A PROJECT REPORT ON GREEN BUILDINGS

Under the guidance of Prof. A. B. SAWANT

VIJAY V. DHALE T.E. civil Mail Id - vvdhale@yahoo.co.in Mob- 9730278497 RANJIT B. DONGALE T.E. civil Mail Id-ranjit_dongale06@yahoo.co.in Mob - 9960856074

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING K I T COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING , KOLHAPUR 2008-2009

ABSTRACT
The energy crises of the 1970's spawned research into green building, with the development of new glazing technologies and solar designs, as well as the development of natural cooling, ventilation and daylight systems. The many elements of green building include: Energy: Designing and operating buildings to use energy efficiently and to use renewable sources of energy, including solar, wind, and biomass Water: Designing and operating buildings to use water efficiently Materials: Using building materials that, in c omparison to competing brands, have a reduced effect on the environment throughout their life cycle (e.g. recycled content, low toxicity, energy efficiency, biodegradability, and/or durability). Waste: Reducing the waste from construction, remodeling, and demolition.

Introduction
A Green Building is defined as a building that is environmentally friendly. Green Buildings are planned, designed, and constructed with the intention of reducing negative environmental impacts while retaining building quality. Either through use of renewable energy sources, promotion of tree growth or extra efforts towards recycling, these buildings are doing their part in making our campus, and the planet, a little bit cleaner. The structural insulated panel (SIP) has emerged as a unique alternative building technology for building envelope construction. It provides efficient solutions to such concerns as energy efficiency and dwindling natural resources.SIP technology is not new. It was used in residential construction as early as 1952, when Alden B. Dow, son of thefounder of the Dow Chemical Company, began designing SIP homes. The first of these was built in Midland,Michigan that year, using foam-core SIPs for exterior walls, interior partitions, and roofs. They are still occupied today. The Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA) estimates that SIP production in the US increased to over 30 million square feet during 1996, a 100 percent increase over 1991 production. This amount would roughly represent all the walls and roofs in about 8,000 homes. According to the study, this rate is expected to grow to levels ranging from 50 to 112 million square feet by the year 2000, depending on the aggressiveness with which the industry markets its products. SIP technology is a viable alternative to conventional "stick-built" systems, offering excellent strength and structural performance, and superior energy efficiency and environmental attributes. SIPA represents 140 companies and approximately 90 percent of the panel manufacturing business in the U.S. Although product types vary in the industry, the common characteristic of all SIPs are two exterior skins adhered to a rigid plastic foam core

Six Key Systems

1. Poured Solid Concrete Wall or Structural Insulated Panel: Avoids
trapping moisture in walls for mold growth, stronger, better insulation, better sound resistance, better best resistance, more accurate, faster construction.

2. Sealed Attic Construction: Using either Biobased water-blown healthy foam

insulation sprayed on the underside of the roof deck, or a structural insulated panel roof, provides a sealed, conditioned attic space, keeping heat, dust, moisture, pests and wind out. Attic temperatures are reduced from the typical 130 to 140 degrees F to 80 to 85 degrees. Now the attic is dry, cool, usable storage space. This saves on A/C costs, improves indoor air quality, and helps protect the roof in high winds.

3. Efficient, Impact Resistant Windows: Choose windows that are both energy
efficient and protect the building envelope against wind forces getting inside to lift off the roof. This completes the "green" shell of your building.

4. High Efficiency Air Conditioning, Dehumidification and Fresh Air:

We recommend looking at water-cooled air conditioning, able to keep Summer A/C costs up to 50 percent lower than even the most efficient air-cooled equipment. Houses need more fresh air to flush out toxins. Fan recycler or energy recovery ventilation is recommended, along with a humidistat to keep humidity at 60 percent or lower.

5. Passive Solar Water Heating: The single most powerful energy saver of the 6
Key Systems. Reduces water heating costs by 70 to 95 percent. Has no moving parts, doubles the hot water supply for the house, provides hot water when power is out, and offers a 30% Federal Tax Credit to the home buyer.

6. Brac Greywater System : Self-contained system that cleans and recycles

shower and laundry water to use for flushing toilets. Typical savings of 30% of household water and sewer use. E-Wall is a patented stay-in-place form for building solid concrete walls. The form consists of an exterior fiber/gypsum board held to an interior rigid foam insulation board. Light gauge steel studs hold the interior and exterior boards together. Furring strips are provided on the interior facing side of the insulation board surface. Vertical re-bar placed every 2' in height in the form prior to the concrete pour. Once the forms are connects the panels to the foundation, and horizontal re-bar is poured, the walls are ready for onventional electrical placement and drywall installation using the furring strips provided. Conventional exterior finishes such as stucco or siding can be directly applied. E-Wall construction creates highly insulated, low air infiltration, moisture resistant, extremely strong, fast, and affordable

Elements of Green Buildings Siting

Start by selecting a site well suited to take advantage of mass transit. Protect and retain existing landscaping and natural features. Select plants that have low water and pesticide needs, and generate minimum plant trimmings. Use compost and mulches. This will save water and time. Recycled content paving materials, furnishings, and mulches help close the recycling loop.

Energy Efficiency.
Passive design strategies can dramatically affect building energy performance. These measures include building shape and orientation, passive solar design, and the use of natural lighting. Develop strategies to provide natural lighting. Studies have shown that it has a positive impact on productivity and well being. Install high-efficiency lighting systems with advanced lighting controls. Include motion sensors tied to dimmable lighting controls. Task lighting reduces general overhead light levels. Use a properly sized and energy-efficient heat/cooling system in conjunction with a thermally efficient building shell. Maximize light colors for roofing and wall finish materials; install high R-value wall and ceiling insulation; and use minimal glass on east and west exposures. Minimize the electric loads from lighting, equipment, and appliances. Consider alternative energy sources such as photovoltaics and fuel cells that are now available in new products and applications. Renewable energy sources provide a great symbol of emerging technologies for the future. Computer modeling is an extremely useful tool in optimizing design of electrical and mechanical systems and the building shell.

Materials Efficiency
Select sustainable construction materials and products by evaluating several characteristics such as reused and recycled content, zero or low off gassing of harmful air emissions, zero or low toxicity, sustainably harvested materials, high recyclability, durability, longevity, and local production. Such products promote resource conservation and efficiency. Using recycled-content products also helps develop markets for recycled materials that are being diverted from California's landfills, as mandated by the Integrated Waste Management Act. Use dimensional planning and other material efficiency strategies. These strategies reduce the amount of building materials needed and cut construction costs. For example, design rooms on 4-foot multiples to conform to standard-sized wallboard and plywood sheets. Reuse and recycle construction and demolition materials. For example, using inert demolition materials as a base course for a parking lot keeps materials out of landfills and costs less. Require plans for managing materials through deconstruction, demolition, and construction.

 Water Efficiency
Design for dual plumbing to use recycled water for toilet flushing or a gray water system that recovers rainwater or other nonpotable water for site irrigation. Minimize wastewater by using ultra low-flush toilets, low-flow shower heads, and other water conserving fixtures. Use recirculating systems for centralized hot water distribution. Install point-of-use hot water heating systems for more distant locations.Use a water budget approach that schedules irrigation using the California Irrigation Management Information System data for landscaping. Meter the landscape separately from buildings. Use micro-irrigation to supply water in nonturf areas. Use state-of-theart irrigation controllers and self-closing nozzles on hoses.

Occupant Health and Safety

Recent studies reveal that buildings with good overall environmental quality can reduce the rate of respiratory disease, allergy, asthma, sick building symptoms, and enhance worker performance. The potential financial benefits of improving indoor environments exceed costs by a factor of 8 and 14 Choose construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions to improve indoor air quality. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health and productivity. Provide adequate ventilation and a highefficiency, in-duct filtration system. Heating and cooling systems that ensure adequate ventilation and proper filtration can have a dramatic and positive impact on indoor air quality. Prevent indoor microbial contamination through selection of materials resistant to microbial growth, provide effective drainage from the roof and surrounding landscape, install adequate ventilation in bathrooms, allow proper drainage of air-conditioning coils, and design other building systems to control humidity.

Building Operation and Maintenance

Green building measures cannot achieve their goals unless they work as intended. Building commissioning includes testing and adjusting the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems to ensure that all equipment meets design criteria. It also includes instructing the staff on the operation and maintenance of equipment.Over time, building performance can be assured through measurement, adjustment, and upgrading. Proper maintenance ensures that a building continues to perform as designed and commissioned.

 Reduced Energy Use

Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of the building envelope, , they may use high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy loads. Finally, onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.

Reduced Waste
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills. To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes. Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.

Building Materials
Categorized based on Activity and Vendor Specific
1.Civil materials 2.Water-proofing and Chemical additives 3.Paving, flooring, dado and similar finishes 4.Paints, colors, white washing, distempering and wood finishes 5.Wood work 6.Roofing and ceiling 7.Doors and windows 8.Water supply and sanitary fittings 9.Electrical works 10.Fire fighting system 11.Miscellaneous 12.Excavation work 13.Road works

Why eco-friendly materials?

Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources. Production of building materials leads to irreversibleenvironmental impacts. Using eco-friendly materials is the best way to build a eco-friendly building.

Eco-friendly Materials

Conclusion

Building green has tangible financial, social, and environmental benefits. The upfront costs of green buildings have been coming down rapidly as more designers and builders gain experience with green design. While todays upfront costs of building green remain slightly higher on average than standard building costs, these costs are offset by the buildings lifetime operating cost savings. The health and productivity benefits of green buildings for residents, students, and employees are more difficult to quantify financially, but numerous studies show that these benefits are important to consider and projections of cost savings are significant. Environmentally, green buildings reduce usage of their communities natural resources and decrease strain on the local energy and water infrastructure.