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    Griffith Theory of Fracture Mechanics

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    hrsreenath
    This document summarizes Griffith's theory of brittle fracture from the 1920s. It discusses how Griffith proposed that fracture occurs when the elastic strain energy released by crack propagation equals the new surface energy required to create a crack. This relationship leads to Griffith's strength criterion, which relates the failure stress to material properties like Young's modulus and surface energy. The document also discusses how Obreimoff experimentally validated Griffith's theory by studying crack propagation in mica sheets under bending loads.

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    Griffith Theory of Fracture Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    hrsreenath
    143 views15 pages
    This document summarizes Griffith's theory of brittle fracture from the 1920s. It discusses how Griffith proposed that fracture occurs when the elastic strain energy released by crack propagation equals the new surface energy required to create a crack. This relationship leads to Griffith's strength criterion, which relates the failure stress to material properties like Young's modulus and surface energy. The document also discusses how Obreimoff experimentally validated Griffith's theory by studying crack propagation in mica sheets under bending loads.

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    Fracture Mechanics

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    This document summarizes Griffith's theory of brittle fracture from the 1920s. It discusses how Griffith proposed that fracture occurs when the elastic strain energy released by crack propagation equals the new surface energy required to create a crack. This relationship leads to Griffith's strength criterion, which relates the failure stress to material properties like Young's modulus and surface energy. The document also discusses how Obreimoff experimentally validated Griffith's theory by studying crack propagation in mica sheets under bending loads.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    143 views15 pages

    Griffith Theory of Fracture Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    hrsreenath
    This document summarizes Griffith's theory of brittle fracture from the 1920s. It discusses how Griffith proposed that fracture occurs when the elastic strain energy released by crack propagation equals the new surface energy required to create a crack. This relationship leads to Griffith's strength criterion, which relates the failure stress to material properties like Young's modulus and surface energy. The document also discusses how Obreimoff experimentally validated Griffith's theory by studying crack propagation in mica sheets under bending loads.

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    Griffith Theory

    What do we know about brittle failure?


    Fracture occurs above a critical level
    material property?

    But fracture strength not reproducible


    depends on test conditions, e.g. T, load rate, environment, etc.

    Fracture (or flow) must involve the breaking of atomic bonds


    Theoretical strength of a rock is that required to break atomic bonds across a lattice plane
    t Tensile Force Compressive a atomic separation a = equilibrium spacing t = theoretical tensile strength

    Theoretical tensile strength of rock


    t Tensile

    Force Compressive

    a atomic separation a = equilibrium spacing t = theoretical tensile strength

    E t 2

    For rocks Youngs modulus, E ~10 100 GPa Hence theoretical tensile strength, t ~1.5 15 GPa

    This is several orders of magnitude greater than real rocks

    Stress intensity around flaws


    Inglis (1913)

    (a) a circular hole

    (b) an elliptical hole

    A demonstration of stress intensity -the cellophane and knife

    Inglis unanswered questions


    Fracture mechanism remained obscure Why do large cracks propagate more easily than small ones? Environmental effects?

    Griffith energy balance (1920)


    Total energy of the system = u u = ue +us When crack extends by C: ue decreases us increases For equilibrium: du/dC = 0
    ue = elastic strain energy us = energy in creating new crack surface area = specific surface energy (energy per unit area required to break the bonds)

    Griffith energy balance (1920)

    For equilibrium: du/dC = 0

    ue = elastic strain energy us = energy in creating new crack surface area = specific surface energy (energy per unit area required to break the bonds)

    Griffith energy balance (1920)


    Mechanical energy, Um:
    from Inglis (1913)

    Um =

    C
    2

    2 A

    Surface energy, Us: Total energy, U = Um+Us:

    U s = 4C
    2 A

    C U= + 4C E
    2

    Griffith strength relation (1920)

    F = 2 E / c
    F = failure stress E = Youngs modulus c = crack half-length

    ue = elastic strain energy from Inglis (1913) analysis us = energy in creating new crack surface area = 4C = specific surface energy (energy per unit area required to break the bonds)

    Obreimoffs mica experiment (1930)

    U = energy of crack system Us = energy to create new crack surface area Ue = strain energy

    Obreimoffs mica experiment (1930)


    Mechanical energy, Um:
    from elastic beam theory

    Ed h Um = Ue = 8C 2

    Surface energy, Us: Total energy, U = Um+Us

    U s = 2C

    Obreimoffs mica experiment (1930)

    3Ed 3 h 2 C0 = 16

    Loading configuration
    Obreimoff: stable equilibrium

    Griffith: unstable equilibrium

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