Science Form 3 Notes Chapter 3 Excretion (Perkumuhan)

1. Is a process in which excretory organs remove waste products from body 2. Excretory organs organs which remove waste products Excretory Organs

Lungs 1. CO2 2. Water vapour

Kidneys 1. Water 2. Urea 3. Mineral salts

Skin (Sweat Glands) 1. Water 2. Urea 3. Mineral salts

Importance of Excretion a) Excretion of toxic substances prevent us from falling sick b) Excretion of excess mineral salts maintain body and salt content c) Excretion of excess water - controls body temperature d) Excretion of CO2 controls pH / acidity of blood Skin 1) Sweat glands the actual excretory organs of the skin 2) Sweat glands absorb excess of water from the blood capillaries and give it out as sweat 3) Urea breakdown product (bahan penguraian) of amino acids in the liver 4) Sweating i) cools down the body ii) controls the body temperature The Lungs 1) Cell Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen ----- CO2 + H2O + Energy

alveoli

2) Renal artery brings : i) oxygenated blood ii) excess water } iii) excess mineral salts } iv) urea }

to be filtered and removed as urea

Urea Urine Stored in urinary bladder Released through urethra when urinary bladder is full 3) Renal vein carries out filtered blood from kidney

The Cross Section of A Kidney 4) Functons of Kidneys 1) Filter blood, remove urea, excess mineral salts and excess water 2) Regulate and maintain the bodys water content 3) Regulate mineral salts in blood 4) Maintain the pH of blood The Importance of Maintaining Healthy Kidneys 1) Kidneys can be damaged by i) Hypertension ii) Diabetes iii) Physical Injuries iv) Excessive use of alcohol
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2) Kidney failure can be treated through dialysis 3) Dialysis machine artificial kidney 4) A person has to undergo 3 or 4 times a week for several hours

A Dialysis Machine Excretion in Plants 1) Waste products are a) CO2 b) H2O c) Mineral Salts

d) Nitrogenous Waste

2) Some excretory products are stored in a) leaves b) fruit c) bark d) vacuoles 3) Some waste products are useful a) latex - gloves, tyres b) resin - gum, paint c) quinine - medicine for malaria 4) Some waste products are harmful a) opium - addictive poppy fruit b) cocaine addictive coffee beans c) nicotine addictive tobacco leaves

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Science Form 3 Notes Chapter 4 Reproduction

sexual asexual

a. Formation of new individuals without gametes b. One parent is involved c. Does not requires gametes d. Have the same characteristics as the parents

a. Formation of new individuals with gametes b. Two parents are involved c. Requires gametes d. Characteristics are inherited (diwarisi) from both parents

Fertilisation 1) Fusion (percantuman) of male gametes (sperm) and female gametes (ovum) 2) Gamete reproductive cell (sel pembiakan) Fertilisation Internal Fertilisation External Fertilisation

a. Gametes are fertilized inside the females body b. Zygote develops inside the females body c. Very few eggs/ovum are produced as the chance for fertilization is high d. Ex humans, mammals, birds, reptiles reptiles, insects

a. Gametes are fertilized outside the females body b. Zygote develops outside the females body c. Many eggs/ovum are produced as the chance for fertilization is low This is because :i) the eggs or sperms may be eaten by predators ii) the eggs or sperms may be carried away by water d. Ex - fish, amphibian

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Asexual Reproduction 5 types a) Binary Fussion (Belahan Dedua) b) Budding (Pertunasan) c) Spore Formation (Pembentukan Spora) d) Regeneration (Penjanaan Semula) e) Vegetative Reproduction A Binary Fussion

Parent

cell begins to divide

two new identical organisms are formed

1) Mature parent cell divides into two to form 2 new organisms 2) Ex amoeba, paramecium, euglena, bacteria B Budding

1) Parent produces a bud 2) Bud grows and separates from parent 3) Ex hydra (tumbuhan air), yeast (ibu roti) C. Spore Formation

1) Sporangium ruptures and mature spores are released 2) Mature spores will form new organisms when condition is suitable 3) Ex fern, moss, mushroom, mucor (bread) D. Regeneration 1). Each part forms a new individual

2) Each piece of the parent that is separated will grow into a new individual 3) Ex planaria , starfish

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E. Vegetative Reproduction 1) Certain parts of plants can grow into a new plant 2) These parts are a) leaves b) shoot c) root 3) Vegetative reproduction reproduction of new plants using any part of plant except seeds A. Leaves 1) These plants have leaves that produce buds 2) These buds can grow into new plants when the leaves are detached from the parent plant 3) Ex Byrophilum, Begonia

B. Roots 1) These plants have roots that store food 2) Ex sweet potatoes, tapioca

C. Stem 1) Have modified stem that produces bud. They are a) runners b) rhizomes c) tuber d) corm e) sucker

f) bulb

A) Runners/Stolom 1) Stem that grow horizontally (mendatar) over the surface of the ground 2) Shoots and the roots of the young plants grow from the nodes of the runner 3) When the interneed dies, the young plant becomes independent

Ex strawberry plant, carpet grass B) Rhizomes 1) Horizontal, underground storage stem which has buds 2) Ex ginger, lallang, asparagus

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C) Suckers 1) New shoots which grow from the underground part of stem 2) The sucker grows upwards and becomes new plant 3) Ex banana, pineapple

D) Tubers 1) A swollen underground stem with leaves and buds 2) The buds grow into shoots which produce leaves and roots 3) Ex potatoes, dahlia

E) Corms 1) A thick shoot and swollen underground 2) Leaves and buds are found on the corm 3) Ex garlic, onions

Advantages of Vegetative Reproduction 1) Grow taller than seed 2) Obtain food from the parent until they can make their own food 3) Good characteristics of parent plants are passed to new plants 4) Does not require agents of pollination (water, air, insects and wind) 5) Does not need fertilization Disadvantages of Vegetative Reproduction 1) Have less variety 2) Bad qualities of the parent plant are passed to new plants 3) New plants grow in the same area as the parent plant so there is competition (persaingan) for space, nutrients and sunlight

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Plant/Tissue Culture

Part of root, stem, leaf, bud or shoot of a plant can be used for tissue culture Applications Propagation of Plants Production of pest- resistant and disease- resistant plant Cloning Descriptions Plants tissue culture is useful in the cultivation of plant like orchids or ornament plants (tumbuhan perhiasan) Plant tissue culture is used to produce plants that are tolerant to pests and diseases An unlimited number of plants that are genetically similar can be produced by tissue culture within a short period of time

The Male Reproductive System Part Scrotum Testis Sperm Vesicle Prostate Gland Urethra Penis Seminal Vesicle Function 1) Protects testis 2) Holds testis outside the body to keep cool 1) Produce sperms 2) Produce male hormones(testesterone) 1) Stores sperm from testes 1) Produces fluid that nourishes sperms Semen = Sperm + Fluid PG + Fluid SV 1) Carries sperm to the outside of the body 2) Transports urine 1) Transfers sperms into a females body 1) Stores sperm temporarily 2) Produces fluid that nourishes (menyuburkan) sperms

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Sperm 1) Smallest cell in the body 2) Mobile (boleh bergerak)

The Structure of A Sperm

Front View

Side View

Changes In A Male During Puberty 1) Puberty - sexual organs start to produce sex productive cells - accompanied by a) physical changes b) physiological change c) emotional change 2) Physical changes in a male during puberty a) Shoulders widen and chest becomes broader b) Body height and weight increases rapidly c) An increase in the size of testes and penis d) The testes start to produce gametes sex reproductive cells e) Body becomes more muscular in the upper body f) Growth of hair on the face (moustache and beard) the chest, the armpits and around the pubic region

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Changes In A Female During Puberty 1) The females sex hormones cause physical, physiological and emotional changes in a female 2) The ovary begins to release a mature egg or ovum and continues to release an egg every 28 days The Female Reproductive System Parts Ovary Fallopian Tube Uterus Cervix Vagina Function 1) Produce egg cells or ovum 2) Produce female hormones 1) Connects ovaries to uterus 2) A place where fertilization takes place 3) Carry ovum to uterus 1) Implantation occurs 2) Protects embryo and foetus during pregnancy 1) Secretes (merembeskan) mucus to protect against bacterial infection 2) Serves as birth canal (salur) 1) Receives sperms 2) Serves as birth canal Nucleus (contain genetic information of female parent) Jelly coat Cytoplasm Cell membrane The Structure of an Ovum

Front View

Side View
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The Role of an Ovum in Reproduction 1) The ovum is the largest cell in the human body 2) It has a nucleus which carries the genetic material of the female parent to be passed down to the offspring 3) The role of the ovum is to be fertilized by a sperm to form a zygote Human Ovum 1) Largest cell in the body 2) Female reproductive cell 3) Cannot move freely 4) Sphere in shape 5) Can live about 24 48 hours The Menstrual Cycle

1) Menstrual cycle The first day of a menstruation to the first day of the next menstruation 2) 1 menstrual cycle normally takes about 28 days 3) Menstrual monthly periodic discharge of a) blood } b) mucus } c) cells of uterus lining } which come out through/ from the vagina d) unfertilized ovum } 4) Menstruation - lasts 5 7 days - occurs once in every 28 days 5) Menstruation - starts when a girl reaches puberty - stops at about the age of 50 years (menopause) 6) Ovulation - release of an ovum by the ovary 7) Menstrual cycle has 4 phase a) menstruation phase b) repair phase c) fertile phase d) pre-menstruation phase

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A. Menstruation Phase 1) Day 1 Day 7 2) Menstruation occurs 3) The lining of the uterus wall breaks down B. Repair phase 1) Day 7 Day 11 2) The lining begins to thicken 3) More blood vessels are formed 4) Preparation to receive any ovum that is fertilized C. Fertile Phase 1) Day 11 Day 17 2) Ovulation usually happens on the 14th day 3) Fertile phase chances of fertilizing an ovum during this period is very high Fertile Phase Ovum NOT Fertilised a) Pre- menstrual phase takes place b) Tissues and blood vessels on the uterus lining break away c) Mensus is discharge i) blood ii) mucus iii) unfertilized ovum iv) lining of the uterus wall Ovum Fertilised a) Pregnancy starts b) Tissues and blood vessels do not break away c) Zygote moves into uterus d) Implantation occurs e) Ovulation and menstrual cycle stops

D. Pre- Mentrual Cycle 1) Day 17 Day 28 2) The lining of uterus wall continues to thicken 3) If fertilization has occurred zygote embryo 4) If fertilization did not occur, the ovum will disintegrate (terurai) Fertilisation and Pregnancy 1) Fertilisation fusion between sperm and ovum takes places in the fallopian tube

Sperms surround the ovum

Only the head of ONE sperm gets into the egg cell

The nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the ovum fuse to form a zygote

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2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Ovulation release of an ovum on the 14 day (13 15th days) Sperms swim through cervix, uterus to reach the fallopian tube Sperms meet the ovum in the fallopian tube Only one sperm fuses with the ovum The zygote moves along the fallopian tube towards the uterus

th

th

7) During the passage to uterus, the zygote divides again and again to form a ball of cells called embryo 8) The embryo attaches itself on the wall of the uterus by the structure called placenta 9) The placenta is connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord 10) After implantation, a membrane develops to enclose the embryo in a double layered capsule called amniotic cavity 11) The amniotic cavity is filled with a fluid called amniotic fluid 12) The fluid has two function a) acts as a shock absorber (penyerap renjatan) and protects the embryo b) buoys up (mengapungkan) the embryo so that it can move more freely during its development 13) Function of Placenta a) transfers nutrients, antibodies, oxygen from the mothers blood into that of the embryo b) transfers metabolic waste products (CO2 and Urea) from the embryos blood into the mothers blood 14) Function of Umbilical Cord a) Transfers dissolved (terlarut) nutrients, antibodies and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo b) Transfers metabolic waste products from the embryo to the placenta 15) The mothers blood system and the embryos blood system are separate system 16) Dissolved nutrients, hormones, antibodies, oxygen Diffuse into The placenta The umbilical cord Blood capillaries of embryo (vice versa)

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17) Geostation period to birth - period from fertilization - about 38 weeks 40 weeks 18) After birth it is called a baby 19) During birth (a) uterus wall contracts the membranes surrounding the foetus (b) cervix opens because of the pushing force from the i) mother ii) force of contraction of the uterus wall push the baby through the vagina (c) umbilical cord is tied in two places (to prevent bleeding) 20) The placenta, umbilical cord and ruptured membrane which are discharged is called the after birth Prenatal Care 1) Prenatal care is the care taken by a pregnant woman to ensure the healthy growth and development of the foetus 2) Taking nutritious food is a must. They are :a) Protein required by foetus to build body tissues and growth eg. fish, milk, meat, eggs b) Carbohydrates and fats required to supply energy to the foetus eg bread, rice and potatoes c) Mineral salts essential for good health. Eg- calcium is required for the formation of bones and iron is for the formation of haemoglobin d) Vitamins builds expectant mothers (ibu mengandung) resistance against diseases (rintangan terhadap penyakit). Eg. Vitamin D formation of strong bones The Importance of Avoiding Harmful Substances A. Smoking 1) Nicotine - slows down the growth of foetus - rapidly stimulates the heart of foetus - can cause premature birth B. Alcohol - damage brain cells of foetus - slows down the birth of foetus C. Other drugs - causes deformity in foetus The Importance of Research In Human Reproduction Sterility (Kemandulan) and Ways to Overcome Sterility

Hormone Treatment 1) Used to increase sperm and egg production

Surgery 1) Used to correct blocked fallopian tube

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) 1) Eggs from human are mixed with sperms in culture dishes

Birth Control 1) Rhythm Method - Refraining from copulation during the menstrual cycle 2) Condoms - Prevents sperms from being transferred into vagina 3) Intrauterine Contraceptive Devise (IUCD) - Small plastic or metal object that is normally inserted by a doctor into the uterus to prevent implantation 4) Spermicides - contains chemicals that will kill the sperm 5) Birth Control Pills - prevent ovulation and prevent the release of ova - made of artificial hormones 6) Surgical Method (a) Vasectomy sperm ducts are cut to prevent sperms from entering the urethra (b) Ligation fallopian tubes are cut and tied to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus The Reproductive System In Flowering Plants

1) Flower has reproductive organs of flowering plants 2) Functions of a flower to produce fruit with seeds Flower parts Pedicel (batang) Sepal Petals (ranggi) Nectary (Kilang Nektar) Stamen Function 1) Supports the flower 2) Holds the flower in a prominent position 1) Protects the other parts of flower in bud stage 1) Attracts insects and birds for pollination 2) Protect the other parts of flowers during bud stage 1) Produces sugary liquid called nectar 2) Attracts insects for pollination 1) Male reproductive organ 2) Consists of a) Anther produces pollengrains (debunga) b) Filament

Pistil

i) Supports the anther ii) holds it in a prominent position (kedudukan yang baik) 1) Female reproductive organ 2) Consists of a) Stigma receives pollengrain b) Style support the stigma c) Ovary produces ovules d) Ovules contain female gametes

Types of Flowers Type

Unisexual Flower 1) Flowers that are either male or female flower 2) Male flowers contain stamen 3) Female flowers contain pistil 4) Ex. Papaya, Maize

Bisexual Flower 1) Conain both stamen and pistil 2) Ex. Hibiscus, morning Glory

The Reproductive Part of Flower Stamen Anther Filament Pistil Stigma (sticky surface to enable pollen grains to stick) Style Ovary Ovule (female gamete)
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Pollengrains Anther Filament

Pollination 1) Transfer of pollengrains from anther to stigma Types of Pollination

Self Pollination - Transference of pollen grains a) from anther to stigma of the same flower b) from anther to stigma of different flower from the same plant

Cross Pollination - Transference of pollen grains a) from one plant to another plant

Comparision between self- pollination and cross- pollination 1) Similarity involves transfer of pollengrains from anther to stigma 2) Differences : Self Pollination 1 Does not produce new variety Posesses characteristics of only one plant Offspring is NOT resistant to diseases Offspring cannot adapt (menyesuaikan diri) to environment change Number of Plant Involved Variety of Offspring Characteristics Resistance to diseases Adaptation to Environment Cross Pollination 2 or more Produces new variety Posesses characteristics of both parent plant Offspring is more resistant to diseases Offspring can adapt to environmental changes

Advantage of Cross Pollination 1) Allows combination of characteristics of both parent cell 2) Produce plants with good characteristics such as :i) produce seeds of better quality ii) more resistant to diseases iii) can survive when environment change iv) produces fruit of better quality
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Agent of Pollination and Characteristics of Flowers 1) Pollination is carried out by several agents namely a) wind b) water c) insects d) birds, animals, humans 2) Pollination by animals a) bats - white/ browny flowers - strong scent (haruman) flowers b) birds - brightly coloured flowers - produces a lot of nectar 3) Pollination by insects a) butterflies/bees b) pollengrains are rubbed on insects body and legs when it sucks nectar c) these pollen grains are transferred to other flowers when these insects visit other flowers 4) Pollination by water a) Aquatic plants b) plants produce pollen grains which floats on the surface of water and carry to other flowers 5) Pollination by Wind a) Wind blows pollen grains far from parent plant 6) Comparison between insect- pollinated and wind- pollinated flowers Features Size Colour Nectar Smell Pedical Anther Filament Pollen grains Stigma Style Example Insect- Pollinated Flowers Big Brightly coloured Produces nectar Scented Short Small Short Small amount, big, sticky, rough Short, sticky Short Sunflower, Flame of the forest (Bunga Semarak Api) Wind-Pollinated Flowers Small White or Dull Does not produces nectar Not scented Long Big Long; hangs out of flower Plentiful,small, light, smooth Long, feathery, exposed to the wind Long Lallang

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The Development of Fruits and Seed in Plants 1) Pollination is followed by fertilisation 2) Fertilisation- fussion of a male gamete and a female gamete Steps During Fertilisation Pollen grains lands on Stigma (stigma produces sticky and sugary fluid) Pollen grains absorps the sugary liquid and increase in size Pollen grain grows a pollen tube that grows in the style Each pollen grain has 2 male gametes which reaches the ovule Fertilisation - occurs when one of the male gametes fuse with the female gametes - zygote is found and develops into an embryo After fertilization - ovary develops into fruit - ovule develops into seed - sepals petals and stamen, style, stigma will wither (layu) and fall off

after fertilisation

* stamen ------- anther --------pollengrains---------male gametes pistil---------- ovary ---------ovules --------------- female gametes

fuse together fertilization

flowers-------new parts --------embryo--------zygote

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Germination of Seeds 1. There are two types of seeds (a) monocotyledon - one cotyledon (b) dicotyledon - two cotyledon