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    Polarization

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    Swati Mishra
    This document discusses polarization of light through wave optics. It describes how light can become polarized through absorption, reflection, and scattering. Polarized light has its electric field oscillating in one direction, while unpolarized light has its electric field oscillating in all directions. Polarization finds applications in devices like polarizers, liquid crystal displays, and microscopy due to its interaction with materials.

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    Polarization

    Uploaded by

    Swati Mishra
    186 views4 pages
    This document discusses polarization of light through wave optics. It describes how light can become polarized through absorption, reflection, and scattering. Polarized light has its electric field oscillating in one direction, while unpolarized light has its electric field oscillating in all directions. Polarization finds applications in devices like polarizers, liquid crystal displays, and microscopy due to its interaction with materials.

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    This document discusses polarization of light through wave optics. It describes how light can become polarized through absorption, reflection, and scattering. Polarized light has its electric field oscillating in one direction, while unpolarized light has its electric field oscillating in all directions. Polarization finds applications in devices like polarizers, liquid crystal displays, and microscopy due to its interaction with materials.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    186 views4 pages

    Polarization

    Uploaded by

    Swati Mishra
    This document discusses polarization of light through wave optics. It describes how light can become polarized through absorption, reflection, and scattering. Polarized light has its electric field oscillating in one direction, while unpolarized light has its electric field oscillating in all directions. Polarization finds applications in devices like polarizers, liquid crystal displays, and microscopy due to its interaction with materials.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Wave Optics 6.

    1 Polarization
    Polarized Light Polarization by absorption Polarization by reflection Polarization by scattering Geometric Optics Light rays move in straight lines.
    Okay for interaction with objects much larger than the wavelength

    Wave Optics Light propagates as spherical waves.


    Describes interactions with objects with the same size as the wavelength.

    Wave Properties of Light


    Wave optics or Physical optics is the study of the wave properties of light. Some wave properties are: Interference, diffraction, and polarization. These properties have useful applications in optical devices such as compact discs, diffraction gratings, polarizers.

    Polarization
    Polarized light has it E field in one direction. Light is normally unpolarized Light can be polarized by several different processes
    Absorption Polaroid filter Reflection Brewsters angle Scattering Light from the sky

    Polarized light has many applications


    Polaroid sunglasses, Polarization microscopy, liquid crystal display.

    Light is a transverse wave

    Polarized and un-polarized light

    A plane wave with Electric field in the y direction Unpolarized Light has E field at any instant can have E in any direction. Polarized Light has E field in a certain direction

    Polarization by absorption
    Ey Ez un-polarized Ez Polaroid film for an ideal polarizer the intensity is reduced by 1/2 polarized
    I polarized = 1 Iunpolarized 2

    Polarized light passing through a polarizer at angle


    Eo Eo cos parallel component transmitted Eo cos Esin

    Oriented molecules absorb light with E along y direction

    But I E2 Therefore transmitted intensity I = Iocos2

    Polarized light passing though a polarizer


    The angle of polarization changes

    Two polarizers
    I=Io cos2

    Io

    Io cos2 =0 =45o =90o


    Crossed-polarizers

    Decrease in intensity when polarized light passes through a polarizer Law of Malus

    I= Io cos2

    Example
    Un-polarized light is incident upon two polarizers that have their polarization axes at an angle of 45o. If the incident light intensity is Iowhat is the final intensity? 45o

    Polarization by reflection
    Un-polarized light can be polarized by reflection at a specific polarization angle p (Brewsters angle)
    p p Fully polarized n1 n2

    Un-polarized Io

    Io 2
    I=

    Io cos2 2

    Io I 1 I cos2 45 = o = o 2 2 2 4

    n tan p = 2 n1

    Polarization by reflection
    E is to plane of incidence This E component is absent

    Example
    Suppose you wanted to have fully polarized light by reflection at the air water interface. What conditions would you use? What would be the direction of the polarized E field?
    p n1 =1.00

    Angle of incidence equal to the polarizing angle

    tan p = p = 53o

    n2 = 1.333 n1

    n2 =1.333 Reflected beam is Fully polarized

    Reflected beam is Partially polarized

    E would be to the plane of incidence.

    Polarization by reflection

    Polarization by scattering
    A transverse wave has no E field in the direction of propagation Scattering particle has oscillations partially polarized in the plane to the direction of propagation

    no filter

    polarizing filter

    observer

    The reflected light is polarized -

    scattered light is partially polarized with E field to the direction of propagation of the incident light

    Polarization of light by air

    Polarization of scattered light


    Light from the sky is partially polarized

    no filter

    polarizing filter

    Applications- Crossed Polarizers

    Crossed polarizers used to detect materials that rotate the plane of polarized light (optically active materials) including many biological materials and materials under mechanical stress

    Applications Liquid crystal display (LCD)


    Oriented molecules rotate the plane of the polarized light

    When an electric field is applied the molecules reorient so that the light is not rotated.

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