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BAB 7 SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN DAN PROGRAM UTILITI

CHAPTER 7 OPERATING SYSTEM AND UTILITY PROGRAM

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Objektif

Pada akhir bab ini, pelajar seharusnya dapat:

Mengenal pasti pelbagai jenis Sistem Perisian yang wujud. Memahami antara muka pengguna, ciri-ciri sistem pengoperasian dan fungsinya. Menerangkan proses permulaan (startup) untuk komputer. Mengenal pasti dan menerangkan sistem pengoperasian yang popular masa kini Membezakan sistem pengoperasian dan program utiliti.

Objectives

At the end of this chapter, student should be able to

Identify various types of existing Software System. Understand the user interface, the features of operating system and the functions. Explain the startup process for a computer. Identify and describe the current popular operating systems Differentiate the operating system and the utility programs.

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7.1

SISTEM PERISIAN

Sistem Perisian mengandungi program yang mengawal operasi komputer dan perantinya. Antara fungsi-fungsinya adalah : Memulakan komputer (Starting up computer) Membuka komputer (Opening computer) Mencapai arahan (Executing) Melaksanakan aplikasi (Running applications) Menyimpan (Storing) Capaian (Retrieving) Menyalin fail (Copying files) Format cakera (Formatting Disk) Mengurangkan saiz fail (Reducing fail sizes) Salinan kepada kandungan cakera keras (Backing up the contents of a hard disk)

Dua jenis Sistem Perisian adalah Sistem Pengoperasian dan Program Utiliti.

7.1

SOFTWARE SYSTEM

Software System consists of the programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices. Functions that Software System performs include: Starting up computer Opening computer Executing Running applications Storing Retrieving Copying files Formatting Disk Reducing file sizes Backing up the contents of a hard disk

The two types of Software System are Operating System and Utility Program.

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7.2

SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN

Operating System (OS) adalah set program yang mengandungi arahan yang mengkoordinasi semua aktiviti sumber perkakasan komputer. Komputer tidak boleh berfungsi tanpa OS. Juga mengandungi arahan yang membolehkan perisian aplikasi dilaksanakan. Perisian aplikasi ditulis untuk dilaksanakan bersama dengan OS tertentu. Atas sebab itu, OS juga dikenali sebagai Platform Perisian (Software Platform)

Aplikasi yang boleh dilaksanakan pada lebih daripada satu OS dirujuk sebagai Cross-Platform. Contoh : MQ Series and Yahoo Messenger Biasanya disimpan di cakera keras dan terasnya dikenali sebagai kernel yang berfungsi untuk menguruskan memori, fail dan peranti.

Sistem Pengoperasian mengenal pasti input daripada peranti input, mengkoordinasi paparan di monitor, mengarahkan pencetak mencetak dokumen dan menguruskan data tersimpan di cakera.

Yahoo Messenger

7.2

OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating System (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all of the activities among computer hardware resources. A computer cannot function without an operating system. Also contains instructions that allow you to run application software. Application software is written to run with particular operating systems. So that the operating system sometimes is called as Software Platform.

Applications that run identically on more than one operating system are referred to as cross-platform. For example: MQ Series and Yahoo Messenger Usually is stored on the computer's hard disk. The core of an operating system, called the kernel, is responsible of managing memory, files and devices. The operating system recognizes input from an input device, coordinate the display of output on the monitor, instructs a printer how and when to print information and manage data stored on disk.

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7.2.1

ANTARA MUKA PENGGUNA

Adalah sebahagian perisian yang berinteraksi dengan pengguna, mengawal bagaimana data dan arahan dimasukkan dan bagaimana maklumat

dipersembahkan di skrin. Dua jenis antara muka pengguna adalah : Antara muka Command-Line pengguna menaip papan kekunci atau kekunci tertentu bagi memasukkan data dan arahan. Arahan yang dimasukkan dikenali sebagai Command Language. Antara muka Grafikal Menggunakan menu dan imej visual seperti ikon, butang dan lain-lain objek grafik untuk mengisut arahan. Dikategorikan sebagai antara muka pengguna yang ramah pengguna (user friendly).

7.2.1

USER INTERFACES

It is the part of the software with which you interact, controls how data and instructions are entered and information is presented on the screen. Two types of user interfaces are: Command-Line interface User type keywords or press special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions. The set of commands use to interact with the computer is called as Command Language. Graphical Interface Use menus and visual images such as icons, buttons and other graphical objects to issue commands. Characteristics described as being user friendly.

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Antara muka Grafikal Win98

Antara muka Command-Line Linux

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7.2.2

CIRI-CIRI SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN

Keupayaan OS bergantung kepada kemampuannya menyokong sama ada satu pengguna yang melaksanakan satu program atau ribuan pengguna

melaksanakan beberapa program pada satu masa. OS dirujuk sebagai : Satu pengguna (single user) Juga dikenali sebagai satu kerja (single tasking), membenarkan satu pengguna melaksanakan satu arahan pada satu masa. Berbilang pengguna (multi-user) Membolehkan dua atau lebih pengguna melaksanakan program secara serentak. Contoh : rangkaian, mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers. Berbilang pemprosesan (multiprocessing) Menyokong dua atau lebih CPU dilaksanakan serentak. Berfungsi seperti pemprosesan selari, meningkatkan kelajuan pemprosesan komputer. Berbilang kerja (multitasking) Membenarkan satu pengguna melaksanakan beberapa program pada satu masa.

7.2.2

FEATURES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Depending on its intended use, an operating system will support just one user running one program or thousands of users running multiple programs. OS referred as: Single user Also called single tasking operating system allows only one user to run one program at a time. Multi-user Enables two or more users to run a program simultaneously. Example: networks, mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers. Multiprocessing Support two or more CPUs running programs at the same time. Works much like parallel processing, increase a computer's processing speed. Multitasking Allows a single user to work on two or more applications at the same time.

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7.2.3

FUNGSI SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN

Melaksanakan

beberapa

fungsi

asas

yang

membolehkan

pengguna

berinteraksi dengan komputer seperti: Pengurusan Memori. Pengurusan Cetakan (Spooling Print Jobs). Pengurusan Peranti (Configuring Device). Pemantauan Prestasi Sistem. Pentadbiran Keselamatan. Pengurusan Storan Media dan Fail.

7.2.3

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Performs a number of basic functions that enables you and the application software to interact with the computer as: Memory Management Spooling Print Jobs Configuring Device Monitoring System Performance Administering Security Managing Storage Media and Files

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Pengurusan Memori

Untuk mengoptimumkan penggunaan RAM. OS menguruskan kawasan memorinya dikenali sebagai buffers. Buffers adalah tempat di mana data dan maklumat disimpan sementara menunggu dilaksanakan.

Memory Management

Optimized use of RAM. OS manages the areas of memory or storage called buffers. Buffers are an area of memory or storage in which data and information is placed while waiting to be executed.

Pengurusan Cetakan (Spooling Print Jobs)

Apabila pencetak diarahkan untuk mencetak sesuatu dokumen, dokumen tersebut dikenali sebagai print job.

OS menghantar print jobs pada kadar yang lebih cepat daripada yang mampu dicetak, OS menggunakan teknik spooling untuk meningkatkan keefisienan pencetak. Dengan ini, print jobs diletakkan di buffer dan akan dicetak satu persatu mengikut barisan.

Spooling Print Jobs

When a printer is instructed to print a document, the document is called as print job.

OS sends print jobs to the printer at a rate much faster than the printer can print; operating systems typically use a technique called spooling to increase printer efficiency. With spooling, the print jobs are placed in a buffer instead of being sent immediately to the printer and will be printed according to the print queue.

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Print Spooler Print Job Print Queue

Pengurusan Cetakan

/ Spooling Print Job

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Pengurusan Peranti (Configuring Device)

OS berinteraksi dengan pemacu peranti untuk menguruskan peranti. Pemacu peranti adalah program kecil yang menerima arahan daripada program lain dan menukar arahan tersebut kepada arahan yang difahami peranti. Setiap peranti di komputer mempunyai pemacu masing-masing. Tanpanya peranti tidak akan berfungsi.

Plug and Play adalah keupayaan komputer mengenal pasti peranti baru, memasukkan pemacu secara automatik dan memeriksa konflik dengan peranti lain.

Configuring Device

To communicate with each device in the computer, the operating system relies on device drivers. A device driver is a small program that accepts commands from another program and then converts these commands into commands that the device understands. Each device on a computer has its own device driver. Devices will not function without device drivers.

Plug and Play is the computer's capability of recognizing any new device and assisting in the installation of the device by loading the necessary drivers automatically and checking the conflicts with other devices.

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Pemantauan Prestasi Sistem

OS mengandungi Pemantau Operasi iaitu program yang menilai dan melaporkan maklumat tentang pelbagai sumber sistem dan peranti.

Membantu pengguna mengenal pasti masalah sumber dan seterusnya mengatasi masalah tersebut.

Pemantauan Prestasi Sistem

/ Performance Monitor System

Monitoring System Performance

OS typically contains a performance monitor, which is a program that assesses and reports information about various system resources and devices.

Help users to identify the problems with resources and resolve the problem.

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Pentadbiran Keselamatan OS berbilang pengguna membenarkan pengguna log on iaitu dengan memasukkan nama pengguna (user name - ID) dan kata laluan. ID adalah kombinasi unik huruf yang menerangkan seorang pengguna tertentu. Kata laluan pula adalah kombinasi huruf berkaitan dengan ID bagi membolehkan capaian kepada sumber tertentu.

Administering Security Most multi-user OS allow each user to log on, which is the process of entering a user name - ID and a password into the computer. ID is a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the alphabet or numbers that identifies one specific user. Password is a combination of characters associated with your ID that allows you to access certain computer resources.

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Pengurusan Storan Media Dan Fail

OS juga mengandungi program yang dikenali sebagai Pengurus Fail (File Manager) yang melaksanakan fungsi berkaitan storan dan pengurusan fail.

Antara fungsi-fungsinya adalah : i) ii) iii) Format dan salinan cakera Memaparkan senarai fail dalam media storan Memeriksa jumlah yang telah digunakan dan ruang kosong pada media storan. iv) Menyalin, mengubah, menyusun, memadam dan menukar nama fail

Managing Storage Media And Files OS also contains a type of program called a file manager, which performs functions related to storage and file management.

Some of the functions are: Formatting and copying disks Displaying a list of files on a storage medium Checking the amount of used or free space on a storage medium.

i) ii) iii)

iv ) Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files.

Windows Explorer adalah Pengurus Fail /

Windows Explorer is a File Manager

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7.3

SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN YANG POPULAR

OS yang mula dicipta kebanyakannya adalah tidak bebas peranti (device dependent) yang mana dibina hanya untuk kegunaan tertentu pengeluar. Masalah timbul apabila terdapat model komputer baru, selalunya OS tersebut tidak boleh berfungsi pada komputer jenis lain.

Kini, kebanyakan OS dibina sebagai bebas peranti (device - independent) yang boleh dilaksanakan pada mana-mana komputer. Dengan ini, walaupun jenis komputer ditukar, segala fail data dan perisian sedia ada masih boleh digunakan.

OS terbaru dibina sebagai downward-compatible yang boleh mengenal pasti dan melaksanakan perisian aplikasi yang ditulis untuk versi komputer sebelumnya. Perisian aplikasi secara kontras adalah upward-compatible yang mana ditulis untuk versi komputer sebelumnya, tetapi dilaksanakan pada versi komputer baru.

7.3

POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS

Many of the first operating systems devices - dependent, where they were developed by manufactures specifically for the computers in their product line. Problem arose, when there is a new computer model, OS often would not work on the new computer.

Now, most of the OS are device - independent that can run on any computer. With this, even if you change computer models, you can retain existing application software and data files.

New versions of OS are downward - compatible that recognizes and works with application software that was written for an earlier version of the OS. The application software, by contrast, is upward - compatible, meaning it was written for an earlier version of the operating system, but runs under the new version.

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7.3.1

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)

DOS mula dibina pada awal 1980-an untuk kegunaan PC. Dua versi DOS yang sering digunakan adalah PC-DOS dan MS-DOS. Pada awal pembangunannya, DOS menggunakan antara muka command-line. Kemudian ditingkatkan dengan kedua-dua antara muka pengguna command-line dan menu-driven.

Kurang digemari kerana tidak menggunakan Graphical User Interface (GUI).

7.3.1

DISC OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)

DOS were developed in the early 1980s for PCs. Two versions of DOS PC-DOS and MS-DOS. When first developed, DOS used a command-line interface. Later versions of DOS included command-line and menu-driven user interfaces. Less favoured because it is not using Graphical User Interface (GUI).

MS-DOS

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7.3.2

WINDOWS 3.x

Windows dibina untuk memenuhi keperluan antara muka pengguna bergrafik (GUI) dan untuk digunakan bersama DOS. Windows 3.x merujuk kepada tiga versi awal Windows iaitu: Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1 Windows 3.11 Ketiga-tiganya bukan sistem pengoperasian tetapi persekitaran pengoperasian (operating environment). Persekitaran pengoperasian berfungsi dalam kombinasi sistem pengoperasian untuk memudahkan penggunaannya.

7.3.2

WINDOWS 3.x

Windows developed to meet the need of an operating system that has a graphical user interface and to be used with DOS. Windows 3.x refers to three early versions of Windows: Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1 Windows 3.11

These versions were not operating systems; instead they were operating environments. An operating environment works in combination with an operating system to simplify its use.

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Windows 3.11

DOS yang dilaksanakan oleh Win 3.x /

DOS run by Win 3.x

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7.3.3

WINDOWS 95

Juga dikenali sebagai Win95. Tidak memerlukan DOS untuk dilaksanakan, tetapi masih menyertakan program DOS dan mengekalkan sesetengah ciri Windows 3.x. Meningkatkan penggunaan GUI dan juga menyokong aplikasi berbilang kerja, rangkaian, teknologi Plug and Play, nama fail yang lebih panjang dan email.

Interface of Win95

7.3.3

WINDOWS 95

Also known as Win95. Do not need DOS to run, but still include DOS program and some features of Windows 3.x.

Increase the usage of GUI and supports the multi tasking applications, network, Plug and Play technology, longer file name and email.

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7.3.4

WINDOWS NT

Juga dikenali sebagai NT, adalah OS yang direka bentuk untuk rangkaian pelanggan-pelayan. Pelayan menggunakan Windows NT Server. Pelanggan pula menggunakan Windows NT Workstation yang dihubungkan kepada pelayan. Mempunyai antara muka yang sama seperti Windows 95.

Windows NT Server

Windows NT Workstation

7.3.4

WINDOWS NT

Also referred to as NT, was an operating system designed for client-server networks. The server used Windows NT Server. The client Windows NT Workstation that is connected to the server has a Windows 95 interface.

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7.3.5

WINDOWS 98

Ia adalah peningkatan kepada Win95, yang mana lebih mudah digunakan dan lebih mudah diintegrasikan dengan Internet. Menyediakan pelayar web Microsoft Internet Explorer dan juga pengurus fail, Windows Explorer yang bercirikan pelayar web. Antara muka Active Desktop membenarkan pengguna menguruskan ikon desktop dan juga nama fail di Windows Explorer berfungsi seperti link. Juga menyediakan sistem startup dan shutdown yang lebih cepat, pengurusan fail yang lebih baik dan menyokong teknologi multimedia seperti DVD dan WebTV. di

Windows 98

7.3.5

WINDOWS 98

It is an upgrade to the Win95, was easier to use than Windows 95 and was more integrated with the Internet. Included a Web Browser, Microsoft Internet Explorer and a file manager, Windows Explorer has a web browser look and feel. An Active Desktop interface, which allows you to set up windows so icons on the desktop and file names in Windows Explorer worked like Web links. Provided faster system startup and shutdown, better file management and support for new multimedia technologies such as DVD and WebTV.

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7.3.6

WINDOWS 2000

Ia adalah peningkatan kepada Win98 dan Windows NT. Ia adalah OS berbilang kerja dengan GUI. Terdapat dalam dua versi : Windows 2000 Server Family

Terdapat tiga versi rangkaian iaitu Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server dan Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

Windows 2000 Professional

Untuk desktop dan juga perniagaan. Windows File Protection melindungi fail daripada ditulis semula semasa installation aplikasi.

Windows Installer Services membantu semasa proses installation dan upgrades.

Windows 2000 Professional 7.3.6 WINDOWS 2000

Windows Server 2000 Family

It is an upgrade to the Win98 and Windows NT. It is a multitasking operating system with GUI. There are 2 versions: Windows 2000 Server Family

3 networking versions as Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

Windows 2000 Professional

For desktop and business. Windows File Protection safeguards operating system files from being overwritten during installation of applications.

Windows Installer Services guides you through installation and upgrades.

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7.3.7

WINDOWS MILLENNIUM

Direka bentuk untuk pengguna isi rumah. Adalah peningkatan kepada versi Win98 untuk pengguna yang menggunakan komputer untuk melayari Internet dengan tujuan hiburan seperti: Permainan Komputer Gambar Digital Mendengar muzik Menonton video

Windows ME

7.3.7

WINDOWS MILLENNIUM

Designed for home users. Is an updated version of Windows 98 for the consumers that uses a computer to surf the internet or for entertainment such as: Computer Games Digital Photographs Listening to Music Watching Videos

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7.3.8

WINDOWS CE

Direka bentuk untuk kegunaan peranti komunikasi tanpa wayar seperti handheld, peranti in-vehicles dan komputer rangkaian. Memerlukan memori yang kecil, masih mengekalkan ciri GUI seperti kesan warna dan bunyi. Dilengkapi dengan keupayaan aplikasi berbilang kerja, email dan Internet.

Windows CE in Handheld

7.3.8

WINDOWS CE

Designed for use on wireless communication devices and smaller computer such as handheld, in-vehicle devices and network computers. Requires little memory, incorporates many elements of the Windows graphical user interface including colour and sound.

It also has multitasking, e-mail and Internet capabilities.

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7.3.9

WINDOWS XP

Mula dipasarkan pada 25 Oktober 2001 dan merupakan peningkatan terbesar bagi OS Windows. Didatangkan dalam dua versi iaitu : Microsoft Windows XP Professional

Direka bentuk untuk semua jenis perniagaan. Keupayaan dalam mengoptimumkan produktiviti dalam dunia digital. Dibina berasaskan Windows 2000.

Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition

Direka bentuk untuk perkomputeran di rumah. Dibina berasaskan Windows 2000, tetapi mempunyai reka bentuk visual, enjin Windows yang boleh dipercayai dan ciri baru Internet yang dikemas kini dengan ciri keselamatan.

Windows XP Professional and Windows XP Home Edition

7.3.9

WINDOWS XP

Marketed since 25 October 2001 and it is the largest upgrade for Windows OS. There are 2 versions: Microsoft Windows XP Professional

Designed for all types of business Capability of optimizing the productivity of digital world. Developed based on Windows 2000.

Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition

Designed for home computers. Developed based on Windows 2000, but with visual features, reliable Windows engine and new updated Internet features with security features.

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7.3.10

PALM OS

Peranti Palm Computing daripada 3Com Corporation dan peranti Visor daripada Handspring merupakan peranti komputer mobil yang popular dan menggunakan sistem pengoperasian Palm OS.

Membantu pengurusan penjadualan dan hubungan dan juga memudahkan penyelarasan maklumat dengan komputer desktop. Dengan peranti tambahan, pengguna mempunyai capaian tanpa wayar kepada Internet. Juga mengandungi perisian Handwriting Recognition seperti Graffiti.

Palm OS

Graffiti Icon

7.3.10

PALM OS

The Palm Computing devices from 3Com Corporation and Visor devices from Handspring are extremely popular mobile computing devices that use an operating system called Palm OS.

Helps to manage schedules and contacts and easily synchronize this information with a desktop computer. With some devices, you also have wireless access to the Internet. Also contains Handwriting Recognition software called Graffiti.

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7.3.11

MAC OS Apples Macintosh Operating System adalah GUI yang pertama berjaya dibangunkan. Dikeluarkan bersama komputer Macintosh pada 1984, dan menjadi model untuk kebanyakan GUI yang dibina untuk sistem lain. Hanya boleh digunakan oleh komputer Apple. Versi terbarunya mengandungi dua pelayar web iaitu Netscape Navigator dan Microsoft Internet Explorer. Berupaya membuka, mengedit, dan menyimpan fail yang dibina oleh Windows dan DOS. Juga menyokong aplikasi berbilang kerja, rangkaian siap terbina, email, speech recognition dan peningkatan kepada keupayaan multimedia.

Mac OS 7.3.11 MAC OS

Mac OS 8.5

Apples Macintosh Operating System was the first commercially successful GUI. It was released with Macintosh computers in 1984, and has been the model for most of the new GUI developed for other systems.

Available only on computers manufactured by Apple. New version contains two web browsers Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Has the capability of opening, editing, and saving files created using Windows and DOS platform. Include multitasking, built-in-networking support, electronic mail, online shopping, speech recognition and enhanced multimedia capabilities.

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7.3.12

OS/2

Adalah OS berbilang kerja dengan GUI yang dibina oleh IBM. Boleh melaksanakan program yang dibina untuk Windows 3.x dan juga DOS. Versi terbaru dikenali sebagai OS/2 Warp. Biasanya digunakan dalam perniagaan memandangkan ia menyokong aplikasi perkomputeran perniagaan dan menyokong aplikasi rangkaian. Digunakan di sebelah pelayan untuk aplikasi Windows NT.

OS/2

7.3.12

OS/2 IBMs multitasking GUI OS. Run programs written for DOS and Windows 3.x. The latest version called as OS/2 Warp. Widely used by businesses because of its business computing applications support and strong networking support. As with Windows NT, a version of OS/2 exists for use on a server.

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7.3.13

UNIX

Berbilang kerja dan berbilang pengguna yang dibina pada awal 1970 oleh ahli sains Bell Laboratories. Berkuasa, berupaya mengawal transaksi yang banyak di dalam persekitaran berbilang pengguna dan boleh berfungsi bersama dengan beberapa CPU yang melaksanakan berbilang pemprosesan.

Kelemahannya adalah mempunyai antara muka command-line dan arahannya banyak dan sukar diingati. Terdapat versi UNIX yang dibina oleh Apple Macintosh yang menyediakan GUI. Pentadbiran sistem kurang baik.

UNIX

7.3.13

UNIX

It is a multi-user, multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s by scientists at Bell Laboratories. Powerful operating system, capable of handling a high volume of transactions in a multi-user environment and working with multiple CPUs using multiprocessing.

A weakness of UNIX is that it has a command-line interface, and many of its commands are difficult to remember. Some versions of UNIX, such as the version for the Apple Macintosh, offer a graphical user interface to help reduce this problem. It lacks some system administration features.

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7.3.14

LINUX

Adalah OS yang menyerupai UNIX tetapi menyediakan GUI. Berbentuk perisian yang mempunyai sumber terbuka di mana kodnya adalah bebas kepada awam. Membolehkan pengguna menggunakannya untuk memenuhi keperluan dan pengguna boleh berkongsi pencapaian tersebut dengan pengguna lain.

Antara aplikasi perisian yang dilaksanakan di Linux adalah : Perisian Red Hat Corel Corporation

Red Hat Linux

7.3.14

LINUX

UNIX-like GUI operating system. Open source software, which means its code, is made available to the public. Customers can personalize the software to meet their needs, and users that modify the software share their improvements with others.

Software applications run on LINUX are: Red Hat Software Corel Corporation

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7.3.15

NETWARE Novells NetWare digunakan dengan rangkaian pelayan-pelanggan. Mempunyai bahagian pelayan yang terletak pada pelayan rangkaian dan bahagian pelanggan yang terletak pada setiap komputer pelanggan yang dihubungkan kepada rangkaian. Bahagian pelayan membenarkan perkongsian perkakasan yang dihubungkan ke pelayan dan program atau perisian tersimpan. Bahagian pelanggan pula berinteraksi dengan pelayan. Pelanggan juga

mempunyai OS tempatan seperti Win98.

Novell NetWare

Log In Netware

7.3.15

NETWARE Novells NetWare designed for client-server network. Have a server portion that resides on the network server and a client portion that resides on each client computer connected to the network. The server portion allows you to share hardware devices attached to the server, as well as any files or application software stored on the server. The client portion communicates with the server. Client computers also have a local operating system such as Win98.

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7.4

MEMULAKAN KOMPUTER (STARTING A COMPUTER)

Proses memulakan komputer atau reset melibatkan pemindahan (loading) OS kepada memori dikenali sebagai booting. Cold Boot adalah apabila komputer dibuka setelah dimatikan kuasanya. Warm Boot pula adalah proses memulakan semula komputer (restarting) atau resetting komputer yang telah sedia terpasang. Ketika menggunakan Windows, pengguna boleh juga melaksanakan warm boot dengan menekan kekunci (CTRL+ALT+DEL), menekan butang reset atau memilih pilihan options di menu.

Selection from Start Menu

CTRL+ALT+DEL

7.4

STARTING A COMPUTER

The process of starting a computer involves loading an operating system into memory a process called booting the computer. Cold Boot is when you turn on a computer after it has been powered off completely. Warm Boot is the process of restarting, or resetting, a computer that is already on. When using Windows, user can typically perform a warm boot by pressing a combination of keyboard keys (CTRL+ALT+DEL), selecting options from a menu, or pressing a Reset button on your computer.

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7.4.1

BOOT DISK Pemacu di mana komputer anda dibootkan dikenali sebagai Boot Drive adalah pemacu C (Drive C). Pengguna boleh juga melaksanakan boot daripada boot disk sekiranya cakera keras (Drive C) tidak boleh digunakan. Boot Disk adalah cakera liut yang mengandungi sesetengah arahan OS bagi membolehkan komputer dimulakan. Salah satu langkah pemasangan OS adalah mengehendaki pengguna membuat boot disk seperti Windows 98.

Langkah Melaksanakan Boot Disk dalam Win98

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7.4.1

BOOT DISK

The drive from which your computer boots, called the boot drive, is drive C. If you cannot boot from the hard disk, for example if it is damaged or destroyed, you can boot from a boot disk. A Boot Disk is a floppy disk that contains certain operating system that will command the computer.

When you install an operating system, one of the installation steps involves making a boot disk such as Windows 98.

Steps to Create Boot Disk in Windows 98

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7.5

PROGRAM UTILITI

Program Utiliti adalah sejenis Sistem Perisian yang melaksanakan tugas tertentu, yang berkaitan dengan pengurusan komputer, perantinya dan programnya. Kebanyakan OS menyediakan program utiliti, tetapi pengguna boleh membeli utiliti stand-alone yang mempunyai ciri tambahan. Antara fungsi-fungsi yang dilaksanakan oleh program utiliti adalah : Viewing Files Compressing Files Diagnosing Problems Scanning Disk Defragmenting Disk Uninstalling Software Backing Up Files and Disks Checking for Viruses Displaying Screen Savers

7.5

UTILITY PROGRAMS

Utility program is a type of Software System that performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. Most operating systems include several utility programs but user can also buy stand-alone utilities that offer improvements over those supplied with the operating system.

Utility programs can perform these functions: Viewing Files Compressing Files Diagnosing Problems Scanning Disk Defragmenting Disk Uninstalling Software Backing Up Files and Disks Checking for Viruses Displaying Screen Savers

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Memaparkan Fail

Memaparkan kandungan sesuatu fail dan biasanya disertakan dalam pengurus fail.

Dalam Win98, terdapat dua jenis : a) b) Quick View papar kandungan fail teks Imaging Preview papar kandungan fail grafik

Viewing Files

Displays the contents of a file and often included with a file manager. Win98 has two viewers: a) Quick View display the contents of text files b) Imaging Preview display the contents of graphics files

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Memadatkan Fail

Memadatkan (compress) saiz fail, menjimatkan ruang storan dan meningkatkan prestasi sistem.

Biasanya diaplikasikan pada fail Internet untuk menjimatkan masa download. Fail yang dihantar bersama email juga dapat mengurangkan masa transmisi fail.

Fail yang di compress dikenali sebagai fail zip. Dua jenis utiliti ini adalah PKZIP dan WinZip.

WinZip

Compressing Files

Reduces or compresses the size of a file, saves storage space and improves system performance.

Files available for download from the Internet often are compressed to reduce download time. Compressing files attached to e-mail messages also reduces the time needed for file transmission.

Compressed files are called as zipped files. Two popular compression utilities are KZIP and WinZip.

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Diagnostik Masalah

Mengkompilasi maklumat teknikal tentang perkakasan komputer dan program perisian tertentu, menyediakan laporan terhadap masalah yang dikesan.

Windows XP menyediakan utiliti ini yang dikenali sebagai Dr Watson yang mengenal pasti masalah dan mencadangkan langkah yang harus diambil.

Masalah dikesan dengan program ini. /

Problem detected with these programs.

Diagnosing Problems Software

Diagnosing Problems

Compiles technical information about your computers hardware and certain Software System programs and then prepares a report outlining any identified problems.

Windows XP includes the diagnostic utility, Dr Watson that diagnoses problems as well as suggests courses of action.

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Scanning Disk

Mengesan dan membetulkan kedua-dua masalah fizikal dan logikal cakera keras dan cakera liut dan mencari dan membuang fail yang tidak diperlukan.

Masalah fizikal adalah seperti calar pada permukaan cakera. Masalah logikal pula berkaitan dengan kerosakan data.

Scan Disk

Scanning Disk

Detects and corrects both physical and logical problems on a hard disk or floppy disk and searches for and removes unwanted files.

A logical problem is one with the corrupted data.

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Defragmenting Disk

Mengenal pasti fail dan ruang yang tidak digunakan di cakera keras supaya data dapat dicapai dengan lebih cepat dan program dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih cepat.

Apabila terdapat data yang disimpan dalam sektor yang tidak berturutan, data tersebut difragmentkan. Fragmentation melambatkan capaian cakera dan prestasi komputer. Proses Defragmentation adalah menguruskan semula fail supaya tersimpan dalam sektor yang berturutan.

Defragmenting Drive C

Defragmenting Disk

Recognizes the files and unused space on a computers hard disk so data can be accessed more quickly and programs can run faster.

When the contents of a file are scattered across two or more noncontiguous sectors, the file is fragmented. Fragmentation slows down the disk access and thus the performance of the entire computer. Defragmentation is the process of reorganizing the disk so the files are stored in contiguous sectors.

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Uninstalling Software

Membuang program aplikasi dan juga sebarang fail yang berkaitan dalam fail sistem.

Jika pengguna hanya memadam atau membuang fail dan folder tanpa melaksanakan utiliti ini, fail yang terdapat dalam sistem fail akan tetap kekal.

Add/Remove Program/software

Uninstalling Software

Removes an application, as well as any associated entries in the system files.

If the user attempts to remove the application from computer by deleting the files and folders associated with that program without running the uninstaller, the system file entries remain.

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Backing Up Files and Disks

Membenarkan pengguna untuk menyalin (copy atau backup) fail tertentu ke dalam media storan lain.

Semasa proses tersebut berjalan, utiliti ini memantau perkembangan dan memberitahu jika tambahan media storan diperlukan.

Restore Program adalah antara fungsi yang terdapat dalam utiliti ini bagi membolehkan fail backup dikembalikan kepada bentuk asal.

Backup Utility

Backing Up Files and Disks

Allows users to copy or backup selected files to another storage media such as disk or tape.

During the backup process, the backup utility monitors progress and alerts if additional disks or tapes are needed.

Restore Program, which is included with the backup utility, reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form.

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Checking for Viruses

Program yang mencegah, mengesan dan membuang virus daripada memori komputer atau peranti storan. Virus adalah program yang berupaya menyalin dirinya sendiri kepada program lain dan merebak kepada komputer lain. Dibina untuk merosakkan data dan mengganggu sistem komputer.

Virus Scan

Checking for Viruses

Program that prevents, detects, and removes viruses from computers memory or storage devices. Virus is a program that copies itself into other programs and spreads through multiple computers. Designed to damage a computer intentionally by destroying or corrupting its data.

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Displaying Screen Savers

Adalah utiliti yang membolehkan skrin monitor memaparkan imej bergerak atau skrin kosong jika tiada aktiviti oleh tetikus atau papan kekunci untuk satu tempoh masa tertentu.

Skrin akan kembali kepada asal apabila tetikus digerakkan atau kekunci pada papan kekunci ditekan.

Setting For Screen Savers Display

Displaying Screen Savers

It is a utility that causes the monitors screen to display a moving image or blank screen if no keyboard or mouse activity occurs for a specified time period.

When you press a key on the keyboard or move the mouse, the screen returns to the previous image.

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RUMUSAN

BAB 7 : SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN & UTILITI PROGRAM SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN

SISTEM SISTEM PERISIAN PENGOPERASIAN

SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN YANG POPULAR

MEMULAKAN KOMPUTER

PROGRAM UTILITI

- mengandungi program yang mengawal operasi komputer & perantinya.

Antaramuka pengguna antaram uka CommandLine Antaram uka Grafikal

- DOS ws 3.x ws 95 Windo ws 98 ws NT Windo ws 2000 Windo ws Millennium ws CE ws XP OS S OS/2 UNIX LINUX NETW ARE MACO PALM Windo Windo Windo Windo Windo
-

BOOT DISK diperlu kan untuk pemasangan OS seperti Windows 98. -

Sejenis Sistem Perisian yang laksanakan tugas tertentu berkaiatan dengan komputer, peranti dan program.

Ciri-ciri sistem pengoperasian satu pengguna Multius er Multipro cessing multitas king Fungsi sistem pengoperasian Pengur usan memori Pengur usan cetakan Pengur usan peranti sistem biran keselamatan Pentad Pemant auan prestasi

Utiliti:

Fungsi

V iewing files

ompressing files iagnosing problems canning disk efragmenting disk ninstalling Software & Disk hecking for viruses isplaying screen savers

B acking Up Files

Pengur usan storan media & fail

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SUMMARY

CHAPTER 7 : OPERATING SYSTEM & UTILITY PROGRAM OPERATING SYSTEM Set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all of the activities among computer hardware resources. Type of Operating System DOS, Win95,NT,98,2000, Millenium, CE & others. SOFTWARE SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEM STARTING A COMPUTER PROGRAM UTILITI

- Consist of the programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices.

User Interface Comma nd-Line Interface Grahica l Interface Features of operating system user user - Multiprocessing Multita Functions of an sking operating system Memor y Management Spoolin g Print Jobs Configu ring Device Monito ring System device Admini stering security Managi ng Storage media & files. MultiSingle

- DOS ws 3.x ws 95 ws 98 ws NT Windo ws 2000 ws Millennium ws CE ws XP OS OS

BOOT DISK Windo Neede d to install OS Windo such as Windows 98. Windo

A type of system software that performs a specific task, related to managing a computer, its

Windo

devices or its programs. iewing files ompressing files iagnosing C Utility function V

Windo

Windo

Windo

PALM MAC OS/2

problems S canning disk D efragmenting disk ninstalling Software acking Up Files & Disk C hecking for viruses D B U

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