COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ARCHITECTURAL

ENGINEERING

CVEN 214: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 6: BENDING
Dr Mohammed Elshafie

Fall, 2017
BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT
MEMBER
Assumptions:
1. Plane section remains plane
2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible
FLEXURAL FORMULA

Assumptions:
Material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so that Hooke’s Law Applies;
i.e. σ=E.є

My
σ =−
I

(M R )Z = ∑MZ;
y 
M = ∫ ydF = ∫ y (σdA) = ∫ y σ max dA
A A
c 
σ max
c ∫A
M= y 2 dA

Mc
σ max =
I
My
σ =−
I
EXAMPLE 4
The simply supported beam in Fig. 6–26a has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 6–26b. Determine the absolute
maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress
distribution over the cross section at this location.
EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kN.m,
occurs at the center.

• By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the

centroid C at the mid-height of the beam, Fig. 6–26b.
(
I = ∑ I + Ad 2 )
[
= 2 121 (0.25)(0.02 ) + (0.25)(0.02 )(0.16 ) +
3 2
][1
12
(0.02)(0.3)3 ]
( )
= 301.3 10 −6 m 4

My
σB = − B ; σb =
( )
22.5 103 (0.17 )
= 12.7 MPa (Ans)
I ( )
301.3 10 −6
EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown in Fig. 6–26d.

My
σB = − B ; σB = −
( )
22.5 103 (0.15)
= −11.2 MPa
• At point B,
I ( )
301.3 10 −6
EXAMPLE 5
EXAMPLE 5 (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE 5 (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE 6.11 (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE 6
EXAMPLE 6 (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE 6 (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE 7
EXAMPLE 7 (CONTINUED)
UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Moment applied along principal axis

FR = ∑ Fx ; 0 = ∫ σ dA
A

(M R )y = ∑ M y ; 0 = ∫ zσ dA
A

(M R )Z = ∑MZ; 0 = ∫ − yσ dA
A

If y and z are the principal axes. ∫ yz dA = 0

(The integral is called the product of inertia)
UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (cont.)

• Moment arbitrarily applied

Mz y M yz
= + σ =− +
Iz Iy

• Alternatively, identify the orientation of the principal axes (of

which one is the neutral axis)
Iz
• Orientation of neutral axis: tan α = tan θ
y I

= +
EXAMPLE 5
The rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 6–33a is subjected to a
bending moment of 12 kN.m. Determine the normal stress developed at
each corner of the section, and specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• The moment is resolved into its y and z components, where

My = −
4
(12) = −9.60 kN ⋅ m
5
Mz =
3
(12) = 7.20 kN ⋅ m
5

• The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are

Iy =
1
12
(
(0.4)(0.2)3 = 0.2667 10−3 m 4 )
1
12
3
( )
I z = (0.2 )(0.4 ) = 1.067 10 −3 m 4
EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• For bending stress,
Mz y Mzz
σ =− +
Iz Iy

σB = −
( ) +
( )
7.2 103 (0.2) − 9.6 103 (− 0.1)
= 2.25 MPa (Ans)
( )
1.067 10 −3 ( )
0.2667 10 −3
7.2(10 )(0.2) − 9.6(10 )(0.1)
3 3
σC =− + = −4.95 MPa (Ans)
1.067(10 )−3
0.2667(10 ) −3

7.2(10 )(− 0.2 ) − 9.6(10 )(0.1)

3 3
σD =− + = −2.25 MPa (Ans)
1.067(10 )−3
0.2667(10 ) −3

7.2(10 )(− 0.2 ) − 9.6(10 )(− 0.1)

3 3
σE =− + = 4.95 MPa (Ans)
1.067(10 )−3
0.2667(10 ) −3

• The resultant normal-stress distribution has been sketched

using these values, Fig. 6–33b.
EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• The location z of the neutral axis (NA), Fig. 6–33b,
can be established by proportion.
2.25 4.95
= ⇒ z = 0.0625 m
z (0.2 − z )
• We can also establish the orientation
of the NA using Eq. 6–19, which is used
to specify the angle that the axis makes
with the z or maximum principal axis.
Iz
tan α = tan θ
Iy

tan α =
( )
1.067 10 −3
tan (− 53.1°) ⇒ α = −79.4° (Ans)
0.2667 10( )
−3
COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Transformed homogeneous beam obtained through a
transformation factor:

E1
n=
E2
and
dF = σdA = σ ' dA'
σdzdy = σ ' ndzdy
σ = nσ '
EXAMPLE 1
A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a
steel strap located on its bottom side. It has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 6–38a. If the beam is subjected
to a bending moment of 2 kN.m, determine the normal stress
at points B and C. Take Ew = 12 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• We will transform the section into one made entirely of steel.

bst = nbw =
12
(150) = 9 mm
200

• The transformed section is as shown.

• The location of the centroid

(neutral axis),

y=
∑ y A (0.01)(0.02 )(0.150 ) + (0.095)(0.009 )(0.15)
= = 0.03638 m
∑A (0.02)(0.15) + (0.009)(0.15)
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is
1 2
I NA =  (0.15)(0.02 ) + (0.15)(0.02 )(0.03638 − 0.01) 
3

12 
1 2
+  (0.009 )(0.15) + (0.009)(0.15)(0.095 − 00.03638) 
3

12 
(
= 9.358 10 −6 m 4 )
• Applying the flexure formula, the normal stress at B’ and C is
2(0.17 − 0.03638)
σ = = 28.6 MPa
B'
9.358 10 −6 ( )
2(00.03638)
σC = = 27.87 MPa (Ans)
(
9.358 10 −6
)
• The normal stress in the wood at B is
σ B = nσ B ' =
12
(28.56) = 1.71 MPa (Ans)
200
EXAMPLE 2
The reinforced concrete beam has the cross-sectional area
as shown. If it is subjected to a bending moment of M 60
kN•m, determine the normal stress in each of the steel
reinforcing rods and the maximum normal stress in the
concrete. Take Est = 200 GPa and Econc = 25 GPa.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• The total area of steel is [ 2
]
Ast = 2 π (12.5) = 982 mm 2 , thus

A' = nAst =
( )
200 103
(982) = 7856 mm 2
( )
25 10 3

• We require the centroid to lie on the neutral axis.

∑ ~y A = 0
300(h') − 7856(400 − h') = 0
h'
2
h'2 +52.37 h'−20949.33 = 0 ⇒ h' = 120.90 mm

• The moment of inertia of the transformed section is

computed about the neutral axis,
1  120.9 
2

I =  (300 )(120.9) + 300(120.9)  + 7856(400 − 120.9)  = 788.67 ×10 mm
3 2 6 4

12  2  
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• Applying the flexure formula to the transformed section, the
maximum normal stress in the concrete is

(σ conc )max = 60(1000)(120.9)(61000) = 9.20 MPa (Ans)

788.67 ×10
60(1000 )(1000 )(1000 )(400 − 120.9 )
σ 'conc = = 21.23 MPa
788.67 ×10 6

• The normal stress in each of the two reinforcing rods is

therefore

( ) 21.23 = 169.84 MPa (Ans)

 200 103
σ st = nσ 'conc = 
( ) 
 25 10
3