Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

4th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala, Robert H. Turner
McGraw-Hill, 2012

Chapter 6
MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS
OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Mass and Volume Flow Rates

4
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
During a steady-flow process , the total amount of mass
contained within a control volume does not change with time (mCV = constant).
Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass
entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.
For steady-flow processes, we are interested
in the mass flow rate.

Multiple inlets
and exits
Single
stream

Many engineering devices such as nozzles,

diffusers, turbines, compressors, and
pumps involve a single stream (only one
inlet and one outlet).

6
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even further when
the fluid is incompressible, which is usually the case for liquids.

Steady,
incompressible

Steady,
incompressible
flow (single stream)

There is no such thing as a “conservation of

volume” principle.
For steady flow of liquids, the volume flow
rates, as well as the mass flow rates,
remain constant since liquids are essentially
incompressible substances.

7
 Example
A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 10-gal bucket. The inner diameter
of the hose is 2 cm, and it reduces to 0.8 cm at the nozzle exit ,If it takes 50 s to fill the
bucket.
 (a) Determine the volume and mass flow rates of water through the hose.
 (b) Determine the average velocity of water at the nozzle exit.
Solution: Assumptions( incompressible water, steady flow, no mass loss)
a)
0.757 L/sec

0.757 kg/sec

b)

15.1 m/sec

Can you find the average velocity at the nozzle inlet? Answer: 2.4 m/sec

8
FLOW WORK & THE ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID
Flow work, or flow energy: the work done in pushing the
fluid element across the boundary of the system

The work (or energy) required to push the mass into or out
of the control volume. This work is necessary for
maintaining a continuous flow through a control volume.

9
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
The flow energy is automatically
taken care of by enthalpy. In
fact, this is the main reason for
but h = u + Pv
defining the property enthalpy.

The total energy consists of

three parts for a non-flowing fluid
and four parts for a flowing fluid.

10
Energy Transport by Mass

When the kinetic and potential energies

of a fluid stream are negligible

11
 Example
Steam is leaving a 4-L pressure cooker whose operating pressure is 150 kPa.
It is observed that the amount of liquid in the cooker has decreased by 0.6 L in
40 min after the steady operating conditions are established, and the cross-
sectional area of the exit opening is 8 mm^2.Determine
•The mass flow rate of the steam and the exit velocity
•The total and flow energies of the steam per unit mass
•The rate at which energy leaves the cooker by steam.
Solution
a) 0.000237 kg/s

34.3 m/s
b) =173.9 kJ/kg
2693.1 kJ/kg
c) 0.638 kJ/s or (kw) 12
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS

Steady-flow process: A process

during which a fluid flows through
a control volume steadily.
13
Mass and Energy balances for a steady-flow process

A water
heater in
Mass steady
balance operation.

Energy
balance

14
 The units m2/s2 and J/kg
are equivalent.

when kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible

15
 Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet
engines, rockets, spacecraft, and garden hoses.
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a
fluid at the expense of pressure.

A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a

fluid by slowing it down.

Energy balance for a nozzle or diffuser:

16
Example
Air at 10°C and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a
velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m^2. The air leaves
the diffuser with a velocity that is very small compared with the inlet
velocity.
(a) Find the mass flow rate of the air and
(b) Find the temperature of the air leaving the diffuser.
Solution
a)

b)

but

17
Example
Steam enters an insulated nozzle at a flow rate of
2 kg/s with Ti = 400 ºC, pi = 4 MPa, and V  1 0 m / s .
i
It exits at pe = 1.5 MPa with a velocity of 
V e  6 6 5 m / s.
Find the cross-sectional area at the exit.
Inlet Exit
Ti = 400 ºC pe = 1.5 MPa
pi = 4 MPa 
V e  6 6 5 m / s.
V i  1 0 m / s.

Answer Ae= 0.000489 m2

Turbines and Compressors
Compressors, pumps and fans, Turbine drives the electric
are devices used to increase the generator In steam, gas, or
pressure of a fluid hydroelectric power plants.

Energy balance for turbine

Energy balance for compressor

23
Example

Solution

A -21 &

=2.74 kW

24
Example

Solution from
a)

b)

c)
25
Steam flows steadily through a turbine at a rate of 20,000 kg/h, entering at 7 MPa and
500°C and leaving at 40 kPa as saturated vapor. If the power generated by the turbine is
4 MW, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam

26
Example

Steam enters a turbine at a flow rate of 4600

 kg/h.
At the inlet, Ti = 400 ºC, pi = 6 MPa, and
 V i  1 0 m / s.
At the exit, xe = 0.9, pe = 10 kPa and V e  5 0 m / s .
If the turbine produces a power of 1 MW, find the
heat loss from the turbine.
Inlet
Ti = 400 ºC
Exit
 pi = 6 MPa
V i  1 0 m / s. xe = 0.9
p
 e = 10 kPa
V e  5 0 m / s.
Mixing chambers
In engineering applications, the section where
the mixing process takes place is commonly
referred to as a mixing chamber.

Energy balance for the

adiabatic mixing chamber in
the figure is:

38
39
Example

Solution

40
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are devices
where two moving fluid
streams exchange heat
without mixing. Heat
exchangers are widely used in
various industries, and they
come in various designs.

The heat transfer associated with a

heat exchanger may be zero or
nonzero depending on how the
control volume is selected.

Mass and energy balances

for the adiabatic heat
exchanger in the figure is:

A heat exchanger can

be as simple as two
concentric pipes. 41
Example

Solution

&

=29.1kg/m

b)

=1218 kJ/min
42