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    Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. They are transmitted to humans through arthropod vectors like ticks and lice. Rickettsia are classified into typhus group and spotted fever group based on the disease they cause. Symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy for identification or serology to detect antibodies. Tetracycline is the treatment of choice.

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    Rickettsia Presentation

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    Riza Frisilia
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    Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. They are transmitted to humans through arthropod vectors like ticks and lice. Rickettsia are classified into typhus group and spotted fever group based on the disease they cause. Symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy for identification or serology to detect antibodies. Tetracycline is the treatment of choice.

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    Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. They are transmitted to humans through arthropod vectors like ticks and lice. Rickettsia are classified into typhus group and spotted fever group based on the disease they cause. Symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy for identification or serology to detect antibodies. Tetracycline is the treatment of choice.

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    4K views21 pages

    Rickettsia Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Riza Frisilia
    Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. They are transmitted to humans through arthropod vectors like ticks and lice. Rickettsia are classified into typhus group and spotted fever group based on the disease they cause. Symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy for identification or serology to detect antibodies. Tetracycline is the treatment of choice.

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    Rickettsia

    The supervisors: Mr. Abed Elkader Elottol Collected by: Ahmad al-Aswad

    Content
    Name of the pathogen General characteristics Virulence factors Diseases Cultural characters Sample collection world distribution Vaccine Discovery Classification Pathogenicity transmission routes Weil-Felix test Identification Treatment References

    Name of the pathogen


    the order Rickettsiales consists of three families: 1. Rickettsiaceae (genera Rickettsia, Coxiella, Rochalima,and Orientia) 2. Ehrlichiaceae (Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Neorickettsia) 3. Bartonellaceae (genera Bartonella, Haemobartonella, Eperythrozoon, and Grahamella).

    Discovery
    Discovered form of tick-borne typhus first described in the Rocky Mountain section of the United States, caused by a specific microorganism (Rickettsia rickettsii). Discovery of the microbe of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in 1906 by Howard Taylor Ricketts led to the understanding of other rickettsial diseases.

    General characteristics
    Highly pleomorphic bacreria that can present as cocci (0.1 m in diameter), rods (14 m long) or thread-like (10 m long). Rickettsiaceae are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria (except Rochlimaea) that infect mammals and arthropods. Gram stain poorly, but appear to be G Stain readily with Giemsa . Traditional biochemical tests are useless because it cant cultivated in ordinary medias.

    Classification
    Usually rickettsia classified by the disease it cause to two groups : 1. Spott fever group (SFG)

    Rickettsia prowazekii , R. mooseri , R. felis


    2.typhus group (TG)

    R. rickettsii , R. conorii , R. sibirica , R. japonica , R. australis , R. akari

    Rickettsia
    species Typhus group: Disease Epidemic typhus Recrudescent typhus

    Natural cycle Vectors Hosts

    Geographic distribution Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide USA USA

    Rickettsia prowazekii R. mooseri R. felis R. rickettsii R. conorii

    Human Humans body lice None Fleas Fleas Fleas Ticks Ticks Humans Rodents Opossums Opossums

    Murine typhus (Endemic typhus) Murine typhus like Rocky Mountain spotted fever Boutonneuse fever

    Spotted Fever group: Small mammals, North & South dogs, rabbits, birds America Rodents, dogs Africa, Southern Europe, India

    R. sibirica
    R. japonica R. australis R. akari

    North Asia tick typhus


    Japanese spotted fever Queensland tick typhus Rickettsialpox

    Ticks
    Ticks Ticks Mites

    Rodents
    Rodents, dogs Rodents House mice, rats

    Eurasia, Asia
    Japan Australia Worldwide

    Virulence factors
    1. Group specific soluble antigens compose from lipopolysaccharide and consider from the major cell wall component, used in vaccine production. 2. Species specific antigen Used to differentiate between rickettsia species, heat labile antigen. 3. Alkali stable polysaccharide antigen Found in many rickettsiae and is shared by certain strains of Proteus vulgaris.

    4. Endotoxin and the production of immune complexes and hypersensitivity reactions.

    5. The enzyme phospholipase A may help penetration. 6. Induced phagocytosis and recruitment of actin for intracellular spread. 7. R. Canadensis haemolyses red blood cells, is susceptible to erythromycin.

    Pathogenicity
    On entry to human body
    Organism multiplies locally & enters the blood stream

    Invades the vascular endothelial cells.


    Leading to proliferation of cells, and perivascular infiltration

    Resulting in thrombosis of vessels


    Rupture and necrosis

    Diseases and transmission routes


    Typhus fever Group:
    1. Epidemic typhus (Classical typhus) R.prowazekii.

    Spotted fever group:


    1. Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF) R. rickettsii.

    2. Recrudescent infection (BrillZinsser). R.prowazekii


    3. Endemic typhus (murine typhus) R. mooseri (R.typhi).

    2. Other tick borne diseases R. siberica, R. conori, R. australis .


    3. Rickettsial pox R. akari .

    Epidemic typhus
    Causative organism: R.prowazekii . Vector: Pediculus humanus corporis (human body louse). Transmission: Autoinoculation by the person while scratching the bite of infected body louse produce abrasion- which is portal of entry for the organisms. Incubation Period: 6-15 days. It is associated with wars & poverty. It is found in Africa & South America but not in United States. Symptoms: Chills, fever, headache, pain, stupor and delerium. Signs of severe meningoencephalitis, begin with rash. If untreated - death occurs due to peripheral vascular collapse or due to bacterial pneumonia. R. prowazekii is the agent of epidemic typhus. During World War I, approximately 3 million deaths resulted from infection by this bacterium. In World War II, the numbers were similar. This agent is carried by the human louse; therefore, disease is a consequence of overcrowding and poor hygiene.

    Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)


    Causative organism: R. rickettsii . Vectors: Dermacentor variabilis (dog tick). Reservoirs: Dogs & rodents . Transmission: is via tick bite . The organism is passed by the transovarian route from tick to tick. Humans are accidental hosts. Incubation Period: 3-14 days. Mainly seen in children during spring & early summer ticks are active. Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever, severe headache, mayalgia. In 2-6 days, a typical rash is seen. It begins with macules and progress to petechiae. The rash appears on the hand and feet & spreads inwards to the trunk. It can be fatal if untreated

    Cultural characters
    Do not grow on cell-free media. They can be cultivated in the yolk sacs of embryonated eggs. Can be cultivated on cell cultures HeLa, HEp2, Detroit 6 etc. Laboratory animal like mice is used for primary isolation . The following nutrients are added to cell media : serine , glycine , Other nonessential amino acids, additional glucose, and potential products.

    Weil-Felix test
    Weil-Felix test is based on cross reaction of the rickettsial antigen with the O antigen polysaccharide found in Proteus vulgaris OX-19, OX-2 and OX-K. The test measures the antiricketssial Ab in patients serum.

    Sample collection
    Coetaneous lesions are the symptoms which is in common between all rickettsial diseases, so, sample obtain mainly from skin lesions.

    Identification
    If you do a skin biopsy, you can make a diagnosis in a day or so. Some people dont bother to do a biopsy. Although the biopsy is 100% specific, it sometimes gives dangerous false negative reports. Later, you can confirm your diagnosis by doing tests for antibodies, or serology. The old tests, the Weil-Felix tests, are now archaic. Laboratories now have immunofluorescent antibody (IFA), or ELIZA assays. The problem is that you have to wait a couple weeks before you can expect the antibodies to develop and draw the blood for the convaslescent titers.

    world distribution
    R. conorii Astrakhan R. helvetica R. sibirica R. mongolotimonae

    R. heilongjiangii

    R. mongolotimonae R. conorii Isral R. helvetica R. conorii

    R. slovaca

    R. conorii Isral
    R. conorii R. rickettsii R. conorii R. australis R. africae R. honei

    R. japonica

    Indian tick typhus Rickettsia

    Treatment & VACCINES


    Treatment Tetracycline and chloramphinicol is the antibiotic of choice (because of the small molecule size and the ability to penetrate infected cells). VACCINES Killed or attenuated live vaccines for epidemic and endemic typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and scrub typhus have been available for many years. Recombinant DNA methods are now being investigated.

    References
    MIMS: chapter 21. Levinson: chapter 26. Bairley: chapter 39. Emanuel: chapter 28. Jawetz: chapter 27. Kayser: unit 4. http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/Rick ettsia_2.html. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki. http://www.cehs.siu.edu/fix/medmicro/ricke. htm. others.

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