Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

Review Problems 1-121 Cold water is to be heated in a 1200-W teapot. The time needed to heat the water is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Thermal properties of the teapot and the water are constant. 3 Heat loss from the teapot is negligible. Properties The average specific heats are given to be 0.6 kJ/kg.C for the teapot and 4.18 kJ/kg.C for water. Analysis We take the teapot and the water in it as our system that is a closed system (fixed mass). The energy balance in this case can be expressed as E in E out = E system E in = U system = U water + U tea pot Then the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water and the teapot from 18C to 96C is E in = (mCT ) water + (mCT ) teapot = (2.5 kg)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)(96 18) C + (0.8 kg)(0.6 kJ / kg. C)(96 18) C = 853 kJ The 1500 W electric heating unit will supply energy at a rate of 1.2 kW or 1.2 kJ per second. Therefore, the time needed for this heater to supply 853 kJ of heat is determined from t = E in Total energy transferred 853 kJ = = = 710 s = 11.8 min Rate of energy transfer E transfer 1.2 kJ/s Water 18C Heater 1200 W

Discussion In reality, it will take longer to accomplish this heating process since some heat loss is inevitable during the heating process.

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-122 The duct of an air heating system of a house passes through an unheated space in the attic. The rate of heat loss from the air in the duct to the attic and its cost under steady conditions are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -141C and 3.77 MPa. 2 Steady operating conditions exist since there is no change with time at any point and thus mCV = 0 and E CV = 0 . 3 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke pe 0 . 4 Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1). The specific heat of air at room temperature is Cp = 1.007 kJ/kgC (Table A-15). Analysis We take the heating duct as the system. This is a control volume since mass crosses the system boundary during the process. There is only one inlet and one exit and thus m1 = m2 = m . Then the energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as Ein E out = E system0 (steady) =0 Ein = E out
3 m/s AIR Q

Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

mh1 = Qout + mh2 (since ke pe 0) = mC (T T ) Qout p 1 2

The density of air at the inlet conditions is determined from the ideal gas relation to be

P 100 kPa = = 1031 kg / m 3 . RT (0.287 kPa.m 3 / kg.K)(65 + 273)K

The cross-sectional area of the duct is Ac = D 2 / 4 = (0.20 m) 2 / 4 = 0.0314 m 2 Then the mass flow rate of air through the duct and the rate of heat loss become m = Ac V = (1031 kg / m 3 )(0.0314 m 2 )(3 m / s) = 0.0971 kg / s . and Qloss = mC p (Tin Tout ) = (0.0971 kg/s)(1.007 kJ/kg.C)(65 60)C = 0.489 kJ/s or 1760 kJ/h. The cost of this heat loss to the home owner is Cost of Heat Loss = = (Rate of heat loss)(Unit cost of energy input) Furnace efficiency (1760 kJ/h)($0.58/therm) 1 therm 105,500 kJ 0.82

= $0.012/h Discussion The heat loss from the heating ducts in the attic is costing the homeowner 1.2 cents per hour. Assuming the heater operates 2,000 hours during a heating season, the annual cost of this heat loss adds up to $24. Most of this money can be saved by insulating the heating ducts in the unheated areas.

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-123 "GIVEN" L=4 "[m]" D=0.2 "[m]" P_air_in=100 "[kPa]" T_air_in=65 "[C]" "Vel=3 [m/s], parameter to be varied" T_air_out=60 "[C]" eta_furnace=0.82 Cost_gas=0.58 "[$/therm]" "PROPERTIES" R=0.287 "[kJ/kg-K], gas constant of air" C_p=CP(air, T=25) "at room temperature" "ANALYSIS" rho=P_air_in/(R*(T_air_in+273)) A_c=pi*D^2/4 m_dot=rho*A_c*Vel Q_dot_loss=m_dot*C_p*(T_air_in-T_air_out)*Convert(kJ/s, kJ/h) Cost_HeatLoss=Q_dot_loss/eta_furnace*Cost_gas*Convert(kJ, therm)*Convert($, cents) Vel [m/s] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 3.5 3

CostHeatLoss [Cents/h] 0.3934 0.7868 1.18 1.574 1.967 2.361 2.754 3.147 3.541 3.934

Cost HeatLoss [cents/h]

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1

Vel [m /s]

10

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-124 Water is heated from 16C to 43C by an electric resistance heater placed in the water pipe as it flows through a showerhead steadily at a rate of 10 L/min. The electric power input to the heater, and the money that will be saved during a 10-min shower by installing a heat exchanger with an effectiveness of 0.50 are to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time at any point within the system and thus mCV = 0 and E CV = 0 ,. 2 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 3 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke pe 0 . 4 Heat losses from the pipe are negligible. Properties The density and specific heat of water at room temperature are = 1 kg/L and C = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-9). Analysis We take the pipe as the system. This is a control volume since mass crosses the system boundary during the process. We observe that there is only one inlet and one exit and thus m1 = m2 = m . Then the energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as Ein E out = E system0 (steady) =0 E in = E out

Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

We,in + mh1 = mh2 (since ke pe 0) We,in = m(h2 h1 ) = m[C (T2 T1 ) + v ( P2 P1 ) 0 ] = mC (T2 T1 ) where m = V = (1 kg/L )(10 L/min ) = 10 kg/min Substituting, We,in = (10/60kg/s )( 4.18 kJ/kg C )( 43 16 ) C = 18.8 kW The energy recovered by the heat exchanger is Qsaved = Q max = mC ( Tmax Tmin ) = 0.5(10/60 kg/s )( 4.18 kJ/kg.C )( 39 16 ) C = 8.0 kJ/s = 8.0 kW
16C WATER 43C

Therefore, 8.0 kW less energy is needed in this case, and the required electric power in this case reduces to Win, new = Win,old Qsaved = 18.8 8.0 = 10.8 kW The money saved during a 10-min shower as a result of installing this heat exchanger is

( 8.0 kW )(10/60 h )( 8.5 cents/kWh ) = 11.3 cents

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-125 Water is to be heated steadily from 15C to 50C by an electrical resistor inside an insulated pipe. The power rating of the resistance heater and the average velocity of the water are to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time at any point within the system and thus mCV = 0 and E CV = 0 ,. 2 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 3 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke pe 0 . 4 The pipe is insulated and thus the heat losses are negligible. Properties The density and specific heat of water at room temperature are = 1000 kg/m 3 and C = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-9). Analysis (a) We take the pipe as the system. This is a control volume since mass crosses the system boundary during the process. Also, there is only one inlet and one exit and thus m1 = m2 = m . The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as E in E out
Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

E system 0 (steady)
Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

= 0 E in = E out
18 L/min

WATER

D = 5 cm

We,in + mh1 = mh2 (since ke pe 0) We,in = m(h2 h1 ) = m[C (T2 T1 ) + v( P2 P1 ) 0 ] = mC (T2 T1 ) The mass flow rate of water through the pipe is

We

m = V1 = 1000 kg/m 3 0.018 m 3 /min = 18 kg/min Therefore, We,in = mC ( T2 T1 ) = (18/60 kg/s )( 4.18 kJ/kg C )( 50 15) C = 43.9 kW (b) The average velocity of water through the pipe is determined from V1 = V1 0.018 m 3 /min V = 2 = = 9.17 m/min A1 r ( 0.025 m ) 2

)(

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-126 The heating of a passive solar house at night is to be assisted by solar heated water. The length of time that the electric heating system would run that night with or without solar heating are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 2 The energy stored in the glass containers themselves is negligible relative to the energy stored in water. 3 The house is maintained at 22C at all times. Properties The density and specific heat of water at room temperature are = 1 kg/L and C = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-9). Analysis (a) The total mass of water is m w = V = (1 kg/L )( 50 20 L ) = 1000 kg Taking the contents of the house, including the water as our system, the energy balance relation can be written as E in E out
Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

50,000 kJ/h

E system
Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

22C
water 80C

We,in Qout = U = ( U ) water + ( U ) air 0 We,in t Qout = [mC (T2 T1 )]water Substituting, (15 kJ/s)t - (50,000 kJ/h)(10 h) = (1000 kg)(4.18 kJ/kgC)(22 - 80)C It gives t = 17,170 s = 4.77 h

(b) If the house incorporated no solar heating, the 1st law relation above would simplify further to We,in t Qout = 0 Substituting, (15 kJ/s)t - (50,000 kJ/h)(10 h) = 0 It gives t = 33,330 s = 9.26 h

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-127 A standing man is subjected to high winds and thus high convection coefficients. The rate of heat loss from this man by convection in still air at 20C, in windy air, and the wind-chill factor are to be determined. Assumptions 1 A standing man can be modeled as a 30-cm diameter, 170-cm long vertical cylinder with both the top and bottom surfaces insulated. 2 The exposed surface temperature of the person and the convection heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform. 3 Heat loss by radiation is negligible. Analysis The heat transfer surface area of the person is As = DL = (0.3 m)(1.70 m) = 1.60 m The rate of heat loss from this man by convection in still air is Qstill air = hAsT = (15 W/mC)(1.60 m)(34 - 20)C = 336 W In windy air it would be Qwindy air = hAsT = (50 W/mC)(1.60 m)(34 - 20)C = 1120 W To lose heat at this rate in still air, the air temperature must be 1120 W = (hAsT)still air = (15 W/mC)(1.60 m)(34 - Teffective)C which gives Teffective = -12.7C That is, the windy air at 20C feels as cold as still air at -12.7C as a result of the wind-chill effect. Therefore, the wind-chill factor in this case is Fwind-chill = 20 - (-12.7) = 32.7C Windy weather

1-128 The backside of the thin metal plate is insulated and the front side is exposed to solar radiation. The surface temperature of the plate is to be determined when it stabilizes. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer through the insulated side of the plate is negligible. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the plate. 4 Radiation heat transfer is negligible. Properties The solar absorptivity of the plate is given to be = 0.7. Analysis When the heat loss from the plate by convection equals the solar radiation absorbed, the surface temperature of the plate can be determined from Qsolar absorbed = Qconv Qsolar = hAs (Ts To ) 0.7 A 700W/m 2 = (30W/m 2 C) As (Ts 10) Canceling the surface area As and solving for Ts gives Ts = 26.3 C 700 W/m2 = 0.7 air, 10C . Qrad

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-129 A room is to be heated by 1 ton of hot water contained in a tank placed in the room. The minimum initial temperature of the water is to be determined if it to meet the heating requirements of this room for a 24-h period. Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 3 The energy stored in the container itself is negligible relative to the energy stored in water. 4 The room is maintained at 20C at all times. 5 The hot water is to meet the heating requirements of this room for a 24-h period. Properties The specific heat of water at room temperature is C = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-9). Analysis Heat loss from the room during a 24-h period is Qloss = (10,000 kJ/h)(24 h) = 240,000 kJ Taking the contents of the room, including the water, as our system, the energy balance can be written as E in E out
Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

E system
Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Qout = U = ( U ) water + ( U ) air 0 10,000 kJ/h

or -Qout = [mC(T2 - T1)]water Substituting, -240,000 kJ = (1000 kg)(4.18 kJ/kgC)(20 - T1) It gives T1 = 77.4C where T1 is the temperature of the water when it is first brought into the room.
water

20C

1-130 The base surface of a cubical furnace is surrounded by black surfaces at a specified temperature. The net rate of radiation heat transfer to the base surface from the top and side surfaces is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The top and side surfaces of the furnace closely approximate black surfaces. 3 The properties of the surfaces are constant. Properties The emissivity of the base surface is = 0.7. Analysis The base surface is completely surrounded by the top and side surfaces. Then using the radiation relation for a surface completely surrounded by another large (or black) surface, the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the top and side surfaces to the base is determined to be Q rad,base =
4 A (Tbase 4 Tsurr )

Black furnace 1200 K

Base, 800 K

= (0.7)(3 3 m 2 )(5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 .K 4 )[(1200 K) 4 (800 K ) 4 ] = 594,400 W

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-131 A refrigerator consumes 600 W of power when operating, and its motor remains on for 5 min and then off for 15 min periodically. The average thermal conductivity of the refrigerator walls and the annual cost of operating this refrigerator are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Quasi-steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner and outer surface temperatures of the refrigerator remain constant. Analysis The total surface area of the refrigerator where heat transfer takes place is Atotal = 2 (18 12) + (18 0.8) + (12 0.8) = 9.12 m 2 . . . . Since the refrigerator has a COP of 2.5, the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, which is equal to the rate of heat gain in steady operation, is Q = We COP = (600 W) 2.5 = 1500 W But the refrigerator operates a quarter of the time (5 min on, 15 min off). Therefore, the average rate of heat gain is Qave = Q / 4 = (1500 W) / 4 = 375 W Then the thermal conductivity of refrigerator walls is determined to be T Q L (375 W)(0.03 m) Qave = kA ave k = ave = = 0.112 W / m. C L ATave (9.12 m 2 )(17 6) C The total number of hours this refrigerator remains on per year is t = 365 24 / 4 = 2190 h Then the total amount of electricity consumed during a one-year period and the annular cost of operating this refrigerator are Annual Electricity Usage = We t = (0.6 kW )(2190 h/yr ) = 1314 kWh/yr Annual cost = (1314 kWh/yr )($0.08 / kWh ) = $105.1/yr

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-132 A 0.2-L glass of water at 20C is to be cooled with ice to 5C. The amounts of ice or cold water that needs to be added to the water are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Thermal properties of the ice and water are constant. 2 Heat transfer to the water is negligible. Properties The density of water is 1 kg/L, and the specific heat of water at room temperature is C = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-9). The heat of fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure is 333.7 kJ/kg,. Analysis The mass of the water is m w = V = (1kg/L )( 0.2 L ) = 0.2kg We take the ice and the water as our system, and disregard any heat and mass transfer. This is a reasonable assumption since the time period of the process is very short. Then the energy balance can be written as E in E out
Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

Ice, 0C

E system
Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies 1 solid

0 = U ( U ) ice + ( U ) water = 0

[mC (0 C T )
It gives

+ mhif + mC T2 0 C

liquid ice

+ [ mC ( T2 T1 ) ] water = 0

Noting that T1, ice = 0C and T2 = 5C and substituting m[0 + 333.7 kJ/kg + (4.18 kJ/kgC)(5-0)C] + (0.2 kg)(4.18 kJ/kgC)(5-20)C = 0 m = 0.0354 kg = 35.4 g Cooling with cold water can be handled the same way. All we need to do is replace the terms for ice by the ones for cold water at 0C:

Water 0.2 L 20C

( U ) cold water + ( U ) water = 0 [ mC ( T2 T1 ) ] cold water + [ mC ( T2 T1 ) ] water

Substituting,

=0

[mcold water (4.18 kJ/kgC)(5 - 0)C] + (0.2 kg)(4.18 kJ/kgC)(5-20)C = 0 It gives m = 0.6 kg = 600 g Discussion Note that this is 17 times the amount of ice needed, and it explains why we use ice instead of water to cool drinks.

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-133 "GIVEN" V=0.0002 "[m^3]" T_w1=20 "[C]" T_w2=5 "[C]" "T_ice=0 [C], parameter to be varied" T_melting=0 "[C]" "PROPERTIES" rho=density(water, T=25, P=101.3) "at room temperature" C_w=CP(water, T=25, P=101.3) "at room temperature" C_ice=c_('Ice', T_ice) h_if=333.7 "[kJ/kg]" "ANALYSIS" m_w=rho*V DELTAU_ice+DELTAU_w=0 "energy balance" DELTAU_ice=m_ice*C_ice*(T_melting-T_ice)+m_ice*h_if DELTAU_w=m_w*C_w*(T_w2-T_w1) Tice [C] -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
0.038 0.037 0.036

mice [kg] 0.03291 0.03323 0.03355 0.03389 0.03424 0.0346 0.03497 0.03536 0.03575 0.03616 0.03658 0.03702 0.03747

m ice [kg]

0.035 0.034 0.033 0.032 -24

-20

-16

-12

-8

-4

T ice [C]

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-134E A 1-short ton (2000 lbm) of water at 70F is to be cooled in a tank by pouring 160 lbm of ice at 25F into it. The final equilibrium temperature in the tank is to be determined. The melting temperature and the heat of fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure are 32F and 143.5 Btu/lbm, respectively Assumptions 1 Thermal properties of the ice and water are constant. 2 Heat transfer to the water is negligible. Properties The density of water is 62.4 lbm/ft3, and the specific heat of water at room temperature is C = 1.0 Btu/lbmF (Table A-9). The heat of fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure is 143.5 Btu/lbm and the specific heat of ice is 0.5 Btu/lbm.F. Analysis We take the ice and the water as our system, and disregard any heat transfer between the system and the surroundings. Then the energy balance for this process can be written as E in E out
Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

E system
Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

0 = U ( U ) ice + ( U ) water = 0

[mC ( 32F T )
Substituting,

1 solid

+ mhif + mC ( T2 32F) liquid

ice

+ [ mC ( T2 T1 ) ] water = 0 WATER 1 ton

ice 25F 160lbm

(160lbm) [(0.50Btu/lbm F)( 32 25)F + 143.5Btu/lbm + (1.0Btu/lbm F)( T2 32)F] + ( 2000lbm )(1.0Btu/lbm F)( T2 70) F = 0
T2 = 56.3F

It gives

which is the final equilibrium temperature in the tank. 1-135 Engine valves are to be heated in a heat treatment section. The amount of heat transfer, the average rate of heat transfer, the average heat flux, and the number of valves that can be heat treated daily are to be determined. Assumptions Constant properties given in the problem can be used. Properties The average specific heat and density of valves are given to be Cp = 440 J/kg.C and = 7840 kg/m3. Analysis (a) The amount of heat transferred to the valve is simply the change in its internal energy, and is determined from Q = U = mC p (T2 T1 ) = (0.0788 kg)(0.440 kJ/kg.C)(800 - 40)C = 26.35 kJ (b) The average rate of heat transfer can be determined from Q 26.35 kJ Qave = = = 0.0878 kW = 87.8 W t 5 60 s (c) The average heat flux is determined from q ave = Qave Q 87.8 W = ave = = 1.75 10 4 W/m 2 As 2 DL 2 (0.008 m)(0.1 m) (10 60 min)(25 valves) = 3000 valves (5 min) Engine valve T1 = 40C T2 = 800C D = 0.8 cm L = 10 cm

(d) The number of valves that can be heat treated daily is Number of valves =

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-136 Somebody takes a shower using a mixture of hot and cold water. The mass flow rate of hot water and the average temperature of mixed water are to be determined. Assumptions The hot water temperature changes from 80C at the beginning of shower to 60C at the end of shower. We use an average value of 70C for the temperature of hot water exiting the tank. Properties The properties of liquid water are Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.C and = 977.6 kg/m3 (Table A-2). Analysis We take the water tank as the system. The energy balance for this system can be expressed as [W E in E out = E sys
e,in

+ m hot C (Tin Tout ) t = m tank C (T2 T1 )

where Tout is the average temperature of hot water leaving the tank: (80+70)/2=70C and m tank = V = (977.6 kg/m 3 )(0.06 m 3 ) = 58.656 kg Substituting, [1.6 kJ/s + m hot (4.18 kJ/kg.C)(20 - 70)C](8 60 s) = (58.656 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(60 - 80)C m hot = 0.0565 kg/s To determine the average temperature of the mixture, an energy balance on the mixing section can be expressed as m hot CThot E in = E out + m cold CTcold = (m hot + m cold )CTmixture Tmixture = 44.2C

(0.0565 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(70C) + (0.06 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(20C) = (0.0565 + 0.06 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)Tmixture

Tin = 20C mcold = mhot

T1 = 80C T2 = 60C

Tout = 70C mhot = ?

We =1.6 kW Tcold = 20C mcold=0.06 kg/s

Tmixture =?

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-137 The glass cover of a flat plate solar collector with specified inner and outer surface temperatures is considered. The fraction of heat lost from the glass cover by radiation is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the glass remain constant at the specified values. 2 Thermal properties of the glass are constant. Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass is given to be k = 0.7 W/m C. Analysis Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through the glass by conduction is

T (28 25)C Qcond = kA = (0.7 W/m C)(2.2 m 2 ) = 770 W L 0.006 m

The rate of heat transfer from the glass by convection is Qconv = hAT = (10 W/m 2 C)(2.2 m 2 )(25 15)C = 220 W Under steady conditions, the heat transferred through the cover by conduction should be transferred from the outer surface by convection and radiation. That is,

Q
28C
L=0.6 cm

25C

Qrad = Qcond Qconv = 770 220 = 550 W

Then the fraction of heat transferred by radiation becomes

Air, 15C h=10 W/m2.C

Q 550 f = rad = = 0.714 (or 71.4%) Qcond 770

A = 2.2 m2

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-138 The range of U-factors for windows are given. The range for the rate of heat loss through the window of a house is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses associated with the infiltration of air through the cracks/openings are not considered. Analysis The rate of heat transfer through the window can be determined from Qwindow = U overall Awindow (Tin Tout ) where Ti and To are the indoor and outdoor air temperatures, respectively, Uoverall is the U-factor (the overall heat transfer coefficient) of the window, and Awindow is the window area. Substituting, Maximum heat loss: Minimum heat loss:
2 2

Window

Q
-8C

20C

Q window, max = (6.25 W/m C)(1.2 1.8 m )[20 (8)]C = 378 W Q window, min = (1.25 W/m 2 C)(1.2 1.8 m 2 )[20 (8)]C = 76 W

Discussion Note that the rate of heat loss through windows of identical size may differ by a factor of 5, depending on how the windows are constructed.

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-139 "GIVEN" A=1.2*1.8 "[m^2]" T_1=20 "[C]" T_2=-8 "[C]" "U=1.25 [W/m^2-C], parameter to be varied" "ANALYSIS" Q_dot_window=U*A*(T_1-T_2) U [W/m2.C] 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25 3.75 4.25 4.75 5.25 5.75 6.25 Q window [W] 75.6 105.8 136.1 166.3 196.6 226.8 257 287.3 317.5 347.8 378

400 350 300 250

Q w indow [W ]

200 150 100 50 1

U [W /m -C]

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Chapter 1 Basics of Heat Transfer

1-140 . . . 1-144 Design and Essay Problems

1-77