020078 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2025

Abstract

Given the deficiencies in the definition of connotation, the construction of index systems, and the coordination of targets within the research on sustainable development in the manufacturing industry, an evaluation index system for sustainable development has been established. This system includes economic benefits, [...] Read more.

Given the deficiencies in the definition of connotation, the construction of index systems, and the coordination of targets within the research on sustainable development in the manufacturing industry, an evaluation index system for sustainable development has been established. This system includes economic benefits, social benefits, resource management, and environmental goals and is built upon a clear definition of the concept’s connotation. The CRITIC–entropy–TOPSIS–CCDM approach is employed for the computation of the coordinated development level of the manufacturing industry. To identify the main factors influencing the coupling coordination degree (CCD) from a mechanistic and compositional point of view, a logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) is used. Furthermore, the obstacle degree model analyzes the factors that restrict subsystem development. The results show the following. (1) The coordinated development level of the Chinese manufacturing industry has been maintained at 0.6–0.7, while the CCD of Hainan, Qinghai, and Xinjiang remains to be enhanced. (2) The key factor affecting the CCD is the coupling degree. The evaluation value of the economy and employment system determines the trend of coordinated development in the regional manufacturing industry. (3) The economic and employment scenarios in most provinces (cities) led to a significant decrease in the CCD compared to the baseline scenario, with average growth rates of −10.55% and −12.69%. This suggests that policymakers’ priorities significantly influence the CCD. The research presents a theoretical framework for assessing the sustainability of the manufacturing industry, offering valuable insights to guide the industry towards more sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analytics for Social, Economic and Environmental Issues)

24 pages, 2143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Evaluation and Case Study Verification of Equipment System of Systems Support Effectiveness

by Gang Ding, Lijie Cui, Feng Zhang, Chao Shi, Xinhe Wang and Xiang Tai

Systems 2025, 13(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020077 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2025

Abstract

As the scale of missions continues to expand, equipment support has emerged as a critical component of military combat effectiveness. Consequently, the supportability of a system of systems (SOS) for equipment has become as essential quality requirement alongside its performance metrics. This study [...] Read more.

As the scale of missions continues to expand, equipment support has emerged as a critical component of military combat effectiveness. Consequently, the supportability of a system of systems (SOS) for equipment has become as essential quality requirement alongside its performance metrics. This study systematically assessed the effectiveness of equipment SOS support through a task-driven methodology. Initially, a model for generating equipment support tasks was developed to translate the operational requirements into a sequence of support tasks. Subsequently, a simulation model was constructed to evaluate the equipment SOS support system, and solutions were derived for the corresponding SOS-level support effectiveness indexes. Finally, the feasibility and characteristics of the proposed models and simulation methodology were validated through a case study involving an emergency operational mission for an air combat group formation. The results indicate that the increased reliability of the equipment system correlates with a reduced failure rate and lower resource consumption for maintenance and support per device, thereby improving support efficiency. The methodology presented in this article provides a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of equipment SOS support while facilitating informed decision-making in information warfare conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Engineering)

31 pages, 2107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operational Risk Assessment of Commercial Banks’ Supply Chain Finance

by Wenying Xie, Juan He, Fuyou Huang and Jun Ren

Systems 2025, 13(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020076 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Supply chain finance (SCF) operations require extensive activities and a high level of information transparency, making them vulnerable to operational issues that pose significant risks of financial loss for commercial banks. Accurately assessing operational risks is crucial for ensuring market stability. This research [...] Read more.

Supply chain finance (SCF) operations require extensive activities and a high level of information transparency, making them vulnerable to operational issues that pose significant risks of financial loss for commercial banks. Accurately assessing operational risks is crucial for ensuring market stability. This research aims to provide a reliable operational risk assessment tool for commercial banks’ SCF businesses and to deeply examine the features of operational risk events. To achieve these goals, the study explores the dependency structure of risk cells and proposes a quantitative measurement framework for operational risk in SCF. The loss distribution analysis (LDA) is improved to align with the marginal loss distribution of segmented operational risks at both high and low frequencies. A tailored copula function is developed to capture the dependency structure between various risk cells, and the Monte Carlo algorithm is utilized to compute operational risk values. An empirical investigation is conducted using SCF loss data from commercial banks, creating a comprehensive database documenting over 400 entries of SCF loss events from 2012 to 2022. This database is analyzed to identify behaviors, trends, frequencies, and the severity of loss events. The results indicate that fraud risk and compliance risk are the primary sources of operational risks in SCF. The proposed approach is validated through backtesting, revealing a value at risk of CNY 179.3 million and an expected shortfall of CNY 204.9 million at the 99.9% significance level. This study pioneers the measurement of SCF operational risk, offering a comprehensive view of operational risks in SCF and providing an effective risk management tool for financial institutions and policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sustainable Operations and Supply Chain Management)

26 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Digital Transformation on Organizational Resilience: The Role of Innovation Capability and Agile Response

by Jingyi Zhang, Hanxi Li and Hong Zhao

Systems 2025, 13(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020075 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

In the face of a VUCA environment, organizational resilience has become a critical factor in sustaining enterprise performance. This study explores how digital transformation influences organizational resilience through its impact on the key components of organizational systems, specifically innovation capability and agile response. [...] Read more.

In the face of a VUCA environment, organizational resilience has become a critical factor in sustaining enterprise performance. This study explores how digital transformation influences organizational resilience through its impact on the key components of organizational systems, specifically innovation capability and agile response. Using data from Chinese A-share listed firms over the period 2007–2023, the study finds that digital transformation significantly enhances organizational resilience, with robust results across various tests. The analysis highlights that digital transformation strengthens resilience by optimizing innovation capability and improving agility within organizational systems. Heterogeneity tests reveal that these effects are particularly strong in firms located in eastern and central regions, operating in capital-intensive industries, and at growth or maturity stages. These findings underscore the systemic role of digital transformation in building adaptive, resilient organizations that can better navigate uncertainty and complexity. This study contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between digital technologies and organizational systems, offering practical insights for enterprises aiming to leverage digital transformation for sustainable growth and high-quality economic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nexus Between Fair Pay and Say-on-Pay Votes

by Ahmad Alqatan and Muhammad Arslan

Systems 2025, 13(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020074 - 23 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study explores the magnitude of shareholders’ say-on-pay (SOP) votes and its impact on CEO compensation. This study draws its sample from US Russell 3000 companies, the largest US companies, from 2011 to 2019. By creating a dummy variable, we further divided our [...] Read more.

This study explores the magnitude of shareholders’ say-on-pay (SOP) votes and its impact on CEO compensation. This study draws its sample from US Russell 3000 companies, the largest US companies, from 2011 to 2019. By creating a dummy variable, we further divided our sample into Russell 3000 and S&P 500 for peer comparison. This study employs descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and pooled OLS regression and finds that CEO compensation has a significant negative association with pay gap opposition. The coefficient and t-statistic were greater for the S&P 500 than for the Russell group. The study also finds that the CEO-to-employee pay ratio (CTE) is positively correlated with the number of shareholders’ dissenting votes. The coefficient and t-statistic were greater for the Russell group than for the S&P 500 group. Each additional point of CTE increases shareholder dissent votes by 1.4% for the Russell 3000 companies. This study has important implications for corporate directors, investors, and policymakers. The study contributes to the corporate governance literature, particularly on executive compensation. Our findings support the perspective of social comparison theory and contend that shareholders view CEO compensation as a biased evaluation of their contribution to the firm. We have developed a unique measure of the CEO-to-employee pay ratio, which is based on SEC methodology. Our findings provide empirical evidence for investors and policymakers in the U.S. and other jurisdictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

24 pages, 7034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Approach Integrating Model-Based Systems Engineering, IoT, and Digital Twin for the Design of Electric Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles

by Clara A. Ramirez, Priyanshu Agrawal and Amy E. Thompson

Systems 2025, 13(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020073 - 23 Jan 2025

Abstract

This article proposes a novel methodology aimed at streamlining the system’s development process. By examining existing state-of-the-art approaches and the capabilities inherent in Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) tools, the article introduces a methodology centered around transforming a descriptive Systems Modeling Language (SysML) model [...] Read more.

This article proposes a novel methodology aimed at streamlining the system’s development process. By examining existing state-of-the-art approaches and the capabilities inherent in Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) tools, the article introduces a methodology centered around transforming a descriptive Systems Modeling Language (SysML) model into a digital twin. This virtual representation of the physical asset leverages real-time data and simulations to mirror its behavior and characteristics. When integrated with MBSE, this synergy allows for a comprehensive and dynamic approach, enhancing innovation by providing a holistic and adaptable framework for designing, analyzing, and optimizing complex systems throughout their lifecycle. The practical application of this Real-Time Communication and Data Acquisition (RT-CDA) methodology is implemented in a context and operational scenario of an electric unmanned autonomous vehicle employing both Software-in-the-Loop (SITL) and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HITL) approaches. The methodology empowers systems engineers to iteratively update and refine their system model’s fidelity based on real-world testing insights. The article specifically demonstrates the real-time communication capabilities achieved between an electric unmanned autonomous vehicle (a physical asset) and a descriptive (SysML) model, illustrating the real-time data aspect integral to the concept of a digital twin. This study serves as a foundation for future endeavors, envisioning real-time communication among virtual and physical models to construct comprehensive digital twins of complex systems to predict behavior and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Model-Based Systems Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

39 pages, 24264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Health Transformation: Leveraging a Knowledge Graph Reasoning Framework and Conversational Agents for Enhanced Knowledge Management

by Abid Ali Fareedi, Muhammad Ismail, Stephane Gagnon, Ahmad Ghazanweh and Zartashia Arooj

Systems 2025, 13(2), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020072 - 22 Jan 2025

Abstract

The research focuses on the limitations of traditional systems in optimizing information flow in the healthcare domain. It focuses on integrating knowledge graphs (KGs) and utilizing AI-powered applications, specifically conversational agents (CAs), particularly during peak operational hours in emergency departments (EDs). Leveraging the [...] Read more.

The research focuses on the limitations of traditional systems in optimizing information flow in the healthcare domain. It focuses on integrating knowledge graphs (KGs) and utilizing AI-powered applications, specifically conversational agents (CAs), particularly during peak operational hours in emergency departments (EDs). Leveraging the Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) framework, the authors tailored a customized methodology, CRISP-knowledge graph (CRISP-KG), designed to harness KGs for constructing an intelligent knowledge base (KB) for CAs. This KG augmentation empowers CAs with advanced reasoning, knowledge management, and context awareness abilities. We utilized a hybrid method integrating a participatory design collaborative methodology (CM) and Methontology to construct a domain-centric robust formal ontological model depicting and mapping information flow during peak hours in EDs. The ultimate objective is to empower CAs with intelligent KBs, enabling seamless interaction with end users and enhancing the quality of care within EDs. The authors leveraged semantic web rule language (SWRL) to enhance inferencing capabilities within the KG framework further, facilitating efficient information management for assisting healthcare practitioners and patients. This innovative assistive solution helps efficiently manage information flow and information provision during peak hours. It also leads to better care outcomes and streamlined workflows within EDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Cybersecurity, AI, and IoT Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding User Acceptance of AI-Driven Chatbots in China’s E-Commerce: The Roles of Perceived Authenticity, Usefulness, and Risk

by Rob Kim Marjerison, Hang Dong, Jong-Min Kim, Hanyi Zheng, Youran Zhang and George Kuan

Systems 2025, 13(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020071 - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study examines users’ perceptions of Chatbots in China, with a particular focus on the factors influencing their acceptance and usage. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), we analyze data from 542 online responses to explore the roles of Perceived Authenticity, usefulness, [...] Read more.

This study examines users’ perceptions of Chatbots in China, with a particular focus on the factors influencing their acceptance and usage. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), we analyze data from 542 online responses to explore the roles of Perceived Authenticity, usefulness, and risk in shaping user behavior toward AI-driven Chatbots. Using linear regression and mediation analyses, our findings indicate that both Perceived Authenticity and Perceived Usefulness positively impact users’ behavioral intentions, while Perceived Risk has a negative influence. Notably, Perceived Usefulness serves as a mediator between behavioral intentions and both Perceived Authenticity and Perceived Risk. These results contribute to the growing body of research on AI and e-commerce by providing empirical evidence of the key factors affecting Chatbot adoption. The study offers valuable implications for developers and marketers, suggesting that enhancing Perceived Authenticity and usefulness while addressing Perceived Risks can improve user acceptance. These insights are particularly pertinent for AI practitioners aiming to refine Chatbot technology and expand its application across various sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation Management and Digitalization of Business Models)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 2001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reference Architecture for Smart Car Parking Management Systems

by Mert Ozkaya and Alper Turunc

Systems 2025, 13(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020070 - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Smart car parking management systems (SPMSs) have gained an ever-increasing popularity for the digital management of car parking processes. While various techniques and technologies have been proposed for SPMSs, the literature lacks in any generic software architecture design that can be reused systematically [...] Read more.

Smart car parking management systems (SPMSs) have gained an ever-increasing popularity for the digital management of car parking processes. While various techniques and technologies have been proposed for SPMSs, the literature lacks in any generic software architecture design that can be reused systematically for the specifications of quality SPMS architectures. To bridge this gap, we propose a reference architecture (RA) for the SPMS product family after performing a comprehensive domain analysis. Our RA design offers a feature model that consists of the common and varying features for SPMSs. We offer multiple viewpoints for our RA, including context, module, component and connector, and allocation. The context viewpoint focuses on the stakeholders, the module viewpoint focuses on the software units, the component and connector viewpoint focuses on the layered architecture of SPMSs, and the allocation viewpoint focuses on mapping software units into the physical components. Each viewpoint can be re-used for specifying the application architecture of any SPMSs. We validated our RA with a real SPMS scenario specification and prototype development, where the former measures the reusability of RA and the latter measures the development performance. The RA design for SPMSs is expected to be useful for several stakeholders who research, develop, and sell SPMS solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

40 pages, 13421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applying the PRiSM™ Methodology to Raise Awareness of the Importance of Using Sustainable Project Management Practices in Organizations

by Ana Moutinho, Paulo Sousa and Anabela Tereso

Systems 2025, 13(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020069 - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

Sustainability has become crucial in today’s business landscape. Customers, suppliers, partners, and investors are increasingly demanding that companies be aware of their impacts on the environment and society. Achieving sustainability in business operations, including social, economic, and environmental aspects, is one of the [...] Read more.

Sustainability has become crucial in today’s business landscape. Customers, suppliers, partners, and investors are increasingly demanding that companies be aware of their impacts on the environment and society. Achieving sustainability in business operations, including social, economic, and environmental aspects, is one of the major challenges for companies today. Integrating sustainability into project management fosters the development of more sustainable and responsible projects, considering environmental, social, and economic aspects. This integration allows for benefits such as risk and operational cost reduction, strengthening of the company’s reputation, and gaining stakeholders’ trust. This study takes an exploratory approach, focusing on a pilot test to investigate how the PRiSM™ (Projects Integrating Sustainable Methods) methodology can be applied in a business context to assess the level of maturity of sustainable project management practices and thus raise awareness of the importance of these issues. PRiSM™ was developed by GPM^® Global (Global Project Management, Lees Summit, MO, USA) in 2013 to help organizations integrate project processes with sustainable initiatives and it is based on the P5 Standard, which incorporates tangible tools and methods to manage the balance between finite resources, social responsibility, and delivery of sustainable project outcomes. Based on the PRiSM™ methodology and the P5 Standard (2nd Edition), a comprehensive questionnaire was developed under the Portuguese Project Management Observatory^® to assist companies in assessing their performance in terms of sustainable practices, resulting in a sustainable maturity level. The questionnaire aimed to evaluate companies in four impact categories: product/process impacts, social impacts, economic impacts, and environmental impacts. The results, obtained from 30 respondents, indicated that the majority of organizations achieved medium-level ratings, with an overall average of 65%. However, some still showed unsatisfactory performance, with a minimum score of 14%, indicating there is still a long way to go for the full integration of sustainability. Based on participants’ feedback, the study found that many recognized the importance of sustainability but were unaware of how to integrate sustainability practices into their project management activities, highlighting the importance of promoting education and raising awareness about sustainable project management practices. The findings, while based on a limited sample, provide valuable initial insights into the potential of PRiSM™ to foster sustainability in project management. This research underscores the need for further studies to expand and validate these preliminary conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Project Management in Business)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Financing Mechanisms and Preferences of Technology-Driven Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Digitalization Context

by Jing Hu, Lianming Huang, Weifu Li and Hongyi Xu

Systems 2025, 13(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020068 - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

In the context of digitalization, this study investigated the financing mechanisms and preferences of technology-driven small and medium-sized enterprises (TDSMEs) listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) in China. Its primary objective was to identify the factors influencing financing decisions and [...] Read more.

In the context of digitalization, this study investigated the financing mechanisms and preferences of technology-driven small and medium-sized enterprises (TDSMEs) listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) in China. Its primary objective was to identify the factors influencing financing decisions and to elucidate how TDSMEs choose their financing options in a rapidly evolving digital environment. To achieve this goal, we constructed a panel regression model using financial data from 41 TDSMEs (2017–2023), identifying the key determinants of financing decisions while examining the impact of regional heterogeneity and validating the model’s robustness. The empirical findings indicated that various independent variables, including a firm’s capital structure, significantly influenced both internal and external financing. Additionally, six machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed to predict financing preferences. Among them, the random forest (RF) model achieved the best financing preferences performance, with an average F1 score of 0.814, indicating its robust predictive capability for TDSMEs’ financing preferences. To further validate the proposed models, we conducted a case study on a TDSME newly recognized in 2024 (named TS Pharmaceutical). Both the Lasso and RF models demonstrated outstanding predictive accuracy, confirming the practicality of the ML models. These results provide valuable insights into navigating the ever-changing digital financing landscape, offering recommendations for policymakers and financial institutions to better support TDSMEs. The key innovation of this study lies in its novel integration of conventional panel regression analysis and ML techniques, thereby bridging the gap between digital transformation and financing strategies while contributing both theoretically and practically to the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Driven Methods in Business Process Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Scenic Spot Activity Center Investment: Strategic Construction Company Selection Using the Grey System-II Thinking Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method

by Shuo Zhang and Moses Olabhele Esangbedo

Systems 2025, 13(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010067 - 20 Jan 2025

Abstract

Investing in urban scenic spots is a complex process that requires careful consideration of multiple criteria to ensure sustainability and efficiency. In the post-pandemic era, the uncertainty of future trends necessitates effective risk management and informed investment decisions. Revitalizing urban scenic spots while [...] Read more.

Investing in urban scenic spots is a complex process that requires careful consideration of multiple criteria to ensure sustainability and efficiency. In the post-pandemic era, the uncertainty of future trends necessitates effective risk management and informed investment decisions. Revitalizing urban scenic spots while maintaining profitability, along with the construction of multi-purpose activity centers, requires a thorough evaluation of construction companies. This study addresses the selection of the most suitable contractor for constructing multi-purpose activity chain centers as a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) problem. We address the intricacies of contractor selection by integrating MCDM and system thinking approaches, emphasizing the alignment of investment strategies with broader urban development goals. First, a time delay was introduced between the first and second rounds of administering the weighting questionnaire to capture decision-makers’ preferences for the evaluation criteria as System-2 thinking, then the Grey System-2 Thinking (GS2T) weighting method was proposed for group decision-making. Second, the Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution (CRADIS) method was incorporated into the Grey Systems Theory (GST), resulting in the development of the Grey-CRADIS method, which was applied to rank seven contractors for constructing activity centers across four urban scenic spots. Using the proposed GS2T with the developed Grey-CRADIS method in conjunction with the decision-makers’ preferences, Company-2 was found to be the best contractor for the construction project. Finally, classical MCDM methods such as theWeighted Sum Model (WSM) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) were employed to confirm the top-ranking contractor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Theory and Methodology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplier Encroachment Channel Selection on an Online Retail Platform

by Zongyu Mou, Kaixin Ding, Yaping Fu and Hao Sun

Systems 2025, 13(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010066 - 20 Jan 2025

Abstract

Online retail platforms offer encroachment opportunities for suppliers to directly sell products to consumers on the online market. However, how to select appropriate encroachment channels poses a significant challenge for suppliers. To solve this problem, we take one supplier selling products through an [...] Read more.

Online retail platforms offer encroachment opportunities for suppliers to directly sell products to consumers on the online market. However, how to select appropriate encroachment channels poses a significant challenge for suppliers. To solve this problem, we take one supplier selling products through an indirect reselling channel on a third-party online retail platform (TORP) as the base model, and further consider that the supplier can choose TORP agency selling, the owned channel, or both to encroach onto the online market. We hereby establish game-theoretical models to analyze the optimal strategy of supplier encroachment, the TORP preference, and the equilibrium channel strategy. The findings show that the supplier is always willing to encroach onto the online market through its own channel. Additionally, when the commission rate is low, the supplier will further encroach via the TORP agency selling channel. The TORP provides the agency selling channel for the supplier only when the commission rate exceeds a certain threshold. If the channel competition is not very fierce (the competition intensity is lower than 0.852) and the commission rate is moderate, dual-channel encroachment is the equilibrium channel strategy; otherwise, supplier-owned-channel encroachment is the equilibrium strategy. We extend our main models by incorporating supplier blockchain adoption and the cost differences between both parties to enhance practical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Dairy Production and Cattle Healthcare Management Using Blockchain NFTs and Smart Contracts

by Saravanan Krishnan and Lakshmi Prabha Ganesan

Systems 2025, 13(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010065 - 20 Jan 2025

Abstract

Efficient cattle healthcare management is vital for ensuring productivity and welfare in dairy production, yet traditional record-keeping methods often lack transparency, security, and efficiency, leading to challenges in livestock product quality and healthcare. This study introduces a novel framework leveraging Zero Knowledge (ZK)-Rollups-enhanced [...] Read more.

Efficient cattle healthcare management is vital for ensuring productivity and welfare in dairy production, yet traditional record-keeping methods often lack transparency, security, and efficiency, leading to challenges in livestock product quality and healthcare. This study introduces a novel framework leveraging Zero Knowledge (ZK)-Rollups-enhanced Layer 2 blockchain and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) to address these issues. NFTs serve as secure digital certificates for individual cattle health records, ensuring transparency and traceability. ZK-Rollups on the Layer 2 blockchain enhance scalability, privacy, and cost-efficiency, while smart contracts automate key processes such as veterinary scheduling, medication delivery, and insurance claims, minimizing administrative overhead. Performance evaluations reveal significant advancements, with transaction delays of 4.1 ms, throughput of 249.8 TPS, gas costs reduced to 26,499.76 Gwei, and a time-to-finality of 1.1 ms, achieved through ZK-SNARKs (ZK-Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments of Knowledge) integration. These results demonstrate the system’s potential to revolutionize cattle healthcare management by combining transparency, security, and operational efficiency. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Optimization Research on the Spatial Distribution of Automated External Defibrillators Based on a Genetic Algorithm: A Case Study of Central Urban District of Nanjing, China

by Ge Shi, Jiahang Liu, Chuang Chen, Jingran Zhang, Jinghai Xu, Yu Chen, Jiaming Na and Wei Chen

Systems 2025, 13(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010064 - 20 Jan 2025

Abstract

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are portable emergency medical devices critical for resuscitating individuals experiencing sudden cardiac arrest. The installation of AEDs in public spaces is essential for enhancing society’s emergency response capabilities. However, many cities in China currently face issues such as inadequate [...] Read more.

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are portable emergency medical devices critical for resuscitating individuals experiencing sudden cardiac arrest. The installation of AEDs in public spaces is essential for enhancing society’s emergency response capabilities. However, many cities in China currently face issues such as inadequate AEDs deployment and uneven distribution. This study aims to explore a rational layout plan for AEDs through systematic site optimization. Initially, this paper evaluates the current spatial configuration of AEDs in the central urban district of Nanjing using various spatial analysis methods. Subsequently, a coverage model is constructed to simulate the coverage capacity of potential emergency needs for new facilities, and a genetic algorithm is utilized to solve it. Finally, an AED site selection experiment is conducted, and the site selection results are discussed and analyzed in conjunction with practical conditions. The research conclusions are as follows: (1) AED distribution in Nanjing’s central urban district is clustered, with some areas lacking facilities, and the coverage rate of AEDs within 100 m and 200 m ranges is relatively low, particularly across different types of venues; and (2) the optimization experiment, with 90 new site selection points, effectively addressed AED distribution gaps, significantly improved coverage, and ameliorated the overall distribution across various public venues. This study provides a scientific basis for the rational placement of AEDs in urban public spaces through systematic analysis and optimization experiments. It enhances the efficiency of current AED deployment in the main urban areas of Nanjing and offers significant insights for the optimization of urban emergency resource allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Modeling and Analytics of Health and Healthcare Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 14691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Pedestrian Networks Around Metro Stations: An Assessment Based on Approach Routes

by Qiyao Yang, Zheng Zhang, Jun Cai, Mengzhen Ding, Lemei Li, Shaohua Zhang, Zhenang Song, Feiyang Chen and Yi Ling

Systems 2025, 13(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010063 - 20 Jan 2025

Abstract

Walking is the primary mode of reaching metro stations, yet the quality of pedestrian networks around these stations has not been well researched. Considering the objective physical characteristics of pedestrian networks and the subjective assessments of walkers on the routes, this study developed [...] Read more.

Walking is the primary mode of reaching metro stations, yet the quality of pedestrian networks around these stations has not been well researched. Considering the objective physical characteristics of pedestrian networks and the subjective assessments of walkers on the routes, this study developed an evaluation model that integrated the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy Weight Method with human–machine adversarial scoring and cosine similarity to validate the reliability. Nineteen indicators concerning four fundamental criteria, including accessibility, convenience, safety, and comfort, were applied with data acquired from eight stations in Tianjin, China. Results reveal that accessibility and safety indicators weigh more than convenience and comfort indicators. The quality of pedestrian networks around the public-service and comprehensive stations scores higher than that around residential stations, while walking environment quality near commercial stations shows significant disparities. These findings highlight the importance of prioritizing accessibility and safety while enhancing convenience and comfort in the renewal of the pedestrian network in Tianjin. The assessment model provides a valuable tool for urban policymakers and planners, enabling the formulation of sound pedestrian-network policies, facilitating higher-quality walking access and egress trips to stations, and encouraging transit-oriented development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 168 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Introduction to the Topic of AI and IoT for Promoting Green Operation and Sustainable Environment

by Nan Zhang, Wei Liu and Chia-Huei Wu

Systems 2025, 13(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010062 - 20 Jan 2025

Abstract

In the current era, green operation has become a key strategic direction for firm development, with its core being the realization of a win–win situation for economic and environmental benefits through environmentally friendly production processes [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI and IoT for Promoting Green Operation and Sustainable Environment)

21 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selection of Production Strategies for New Energy Vehicles: An Analysis of the Impact of Government Intervention Policies

by Yingxi Ge and Kehong Chen

Systems 2025, 13(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010061 - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the strategic choices and profit variations of a monopolistic automobile manufacturer capable of producing both traditional fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles, with a particular focus on government interventions. Using a theoretical model, the research [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to analyze the strategic choices and profit variations of a monopolistic automobile manufacturer capable of producing both traditional fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles, with a particular focus on government interventions. Using a theoretical model, the research examined firm-level production decisions by incorporating consumer preferences and market competition under three policy scenarios: no government intervention, government subsidies, and tax policies. The key findings are as follows: (1) In the absence of government intervention, the firm’s production strategy is influenced by consumer preferences for new energy vehicles. Specifically, the firm prioritizes the production of new energy vehicles when consumer preference is high, fuel vehicles when preference is low, and both types when preference is moderate. (2) Government subsidies substantially reduce the production of fuel vehicles while promoting the production of new energy vehicles. However, excessively high subsidies may lead the firm to revert to fuel vehicle production. (3) Tax policies influence production strategies in a manner similar to subsidy policies. (4) When government intervention is weak and competition between fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles is intense, subsidy policies are more effective; however, when competition is less intense, tax policies may be more beneficial. Under strong government intervention, subsidy policies are found to be more effective. This research contributes to the literature by providing a theoretical foundation for government policymaking in the new energy vehicle sector, offering insights into firm-level production decisions under various policy environments. The originality of this study lies in its comparison of the effectiveness of subsidy and tax policies in promoting new energy vehicle production, which helps guide policymakers in designing optimal policy interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 7662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Smart and Resilient City Networks: Assessing the Network Structure and Resilience in Chengdu–Chongqing Smart Urban Agglomeration

by Rui Li, Yuhang Wang, Zhiyue Zhang and Yi Lu

Systems 2025, 13(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010060 - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

The mobility and openness of smart cities characterize them as particularly complex networks, necessitating the resilience enhancement of smart city regions from a network structure perspective. Taking the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration as a case study, this research constructs economic, information, population, and technological [...] Read more.

The mobility and openness of smart cities characterize them as particularly complex networks, necessitating the resilience enhancement of smart city regions from a network structure perspective. Taking the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration as a case study, this research constructs economic, information, population, and technological intercity networks based on the complex network theory and gravity model to evaluate their spatial structure and resilience over five years. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) subnetworks exhibit a ‘core/periphery’ structure with a significant evolution trend, particularly the metropolitan area integration degree of capital cities has significantly improved; (2) the technology network is the most resilient but was the most affected by COVID-19, while the population and information networks are the least resilient, resulting from poor hierarchy, disassortativity, and agglomeration; (3) network resilience can be improved through system optimization and node enhancement. System optimization should focus more on improving the coordinated development of population, information, and technology networks due to their low synergistic level of resilience, while node optimization should adjust strategies according to the dominance, redundancy, and network role of nodes. This study provides a reference framework to assess the resilience of smart cities, and the assessment results and enhancement strategies can provide valuable regional planning information for resilience building in smart city regions. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Systems

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.