Shear and Bending Moment

Problem:
For the loaded beam shown below, develop the corresponding shear force and bending moment diagrams. The beam is in equilibrium. For this problem L= 10 in.

Shear and Bending Moment

Overview

Anticipated time to complete this tutorial: 45 minutes

Tutorial Overview
This tutorial is divided into six parts: 1) Tutorial Basics 2) Starting Ansys 3) Preprocessing 4) Solution 5) Post-Processing 6) Hand Calculations

Audience
This tutorial assumes minimal knowledge of ANSYS 8.0; therefore, it goes into moderate detail to explain each step. More advanced ANSYS 8.0 users should be able to complete this tutorial fairly quickly.

Prerequisites
1) ANSYS 8.0 in house Structural Tutorial

Objectives 1) Learn how to define keypoints, lines, and elements 2) Learn how to apply structural constraints and loads 3) Learn how to find shear and bending moment diagrams

Outcomes
1) Learn how to start Ansys 8.0 2) Gain familiarity with the graphical user interface (GUI) 3) Learn how to create and mesh a simple geometry 4) Learn how to apply boundary constraints and solve problems

Shear and Bending Moment

Tutorial Basics
In this tutorial: Instructions appear on the left. Visual aids corresponding to the text appear on the right. All commands on the toolbars are labeled. However, only operations applicable to the tutorial are explained. The instructions should be used as follows: Bold > Text in bold are buttons, options, or selections that the user needs to click on Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/DeleteFile would mean to follow the options as shown to the right to get you to the Element Types window Text in italics are hints and notes Click on the left mouse button Click on the middle mouse button Click on the right mouse button

Example:

Italics

MB1 MB2 MB3

Some Basic ANSYS functions are: To rotate the models use Ctrl and MB3. To zoom use Ctrl and MB2 and move the mouse up and down. To translate the models use Ctrl and MB1.

Shear and Bending Moment

Starting Ansys
For this tutorial the windows version of ANSYS 8.0 will be demonstrated. The path below is one example of how to access ANSYS; however, this path will not be the same on all computers. For Windows XP start ANSYS by either using: > Start > All Programs > ANSYS 8.0 > ANSYS or the desktop icon (right) if present.
Note: The path to start ANSYS 8.0 may be different for each computer. Check with your local network manager to find out how to start ANSYS 8.0.

Shear and Bending Moment

Starting Ansys
Once ANSYS 8.0 is loaded, two separate windows appear: the main ANSYS Advanced Utility window and the ANSYS Output window. The ANSYS Advanced Utility window, also known as the Graphical User Interface (GUI), is the location where all the user interface takes place.

Graphical User Interface

Output Window
The Output Window documents all actions taken, displays errors, and solver status.

Shear and Bending Moment

Starting Ansys
The main utility window can be broken up into three areas. A short explanation of each will be given. First is the Utility Toolbar:

From this toolbar you can use the command line approach to ANSYS and access multiple menus that you cant get to from the main menu.
Note: It would be beneficial to take some time and explore these pull down menus and familiarize yourself with them.

Second, is the ANSYS Main Menu, as shown to the right. This menu is designed to use a top down approach and contains all the steps and options necessary to properly preprocess, solve, and postprocess a model.

Third is the Graphical Interface window where all geometry, boundary conditions, and results are displayed. The tool bar located on the right hand side has all the visual orientation tools that are needed to manipulate your model.

Shear and Bending Moment

Starting Ansys
With ANSYS 8.0 open select > File > Change Jobname and enter a new job name in the blank field of the change jobname window. Enter the problem title for this tutorial. > OK

In order to know where all the output files from ANSYS will be placed, the working directory must be set, in order to avoid using the default folder C:\Documents and Settings. > File > Change Directory > then select the location that you want all of the ANSYS files to be saved. Be sure to change the working directory at the beginning of every problem. With the jobname and directory set, the ANSYS database (.db) file can be given a title. Following the same steps as you did to change the jobname and the directory, give the model a title.

Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
To begin the analysis, a preference needs to be set. Preferences allow you to apply filtering to the menu choices; ANSYS will remove or gray out functions that are not needed. A structural analysis, for example, will not need all the options available for a thermal, electromagnetic, or fluid dynamic analysis. > Main Menu > Preferences

Place a check mark next to the Structural box. > OK

Look at the ANSYS Main Menu. Click once on the + sign next to Preprocessor. > Main Menu > Preprocessor The Preprocessor options currently available are displayed in the expansion of the Main Menu tree as shown to the right. The most important preprocessing functions are defining the element type, defining real constraints and material properties, and modeling and meshing the geometry.

Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
The ANSYS Main Menu is designed in such a way that you should start at the beginning and work towards the bottom of the menu in preparing, solving, and analyzing your model.
Note: This procedure will be shown throughout the tutorial.

Select the + next to Element Type or click on Element Type. The extension of the menu is shown to the right. > Element Type Select Add/Edit/Delete and the Element Type window appears. Select add and the Library of Element Types window appears. > Add/Edit/Delete > Add In this window, select the types of elements to be defined and used for the problem. For a pictorial description of what each element can be used for, click on the Help button. For this model 2D Elastic Beam elements will be used. The degrees of freedom for this type of element are UX, UY, and ROTZ, which will suit the needs of this problem. > Beam > 2D Elastic 3 > OK

In the Element Types window Type 1 Beam3 should be visible signaling that the element type has been chosen.

Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
Before closing the Element Type window, and with Beam3 still highlighted select the Options button. > Options... In the Beam3 Element Type Options window change the the Member force + moment output from Exclude output to Include output. This tells ANSYS to include the moment and force information needed to create the diagrams. > OK Close the Element Types window. > Close The properties for the Beam3 element need to be chosen. This is done by adding a Real Constant. > Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete The Real Constants window should appear. Select add to create a new set. > Add The Element Type for Real Constants window should appear. From this window, select Beam 3 as the element type. > Type 1 Beam3 > OK

The Real Constant window for Beam3 will appear. From this window you can interactively customize the element type.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
Enter the values into the table as shown at the right. > OK Close the Real Constants window. > Close

The material properties for the Beam3 element need to be defined. > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models The Define Material Models Behavior window should now be open. We will use isotropic, linearly, elastic, structural properties. Select the following from the Material Models Available window: > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic The window titled Linear Isotropic Properties for Material Number 1 now appears.

Enter 30e6 for EX (Young's Modulus) and 0.3 for PRXY (Poissions Ratio). > OK Close the Define Material Model Behavior window. > Material > Exit

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
The next step is to define the keypoints (KPs) that will help you build the rest of your model: > Preprocessing > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS The Create Keypoints in Active CS window will now appear. Here the KPs will be given numbers and their respective (XYZ) coordinates. Enter the KP numbers and coordinates that will correctly define the beam. Select Apply after each KP has been defined.
Note: Be sure to change the keypoint number every time you click apply to finish adding a keypoint. If you dont it will replace the last keypoint you entered with the new coordinates you just entered.

KP # 1: KP # 2: KP # 3: KP # 4: KP # 5:

X=0, Y=0, Z=0 X=2, Y=0, Z=0 X=4, Y=0, Z=0 X=6, Y=0, Z=0 X=10, Y=0, Z=0

Select OK when complete. In case you make a mistake in creating the keypoints, select: > Preprocessing > Modeling > Delete > Keypoints Select the incorrect KPs and select OK.

Your screen should look similar to the example below.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
At times it will be helpful to turn on the keypoint numbers. > PlotCtrls > Numbering > put a checkmark next to keypoint numbers > OK Other numbers (for lines, areas, etc..) can be turned on in a similar manner.

At times it will also be helpful to have a list of keypoints (or nodes, lines, elements, loads, etc.). To generate a list of keypoints: > List > Keypoint > Coordinates Only

A list similar to the one to the right should appear.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
The next step is to create lines between the KPs. > Preprocessing > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Lines The Create Straight Lines window should appear. You will create 4 lines. Create line 1 between the first two keypoints. For line 1: MB1 KP1 then MB1 KP 2. The other lines will be created in a similar manner. For line 2: MB1 KP2 then MB1 KP 3. For line 3: MB1 KP3 then MB1 KP 4. For line 4: MB1 KP4 then MB1 KP 5. Verify that each line only goes between the specified keypoints. When you are done creating the lines click ok in the Create Straight Lines window. > OK If you make a mistake, use the following steps to delete the lines: > Preprocessing > Modeling > Delete > Lines Only You should now have something similar to the image shown below.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
Now that the model has been created, it needs to be meshed. Models must be meshed before they can be solved. Models are meshed with elements. First, the element size needs to be specified. > Preprocessing > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines The Element Sizes on All Selected Lines window should appear. From this window, the number of divisions per element can be defined and also the element edge length. Enter 0.1 into the Element edge length field. > OK
Note: you could change the element edge length after completing the tutorial to a different value and rerun the solution to see how it affects the results.

With the mesh parameters complete, the lines representing the beam can now be meshed. Select: > Preprocessing > Meshing > Mesh > Lines From the Mesh Lines window select Pick All. > Pick all Selecting Pick all will mesh all of the line segments that have been created. The meshed line should appear similar to the one shown below. This completes the preprocessing phase.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
We will now move into the solution phase. Before applying the loads and constraints to the beam, we will select to start a new analysis: > Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis For Type of Analysis select Static and select OK.

The way this problem is setup, no constraints need to be added. Other problems which ask you to find shear and bending moment diagrams may require the use of constraints. The forces and moments will now be added. It will be easier to select the keypoints (the locations of the forces and moments) if the keypoint numbers are turned on as previously explained. However, the current view probably shows just the elements and not the keypoints. You can see both the elements and the keypoints on the screen by selecting: > Plot > Multiplots To see just the keypoints; > Plot > Keypoints > Keypoints Use the plot menu to view your model in the way that will make it easier to complete each step in tutorial.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
The loads will now be applied to the beam. > Solutions > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints The Apply F/M on KPs window should now appear. Select KP1 (hint it might be hidden behind the symbol for the coordinate system) and select OK.

In the Apply F/M on KPs window that now appears change the direction to of the force to FY and give it a value of 400. > Apply Repeat these same steps to apply the rest of the forces and moments. Moments are applied in the same way except that in the Apply F/M on KPs window MZ is chosen as the direction. Select Apply after each one you create and close the window when you are done creating all of the them. Location KP1 KP2 KP2 KP3 KP4 KP5 Direction MZ FY MZ FY FY FY Value 400 -400 -400 200 -200 400

When you are done, your screen should look similar to the picture below.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
The distributed loads will now be applied to the beam. > Solutions > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams The Apply PRES on Beams window should appear. Select all the elements between keypoints 2 and 3 (there should be 20 in all). > Apply

The expanded Apply Pressure on Beams window should appear. From this window the direction of the pressure and its magnitude can be specified.

Enter 100 in the Pressure at Node I value field which will apply the pressure over the beam from keypoints 2 to 3. A positive entry in this field is defined as a downward pressure. > OK

The first distributed load now appears on the model.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
Add the other two distributed load in a similar manner. Use the same commands as shown, but with the following changes: For the second distributed load select all of the elements between KP3 and KP4 (should be 20 of them). Set the value at node I to be -100 (this will make the load act upward). > OK For the third distributed load select all of the elements between KP4 and KP5 (should be 40 of them). Set the value at node I to be 100. > OK The model is now completed.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
If you wish to view a 3D picture of your model select > Plot Controls > Style > Size and Shape The Size and Shape window opens. Click the check box next to Display of Element to turn on the 3D image. > OK

Now when you rotate your model using CTRL + MB3 , the model should appear to be 3D. You should see something similar to the image below.

You are now ready to solve the model.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
The next step in completing this tutorial is to solve the current load step that has been created. Select: Solution > Solve > Current LS

The Solve Current Load Step window will appear. To begin the analysis select OK.

If a Verify window appears telling that the load data produced 1 warning, just select Yes to proceed with the solution.

The analysis should begin and when complete a Note window should appear that states the analysis is done.

Close both the Note window and /STATUS Command window. If your model is still in the 3-D view use the view icons on the right of the screen to bring the model to a front view again.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Post Processing
There are several different ways to view the results of a solution. To find the shear and bending moment diagrams we define what is called an element table and then plot a contour plot. Defining an element table is nothing more than a way of telling ANSYS which solution items you want to see. To define an element table, select the following: > General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table The Element Table Data window now appears. Select Add..

> Add...
We will define the element table items by using the By sequence num option. For the Beam3 element, the sequence numbers for the I moment (at left end of beam) and the J moment (at right end of beam) are 6 and 12. The sequence numbers for the forces in the Y direction are 2 and 8. The sequence numbers can be found for any element in the help documentation. Simply do a search in help for the element that you are using, and then scroll down in the text to find the table that lists the sequence numbers.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Post Processing
Give the first item a label name of I moment, select By sequence number, select SMISC, and type in the number 6 as shown to the right. > Apply Give the second item a label name of J moment, select By sequence number, select SMISC, and type in the number 12 > Apply Give the third item a label name of I force, select By sequence number, select SMISC, and type in the number 2 as shown to the right. > Apply Give the fourth item a label name of J force, select By sequence number, select SMISC, and type in the number 8 as shown to the right. > OK When you are done you should have four items in the Element Table Data window.

Close the Element Table Data window. > Close

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Shear and Bending Moment

Post Processing
The shear force diagram will now be plotted. > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res The Plot Line-Element Results window now appears. Select IFORCE the table item at node I and JFORCE as the table item at node J. > OK The shear force diagram is plotted on the screen and shown below. From the diagram, the max and min shear force can easily be seen.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Post Processing
The bending moment diagram will now be plotted. > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res The Plot Line-Element Results window now appears. Select IMOMENT as the table item at node I and JMOMENT as the table item at node J. > OK The bending moment diagram is plotted on the screen and shown below. From the diagram, the max and min bending moment can easily be seen.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Hand Calculations
Generally, shear and bending moment diagrams can easily be constructed by hand for problems such as the one shown in this tutorial. The purpose of the tutorial was to show how to find shear and bending moment diagrams in ANSYS, so that the process could then be applied to more complex geometry and load conditions. Please note the notation used for the hand calculations (shown at the bottom of the diagrams) as it explains why the shear diagram given by ANSYS and the one shown in the hand calculations are opposites.

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