SDH Marconi

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Training Document SDH
WHAT is SDH ?
Background and motivation for SDH Limitation of todays high capacity network Advantages of SDH
Definition of SDH
SDH is stands for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and is :
An International Standard for a high capacity optical telecommunication network A synchronous digital transport system aimed at providing a more simple, economical, and flexible telecommunications network infrastructure.
Changing Network Requirements

TODAY TOMORROW
TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKING
SUPPORTED BY
POINT TO POINT TRANSMISSION

SUPPORTED BY
CUSTOMER NEEDS
FASTER PROVISIONING OF CIRCUITS AND SERVICES
MANUAL APPROACH TO NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE
COMPUTER-BASED INTEGRATED NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE
PDH Systems Worldwide

Japan
. 397200 kbit/s
x4
USAANSI
Europe -ETSI
564992 kbit/s
x4 x3
97728 kbit/s
x3
274176 kbit/s
x6
139264 kbit/s
x4
32064 kbit/s
x5
44736 kbit/s
x7
34368 kbit/s
x4
6312 kbit/s
x4 x3
8448 kbit/s
x4
primary rate
1544 kbit/s
2048 kbit/s
x 24
x 30/31
64 kbit/s
5 Training Document SDH
Limitations of Todays High Capacity Network

Inflexible, and expensive for telecommunication networking -based on step-by-step asynchronous multiplexing MUX 140Mbit/s MUX MUX 140Mbit/s MUX 34/140 34/140 34/140 34/140 8/34 8/34 8/34 8/34 2/8 2/8 2/8 2/8
2 Mbit/s channels 2 Mbit/s channels 2 Mbit/s channels
Extremely limited network management and maintenance support capabilities - no spare signal capacity in plesiochronous frame structures Higher rate line systems are proprietary.
-no possibility of inter-working
Advantages of SDH ( I )
Designed
for cost effective, simplified add & drop
Function
- Compared to the older PDH system, low bit rate channels can be easily extracted from and inserted into the high-speed bit streams in SDH. It is now no longer necessary to apply the complex and costly procedure of demultiplexing then re-multiplexing the plesiosynchronous structure.
140 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s STM-1 FDDI ATM
STM-N
Reliability -Modern SDH networks include various automatic back-up circuit and repair mechanisms which are designed to cope with system faults and are monitored by management. As a result, failure of a link or an NE does not lead to failure of the entire network.
Advantages of SDH ( II )
High Transmission rates -Transmission rates of up to 10Gbps can be achieved in modern SDH systems making it the most suitable technology for backbones-the superhighways in todays telecommunication networks.
155 Mbit/s 622 Mbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
Future-proof platform for new services -SDH is the ideal platform for a wide range of services including POTS, ISDN, mobile radio, and data communications (LAN, WAN, etc.). It is also able to handle more recent services such as video on demand and digital video broadcasting via ATM.
Advantages of SDH ( III )

Provide
built-in signal capacity for advanced network management and maintenance capabilities
-With SDH, network providers can react quickly and easily to the requirements of their customers. For example, leased lines can be switched in a matter of minutes. The network provider can use standardized network elements (NE) that can be controlled and monitored from a central location via a telecommunications management network (TMN) system. Interconnection -SDH makes it much easier to set up gateways between different network providers and to SONET systems. The SDH interfaces are globally standardized, making it possible to combine NEs from different manufacturers into a single network thus reducing equipment costs. -The trend in transport networks is toward ever-higher bit rates, such as STM-256 (time division multiplex, TDM). The current high costs of such NEs however are a restricting factor. The alternative lies in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), a technology enabling the multiple use of single mode optical fibers. As a result, a number of wavelengths can be used as carriers for the digital signals and transmitted simultaneously through the fibers.
Synchronous Network Structure

140Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
TM
STM-1
ADM
STM-1, STM-4 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s
ATM Switch
ADM
STM-1
STM-4/16 ADM
140Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer DXC : Digital Cross Connect TM : Terminal Multiplexer DSC: Digital Switching Center LAN: Local Area Network 10 Training Document SDH 2Mbit/s STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET 34Mbit/s 140Mbit/s STM-1 STM-4
DSC
STM-1 Frame Structure
11
STM-1 Frame
270 bytes
1 1 9
RSOH Pointer MSOH Payload
270 columns 9 rows capacity: 270 bytes x 9 = 2430 Bytes

125 s
9 lines
frame length: 125 s
12
Frame Structure of the STM-1 Signal

operational functions monitoring functions control functions
9 lines
SOH Area
270 bytes
RSOH
Pointer
Payload 125 s
MSOH
AU-Pointer
shows the beginning of the virtual container of the highest level
Payload Area
transport of the data
Functions and characteristics of the Section Overhead (SOH)

includes operation, monitoring and controlling functions each byte is equivalent to an 64-kbit/s channel in regenerators only the first three lines are accessable in multiplexers the last five lines are accessable preserves the connections from the point of creation 270 bytes until the point of decomposition
1 1 9
9 lines
RSOH
Pointer
Payload 125 s
MSOH
9
14
Structure of the RSOH

1 1
RSOH
A1 B1 D1
AU pointer
Frame Alignment (A1, A2) Section Trace (J0 Identfication of regenerator source) Parity check (B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers) Data communication channels (D1...D3, F1 between regenerators) Voice communication channels (E1 between regenerators)
9
A1 A1 A2 E1 D2 H2 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 A2 A2 J0 F1 D3 H3 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 H3 H3
H1 B2 D4
MSOH
D7 D10
S1
15
Structure of the MSOH

Parity Check (B2) Automatic protection switching (K1, K2 Bytes) Data communication channels (D4 to D12 between multiplexers) Clock source information (S1) Remote Error Indication (M1) Voice communications channels (E2 between multiplexers)
1 1
RSOH
A1 B1 D1
AU pointer
9
A1 A1 A2 E1 D2 H2 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 A2 A2 J0 F1 D3 H3 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 H3 H3
H1 B2 D4
MSOH
D7 D10
S1
16
STM-1 FRAME (to ITU-T G.707)

1 RSOH AU POINTER 9
270 COLUMS(BYTES) 261 COLUMS(BYTES)
Payload Area transport of the data
MSOH
C-4 (DATA PAYLOAD)
AU-Pointer shows the beginning of the virtual container of the highest level
PATH OVERHEAD (POH)
STM-1 FRAME (to ITU-T G.707)

1 RSOH 9
270 COLUMS(BYTES) 261 COLUMS(BYTES)
260 COLUMS(BYTES) AU POINTER

TU Pointer
MSOH
VC Path OverHead
C-4 (DATA PAYLOAD)

Virtual container Container
Low Rate Tributary Signal
Low Order POH Tributary Signal

Tributary Unit Frame
Structure of the POH
VC-4/ VC-3 POH

J1 POH B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 9 V5 J2 N2 K4 1
Parity check B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculat by path terminating point. Alarm and performance information (V5, G1) Signal label C2/V5 Multiframe indication for TUs (H4) User communications channel between path elements (F2, F3) Identification of the Path Source (Path Trace J1, J2) Higher order path automatic protection switching.(K3,K4) Tandem Connection monitoring (TCM) function. (N1,N2)
VC-12/ VC-11 POH
HO-POH
19
LO-POH
Functions and characteristics of the Path Overhead (POH)

includes path trace identifier, alarm signals and operational signals secures the transport of a container to the desired destination
1 1 9
270bytes
9 lines
RSOH
POH
Pointer
Payload 125 s
MSOH
20
SDH Network Section

Path Section Multiplexer Section
Synchronous Multiplexer
Multiplexer Section
Synchronous Multiplexer
Regenerator Section
Regenerato r Section
Regenerator Section
Regenerator Section
21
SDH POINTERS
22
Difference between PDH and SDH transport techniques

technique with frame memory (PDH)
t=0 transport Signal overhead 1
Signal 2
Signal 3
Signal 4 t=T
technique with pointer processing (SDH)

t=0
transport overhead t=T
23
Signal Processing
STM-1 Signal
Pointer Payload VC-n POH
VC - Virtual Container POH - Path Overhead SOH - Section Overhead
SOH
24
Why do we need pointer actions?

neighbouring network elements (NEs) may have different bitrates in one NE the frequency of input fin may differ from the output fout
1 1 9
270bytes
9 lines
RSOH MSOH 125 s

POH
Pointer
Payload
25
Tasks of the Pointer

the pointer shows the begin of the Virtual Container within the higher structure adaptation of the bitrate of the VC to the velocity of the tranport channel (AU, TU) a flag within the pointer signals the changes made kind of stuffing will be signalized also
STM-1 Signal Pointer Payload VC-n
SOH
POH
26
AU4-Pointer
begin of the VC-4 Pointer AU4-Pointer: - Bytes H1, H2, H3 - Byte H3 includes dont care information Range: 0 <= X <= 782 fin < fout positive justification: - add three bytes behind H3 - new pointer value = old pointer value + 1 - the new pointer value will be fixed for at least two STM-1 frames
STM-1 STM-1
H1H2H3
VC-4
H1H2H3
27
AU4-Pointer
STM-1 STM-1 STM-1
AU4-Pointer:
H1H2H3
fin > fout VC-4 negative justification: - fill H3 with payload information - new pointer value = old pointer value - 1 - the new pointer value will be fixed for at least two STM-1 frames
H1H2H3
VC-4
H1H2H3
28
SDH Multiplexing Structure and Frame Format
29
Mapping In SDH
30
Multiplexing Elements
container C-n n=1,2,3,4 m=1,2 n=3,4 n=1,2,3,4 POH virtual container VC-n PTR tributary unit TU-n bitrates G.702 C1, C2 C3, C4 VC-n TU-1, -2 n=3,4 VC-n
AU-n, n=3,4 AU-n, n=3,4
tributary unit group TUG-2 PTR administration unit AU-n SOH synchronous transport module STM-1
synchronous transport module N STM-n N=4,16 element

abbreviation
payload
SDH Multiplexing / Mapping for 2Mbit/s.
32
Container C-12 (Asynchronous Mapping for 2 MBit/s)

1 Byte R: Block 1 R . D R R . . D R R . . D R R . . D R R . . D R R . . D R R . . D R R . . D R S1 . . D R
VC-4
Fixed Stuff Bits Data-Bits (of 2Mb/s Tributary-Signal) Overhead-Bits (For future use) Justification Indication-Bits -C1 = 0 -> S1 = Data-Bit -C1 = 1 -> S1 = Stuff-Bit -C2 = 0 -> S2 = Data-Bit -C2 = 1 -> S2 = Stuff-Bit Actual Justification-Bits -Justification is indicated by C1, C2 (Majority-Vote out of 3)
R R D D . . . . R R
R D
R R D . 256 x D . . D R R R
D: O: C1, C2: Block 2
136 Bytes (500 s)
C1 C2 O O O R D D D D . . . . 256 x D . . . . D D R R R R R R C1 C2 O O O R D D D D . . . . 256 x D . . . . D D R R R R R R C1 C2 O O O R S2 D D D D . . . 255 x D . . . . D D R R R R R R

STM-N AUG AU-4
S1, S2: Block 3
Justification Capacity +/- 1 Bit every 500 s -> +/- 2000 Bits (~+/- 1000 ppm) Speed of C-12 136 Byte x 8 Bit / 500 s = 2.176 MBit/s
Block 4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
33
SDH Multiplexing Elements (Container (C

basic unit for tributary signals of the PDH synchronous to the STM-1 signal adaptation of bitrates through positive stuffing in case of plesiochronous tributary signals adaptation of synchronous tributaries through fixed stuffing bits bit stuffing mechanism
34
Virtual Container VC-12 / Mapping of C-12 into VC-12

1 Byte
#1 #2
BIP-2
REI
RFI
Signal Label
RDI
V5
C-12 1 Block
BIP-2: Bit Interleaved Parity 2 REI: Remote Error Indication (Old name FEBE) RFI: Remote Failure Indication Signal Label: Specifies the content of the VC RDI: Remote Defect Indication (Old name=FERF)
#35 #36 #37
J2
C-12 2 Block
140 Bytes (500 s)
Path Trace J2
J2: Repetitively transmitted 16-Byte Frame containing a Path Access Point Identifier
#70 #71 #72
N2
C-12 3 Block
Network Operator Byte N2

N2: Used for Tandem Connection Monitoring
#105 #106 #107
K4 APS Channel
C-12 4 Block
Spare
#140
STM-N
K4: APS-Channel: Automatic Protection Switching Signaling Spare: For Future use
Speed of VC-12: 140 Byte x 8 Bit/500 s= 2.240 Mbit/s

AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
35
SDH Multiplexing Elements Virtual Container- VC

creation through addition of the POH is transported through the network as one unit if the VC contains several VCs, it will 1 4 have a pointer area VC-12 multi container payload through concatenation
9 36 Training Document SDH
Tributary Unit TU-12

N N N N S S P P V1 (TU-Pointer #1) Cell #105 Cells #106 #138 Cell #139 V2 (TU-Pointer #2) Cell #0 144 Bytes (500 s) Cells #1 #33 Cell #34 V3 (TU-Pointer #3) Cell #35 Cells #36 #68 Cell #69 V4 (TU-Pointer #4) Cell #70 Cells #71 #103 Cell #104
STM-N AUG AU-4
P P P P P P P P
V1+V2
N: New Data Flag (NDF) -Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 -Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted) S: Size Indication -For TU-12 SS=10 P: 10-Bit Pointer Value -Range for TU-12 is 0.139 -Points to that Cell, Where the VC-12 starts (Location of V5)
V3
Used for justification -Incase of Negative Pointer Justification, this Byte is used as Auxiliary-Cell Reserved (For future Use)
V4
Speed of TU-12: 144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 s= 2.304 Mbit/s

VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
37
Mapping of VC-12 into TU-12

Important Facts: V1 The TU-12 must be locked to the HigherOrder VC (VC-3 or VC-4) The 10-Bit TU-Pointer points to that cell, where the V5-Byte Of the VC-12 is located (Start of VC-12) The VC-12 can float within the TU-12 since both may have Different Clock rates If the incoming VC-12 is too fast, the excess data is carried By V3. The V5-Byte moves 1 cell up in the TU-12 and the pointer value decrements by 1 -> Negative Pointer Justification If the incoming VC-12 is too slow, the byte immediately after V3 (Cell #35) is used as Stuff-Byte to stuff the excess transport capacity of the TU-12. The V5-byte moves 1 cell down in the TU-12 and the pointer value increments by 1. -> Positive Pointer Justification
35 Byte
V2
VC-12
35 Byte
V3
35 Byte
35 Byte
V4
38
Pointer Justification on TU-12 Level

V1 Cell #105 V1 0 1 1 0 1 0 I D New Data FlagSize V2 I D I D I D I D
Cell #139 V2 Cell #0
Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data) Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)
Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) Indicates Negative Justification Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification
Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease as soon as the phase different between the VC-12 and TU-12 exceeds 8 Bits (1Byte). This is Indicated by inverting either the I or the D Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5). If a random change of the pointer value becomes necessary, this is indicated by activating (inverting) the new Data Flag.
Cell #104
Speed of TU-12: 144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 s= 2.304 Mbit/s
39
SDH Multiplexing Elements Tributary Unit - TU

creation through addition of a pointer to the VC slip free transmission of a VC also in case of plesiochronous behaviour of the network element the TU definition refers to the VC, the AU to STM-1 4 1 4 identical to AU 2 Mbit/s
1
Pointer TU-12
V5
VC-12 POH
--> C-12
40
V1, 1 #105, 1
V1, 2 #105, 2
V1, 3 #105, 3
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TU-12 into TUG-2 Multiframe

Column 1
V1,1
#139,1 V2, 1 #0, 1
#139,2 V2, 2 #0, 2
#139,3 V2, 3 #0, 3
2
V1,2
3
V1,3
10
11
12
#105,1 #105,2 #105,3
#139, 1 V3, 1 #35, 1
#139, 2 V3, 2 #35, 2
#139, 3 V3, 3 #35, 3

V2,1 V2,2 V2,3 #0,1 #0,2 #0,3
#139,1 #139,2 #139,3
#69, 1 V4, 1 #70, 1
#69, 2 V4, 2 #70, 2
#69, 3 V4, 3 #70, 3
TUG-2 multiframe
V3,1 V3,2 V3,3 #35,1 #35,2 #35,3
#34,1
#34,2 #34,3
#104, 1
#104, 2
#104, 3
#69,1 V4,1 V4,2 V4,3 #70,1 #70,2 #70,3
#69,2 #69,3
TU-12 #1
TU-12 #2
TU-12 #3
#104,1 #104,2 #104,3
STM-N
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
41
125 s
125 s
125 s
125 s
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 7 x TUG-2 into 1 TUG-3

TUG-2 #1
Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
TUG-2 #2
Column 1 2 3 12 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
TUG-2 #3
Column 1 2 3 12 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
TUG-2 #7
Column 1 2 3 12
NPI
Bit Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 1--------------------------8 1 0 0 1 X X 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X
Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 NPI
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 20 21 22 23 24
83 84 85 86
TUG-3 STUFF
STM-N
TUG-3 STUFF
TUG-3
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
42
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 (Containing TUG-2s) into VC-4

TUG-3 #1
Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
NPI
TUG-3 #2
84 85 86 Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
NPI
TUG-3 #3
NPI
84 85 86
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
3 4
TUG-3 # 1 STUFF NPI #1
5
6
8 TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 TUG-3 # 3 STUFF
251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
TUG-3 # 1 STUFF
VC-4 Path OH
VC-4 Stuff
VC-4 Stuff
VC-4
VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2
STM-N
AUG
AU-4
TU-12
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
VC-12
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
C-12
2Mbit/s
43
SDH Multiplexing Elements Tributary Unit Group - TUG

multiplexing of several TUs into a VC identical to AUG
44
Administrative Unit AU-4

H1
9
#522 #609
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
#523 #610 #697 #1 #88 #175 #262 #349 #436 #524 #611 #698 #2 #89 #176 #263 #350 #437
17
#607 #694 #781
#608 #695 #782 #86 #173 #260 #347 #434 #521
AU-4 Pointer
Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
#696 #0 #87 #174 #261 #348 #435
AU-4 Payload
#85 #172 #259 #346 #433 #520
N N N N S S P P
H1+H2
P P P P P P P P
Y-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=93 hex) -Used as H1 in AU-3 Pointer Stuff Byte (Value=FF hex) -Used as H2 in AU-3 Pointer Used for justification - Incase of Negative pointer justification, these bytes are used as Auxiliary-Cells
C-12 2Mbit/s
N: New Data Flag (NDF) -Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 -Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted) S: Size Indication -Not Specified on AU-4 Level (Dont care Bits) P: 10-Bit Pointer Value -Range for TU-12 is 0.728 -Points to that Cell, Where the VC-4 starts
1*-Bytes:
H3-Bytes:
STM-N
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
45
270
265
266
267
Pointer Justification on AU-4 Level

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17
Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data)
Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)
H1 0 1 1 0 1 0
New Data Flag Size
I D
H2 D I D I D
I D
Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) Indicates Negative Justification Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification
Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease) as soon as The phase different between the VC-4 and AU-4 exceeds (3 Byte). This is Indicated by inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5) If a random change of the pointer value becomes necessary, this is indicated by activating (inverting the new Data Flag
46
Administrative Unit Group AUG

267 268 Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 269 270
AU-Pointer(s) Payload
Capacity of AUG: 1 x AU-4 (European standard)

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
47
SDH Multiplexing Elements Administrative Unit Group - AUG

multiplexing of several AUs into a STM-N
48
9 Byte
261 Bytes
9 Bytes
STM-1
SOH AU
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT (AU) POINTERS
A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D E F G
POH
HIGHER LEVEL VC
B a
C b c
TUG TU POINTER SOH = SECTION OVERHEAD VC = VRITUAL CONTAINER

a b c
STRUCTURE OF STM-1 FRAME

POH = PATH OVERHEAD TUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUP PATH OVERHEAD
TU
VC
STUFF AND JUSTIFICATION BITS C
PLESIOCHRONOUS STREAM
50
How to integrate plesiochronous signals ?into the synchronous transport module

container Path Overhead virtual container Pointer administration unit Section Overhead synchronous transport module
C-4
plesiochronous Signal (140Mbit/s)

VC-4
AU-4/ AUG1
STM-1
Asynchronous Mapping for 140 MBit/s into C-4

Block
1 D
2 C
3 R
4 R
5 R
6 C
7 R
8 R
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 R R R C R R
17 18 19 20 R C R C
R C
13 Bytes 260 Bytes
Note: Only 1 of 9 Subframes is shown (1 Subframe=20 Blocks = 1 Row of a C-4)
Byte 1
D-Block DDDDDDDD DDD...
Byte 213
96 x D ...DDD D: Data-Bits (of 140Mb/s Tributary-Signal) R: Fixed Stuff Bits
C-Block
CRRRRROO
DDD...
96 x D
...DDD ...DDD
O: Overhead-Bits (For future use) C: Justification Indication-Bits C = 0 -> S = Data-Bit C = 1 -> S = Stuff-Bit S: Actual Justification-Bits Justification is indicated by C-Bits (Majority-Vote out of 5)
R-Block
RRRRRRRR
DDD...
96 x D
S-Block
DDDDDDSR
DDD...
96 x D
...DDD
52
Virtual Container VC-4 (C-4 Structure)

260 Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 259 261
C4
VC-4 Path Overhead (Higher Order POH)
Speed of VC-4 261 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 s = 150.336 MBit/s

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
53
268
269
H1
9
#522 #609
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
#523 #610 #697 #1 #88 #175 #262 #349 #436 #524 #611 #698 #2 #89 #176 #263 #350 #437
17
264
#607 #694 #781
#608 #695 #782 #86 #173 #260 #347 #434 #521
AU-4 Pointer
Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
#696 #0 #87 #174 #261 #348 #435
AU-4 Payload
#85 #172 #259 #346 #433 #520
N N N N S S P P
H1+H2
P P P P P P P P
N: New Data Flag (NDF) -Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 -Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted) S: Size Indication -Not Specified on AU-4 Level (Dont care Bits) P: 10-Bit Pointer Value -Range for TU-12 is 0.728 -Points to that Cell, Where the VC-4 starts
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
Y-Bytes:
Stuff Byte (Value=93 hex) -Used as H1 in AU-3 Pointer Stuff Byte (Value=FF hex) -Used as H2 in AU-3 Pointer Used for justification - Incase of Negative pointer justification, these bytes are used as Auxiliary-Cells
C-4
1*-Bytes:
H3-Bytes:
54
270
265
266
267
Administrative Unit AU-4
STM-1 Frame
9 3 1 5
RSOH MSOH AU-PTR
270 Bytes 1
AU Administrative Unit VC Virtual Container C Container
STM#1 AU-4
P O H
VC-4
Payload
C-4
55
56
Asynchronous Mapping for 34 MBit/s into C-3

Note: Only 1 of 3 Subframes (3 Rows) are shown
Block
1 R
2 R R R
3 R R R
4 R R R
5 R R R
6 R R R
7 R R R
8 R R R
9 R R R
10 11 12 13 14 C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R
15 16 R R R R R R
17 18 19 R R R R R R R R R
20 C C S
Blks 21.40 R Blks 41.60 R
4 Bytes
1 Byte 84 Bytes
Byte 1
R-Block
Byte 2
DDD...
Byte 3
24 x D
Byte 4 D: Data-Bits (of 34Mb/s Tributary-Signal

...DDD
RRRRRRRR
C-Block R R R R R R C1C2
DDD...
24 x D
...DDD
R: Fixed Stuff Bits O: Overhead-Bits (For future use) C1, C2: Justification Indication-Bits Cx = 0 -> Sx = Data-Bit Cx = 1 -> Sx = Stuff-Bit S1, S2: Actual Justification-Bits Justification is indicated by C1, C2-Bits (Majority-Vote out of 5)
S-Block
RRRRRRRR
R R R R R R R S1 S2 D D D D D D D
DDDDDDDD
-Block
RRRRRRRR
57
Virtual Container VC-3

84 Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 83 85
C3
VC-3 Path Overhead (Lower Order POH)
Speed of VC-3 85 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 s = 48.960 MBit/s

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
34M
58
Tributary Unit TU-3

84 82 83 85 Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 Fixed Stuff 1 H1 H2 H3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 86
TU-3 Payload
TU-3 Pointer
N N N N S S P P H1+H2
P P P P P P P P H3-Bytes: Used for justification - Incase of Negative pointer justification, these bytes are used as Auxiliary-Cell.
N: New Data Flag (NDF) -Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 -Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted) S: Size Indication -Not Specified on TU-3 Level (Dont care Bits)
P: 10-Bit Pointer Value -Range for TU-3 is 0.764 -Points to that Cell, Where the VC-3 starts (Location of J1) 59 Training Document SDH
Pointer Justification on TU-3 Level

Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 Fixed Stuff H1 H2 H3
Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data)
Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)
0 1
H1 0 1
0
Size
New Data Flag
Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decreases soon as The phase different between the VC-3 and TU-3 exceeds 1Byte. This is Indicated by inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5) If a random change of the pointer value becomes necessary, this is indicated by Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) activating (inverting the new Data Flag Indicates Negative Justification
H2 D I D
Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
85
Column
34M
60
86
Tributary Unit Group TUG-3 (TU-3 Structure)

Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 TU-Pointer Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 84 85 86
TUG-3 Payload
Speed of TUG-3 85 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 s = 48.960 MBit/s

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
34M
61
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 (Containing TUG-3s) into VC-4

TUG-3 #1
H1 H2 H3 TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 #2
TUG-3 #3
84 85 86
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24
251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
VC-4 Path OH
VC-4 Stuff
VC-4 Stuff
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 TUG-3 # 1 STUFF TUG-3 # 2 STUFF TUG-3 # 3 STUFF
VC-4
STM-N
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
C-3
34M
62
STM-1 Multiplexing and Pointer Structure

1 RSOH 9
AU-4 Pointer
J1 R R
270 140 Mbit/s --> C-4
STM-1 261 VC-4 TU-3 86 85
VC-4 POH
MSOH
VC-3 POH
9
TU-3 Pointer
J1
34 Mbit/s, 45 Mbit/s --> C-3
9 N P I R R
86
TU-2
9
VC-3
12 4
TU-12 VC-12 POH Pointer
9 V5
12 4
TU-2 Pointer
V5
VC-2 POH
12 VC-2
TUG-3
2 Mbit/s --> C-12
VC-12 (VC-11)
6 Mbit/s --> C-2

9
TUG-2 TU-12 63
STM-1 Signals as Transport Pipe

A STM-1 Signal Can Transport:
One 140 Mbit/s PDH Signal Three 34 Mbit/s PDH Signals Sixty-three 2 Mbit/s PDH Signals Combinations, eg. twenty-one 2 Mbit/s and Two 34 Mbit/s PDH Signals ATM cells, FDDI, DQDB Protocols, etc.
Synchronous Byte-interleaved multiplexing
65
Error and Alarm Monitoring
66
Error and Alarm monitoring
67
Anomalies and defects in SDH

SDH
LOS
Anomalies/Defects
Loss of signal
Detection criteria
Drop in incoming optical power level causes high bit error rate A1, A2 errored for 625 s If OOF persists for 3 ms Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8 covers the whole STM-N frame Mismatch of the accepted and expected Trace
OH Byte
OOF LOF RS BIP
Out of frame Loss of frame Regenerator Section BIP Error (B1)
A1,A2 A1,A2 B1
Error
RS-TIM
Regenerator Section Trace Identifier Mismatch Identifier in byte J0
J0
68

SDH
MS BIP Error
Anomalies/Defects
Multiplex Section BIP Error (B2)
Detection criteria
Mismatch of the recovered and computed N x BIP-24 covers the whole frame except RSOH K2 (bits 6, 7, 8) = 111 Signal for 3 frames Number of detected B2 Indication errors in the sink side encoded in byte M1 of the source side. K2 (bits 6, 7 8) = 111 for Indication z frames (z = 3 to 5)
OH Byte
B2
MS-AIS MS-REI
Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Multiplex Section Remote Error
K2 M1
MS-RDI
Multiplex Section Remote Defect
K2
69

SDH
AU-AIS AU-LOP
Anomalies/Defects
Administrative Unit Alarm Indication Signal Administrative Unit Loss of Pointer
Detection criteria
All ones in the AU pointer bytes H1 and H2 8 to 10 NDF enable 8 to 10 invalid pointers Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8 covers entire VC-n C2 = 0 for 5 frames Mismatch of the accepted and expected Trace Identifier in byte J1
OH Byte
H1, H2 H1, H2 B3
HP BIP Error HO Path BIP Error (B3)
HP-UNEQ HP-TIM
HO Path Unequipped HO Path Trace Identifier Mismatch
C2 J1
70

SDH
HP-REI
Anomalies/Defects
HO Path Remote Error Indication
Detection criteria
Number of detected B3 errors in the sink side encoded in byte G1 (bits 1, 2, 3, 4) of the source side. G1 (bit 5) = 1 for z frames (z = 3, 5 or 10) Mismatch of the accepted and expected Payload Label in byte C2 H4 (bits 7, 8) multiframe not recovered for X ms All ones in the TU pointer bytes V1 and V2
OH Byte
G1
HP-RDI HP-PLM
HO Path Remote Defect Indication HO Path Payload Label Mismatch Loss of Multiframe X = 1 to 5 ms Tributary Unit Alarm Indication Signal
G1 C2
TU-LOM TU-AIS
H4 V1-V4
71

SDH
TU-LOP
Anomalies/Defects
Tributary Unit Loss of Pointer
Detection criteria
8 to 10 NDF enable 8 to 10 invalid pointers Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8 (B3) or BIP-2 (V5 bits 1, 2) covers entire VC-n.
OH Byte
V1,V2
LP BIP Error LO Path BIP Error
V5
LP-UNEQ
LO Path Unequipped
VC-3: C2 = 0 for 5 frames V5 frames VC-m (m = 2, 11, 12): V5 (bits 5, 6, 7) = 000 for 5 multiframes Mismatch of the accepted V5 and expected Trace Identifier in byte (VC-3) or J2
LP-TIM J1
72
LO Path Trace Identifier Mismatch

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frame length: 125 s

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Frame Structure of the STM-1 Signal

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Structure of the RSOH

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Structure of the MSOH

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270 COLUMS(BYTES) 261 COLUMS(BYTES)

Payload Area transport of the data

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STM-1 FRAME (to ITU-T G.707)

270 COLUMS(BYTES) 261 COLUMS(BYTES)

260 COLUMS(BYTES) AU POINTER

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Why do we need pointer actions?

RSOH MSOH 125 s

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Tasks of the Pointer

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