Basin - An oceanic region, such as the Atlantic Basin.
Beta parameter - A parameter representing the poleward increase of the Coriolis parameter.
Beta effect on tropical cyclone motion - A poleward acceleration force due to a poleward increase of the Coriolis parameter (beta parameter) across an axis symmetric cyclone with a characteristic length scale of motion in the order of 1000 km. This force can cause the cyclone to move poleward.
Coriolis effect - As an air particle moves poleward, it is deflected towards the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere, because the air particle tends to retain the angular momentum and the angular momentum at the low latitude is greater than that at the higher latitude. The deflection occurs because, according to Newton's first law of absolute motion, an air particle in motion retains the same motion unless acted on by an exterior force. With respect to a rotating earth, a moving air particle which is conserving its momentum will appear to be deflected with respect to fixed points on the rotating earth. As seen from a fixed point in space, an air particle that is conserving its momentum would by moving in a straight line. The effect due to such apparent force on an air particle is called the Coriolis effect. This force is called Coriolis force that can cause relative acceleration of air particle.
Explosive deepening tropical cyclone - A decrease in the minimum sea surface pressure of a tropical cyclone of 2.5 mb per hour for at least 12 hours or 5.0 mb per hour at least six hours (Dunnavan, 1981). See also rapid deepening tropical cyclone.
Fetch - A distance along a large water surface trajectory over which a surface wind of almost uniform speed and direction blows. Forecast difficulty level (FDL) - The forecast error of a climatology and persistence model run on best track initial data.
Hurricane - A class of east North Pacific and Atlantic tropical cyclone that has intensity of 64 kt (33 m/s) or greater. See also Typhoon.
Middle latitude - The regions of the earth's surface lying between about 35 to 55 degree latitudes, in both hemispheres. See also tropics and subtropics.
Model - A small object, usually built to scale, that represents another, often larger object, such as scale model or fluid model in the laboratory. Model can also be a tentative description of a theory or a phenomena that accounts for all of its known properties; there are conceptual, theoretical, mathematical, or numerical model according to the means of description. Monsoon - A surface wind system that reverses direction from the summer to winter season and affects large regions. The Asiatic monsoon that affects southeast Asia precipitation.
Monsoon trough - The low tropospheric trough or surface low pressure belt where the monsoonal flow converges or becomes confluent.
Numerical weather prediction (NWP) - Same as dynamic forecasting, mathematical forecasting, numerical forecasting, and physical forecasting. The forecasting of the short-term (on the order of several hours to pentad or dekad) behavior of atmospheric disturbances by the numerical solution of the governing fundamental equations of hydrodynamics, subject to known boundary and initial conditions. NWP is one of many weather forecast methods. When applied to the cyclone-scale atmospheric disturbances in the form of a dynamical model, these solutions form a method of forecasting the behavior of the migratory pressure systems. Numerical forecasting is usually performed with the aid of computing devices.
Numerical weather prediction model - A model is a closed system of mathematical formulas representing the weather, and their computer codes.
Numerical weather prediction system - A weather prediction system typically consists of four main ingredients: boundary data and initial data sets, computational methods and initialization procedures, and mathematical formula representing model physics of the resolvable and unresolvable scales of motions, data and information dissemination.
Rapid deepening tropical cyclone - A decrease in the minimum sea surface pressure of a tropical cyclone of 1.75 mb per hour or 42 mb for 24 hours (Thompson, 1979). See also explosive deepening tropical cyclone.
Recurving tropical cyclone - A tropical cyclone track that is changing from westward speed component to eastward speed component. Looping tropical cyclones are usually excluded.
Statistical model - A statistical relationship between predictand and predictors. That the relationship can be diagnostic or prognostic depends on the selection of predictors and dioxide.
Storm surge - The difference between the actural water level under influence of a storm and the level which would have been attained in the absence of the storm.
Strike probability - The probability that a region will be affected by a tropical cyclone.
Subtropics - The area of the earth's surface adjacent to the tropics. See also tropics and middle latitude area. Super Typhoon - At the JTWC, a class of western North Pacific tropical cyclone that reaches intensity of 130 kt (67 m/s) or greater. See also Typhoon.
Tropics - The regions of the earth's surface lying between about 30 degrees north and south latitudes. See also subtropics and middle latitude area.
Tropical cyclone (TC) - A migratory, synoptic scale with organized convection, surface low pressure weather system originating in the tropics or subtropics.
Tropical cyclone center - The axis of a tropical cyclone. Usually determined by animated cloud pattern (cloud rotation center), wind pattern (circulation center), surface pressure pattern (pressure center).
Tropical cyclone eye - The central area of a tropical cyclone when it is more than one third surrounded by wall cloud.
Tropical cyclone forecast aid - A piece of information that can provide second opinion to a forecaster on various TC forecast problems and situations.
Tropical cyclone forecast difficult level (FDL) - The forecast error of a climatology and persistence model run on best track initial data (Neumann, 1981; Pike and Neumann, 1987). FDL helps quantify after-the-fact forecast skill in terms of the inherent difficulty of a particular forecast situation (Guard et al., 1992).
Tropical cyclone intensity - The maximum sustained one minute mean surface wind speed, the maximum speed is typically located within one degree radius from the tropical cyclone center.
Tropical cyclone motion - The velocity of a tropical cyclone center that consists of direction and speed.
Tropical cyclone wind distribution - The two-dimensional wind fields associated with a tropical cyclone. Wind distribution is one of the parameters describing tropical cyclone structure.
Tropical depression (TD) - A class of tropical cyclone that has intensity of 33 kt (17 m/s) or less.
Tropical storm (TS) - A class of tropical cyclone that has intensity in the range of 34 to 63 kt (17 to 32 m/s), inclusive.
Tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) - A upper tropospheric synoptic-scale trough during the summer, over the tropical Pacific and North Atlantic oceans (Sadler, 1979).
Typhoon - A class of west North Pacific tropical cyclone that has intensity in the range of 64 to 129 kt (33 to 66 m/s), inclusive. See also hurricane.
Wall cloud - A band of deep cumulus that partially or completely surrounds the tropical cyclone center.
Wind - The air particle velocity measured relative to the earth's surface. Wind is relative velocity of air particle. From microscopic point-of-view, wind is a gross measure of the degree of order of air molecules' motions. Wind consists of both speed and direction, thus it is a vector. Since vertical components of the large-scale atmospheric motion are relative small especially near the earth's surface, meteorologist use the term to denote almost exclusively the horizontal component. Vertical winds are always identified as such.
Wind speed - The magnitude of wind. One-minute mean, average or sustained wind speed is used by the USA. Other regions use ten- minute mean, average or sustained wind speed. Maximum sustained wind is the highest mean wind speed or maximum intensity of a tropical cyclone. Gust of 1-minute sustained wind is the highest wind speed in a shorter time span (several seconds) than one minute. Gust of 10-minute sustained wind is the highest wind speed in a shorter time span (several ten seconds) than ten minute.
***** End of APPENDIX E *****
Main
Chapter 4
Appendix E
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