The Physics and Chemistry of Solids epninoy aprueyuey by.The Physics and Chemistry of Solids S.R. Elliott j Fellow in Physics and Chemistry, Trinity College, Cambridge, UK } and” | Reader in Solid-State Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester - New York » Weinheim - Brisbane - ingapore « Toronto fastoztoceQos ‘Conygh © 198 by Jon Wiley & Sons Li, Eu6 ‘Wes Soir POI IUD, Engin Torta 4) 1837977 ‘em or ond und ctomer svc engi): eooks@ wily ck. ‘Wat our Home Pape on pv ey sou ‘oF hapten ay om A Rahs Reeve No pat of his putino my be ero sore aa eee ‘Se tested, aay fr by ny ean eet mea, poco. ‘own sng oro, exe ce te me fhe Copp Be aot ‘xtc Act oso der cn of nce ed ye Capt Lesa Age 5 Tosntum Cour Ran, Landon, Uk WiPSHTE wiht the penn wate he blir fee ey Bor fs 302285 Joa Wie & Song, ne, 608 Third Avene, ‘New Vor, NY 1s, USA ‘MILEY veut Vag Gt, Papi 3, Jacaranda Win Li, 33 ‘Qiendand 40%, Asal on Wie & Sone (i) Pe Li, 2 Cems Lop 2-01, sen Bp, Sagpore 125808 oa Wie & Sons Cana) Lt 2 Wore Read, ‘ocit6.846 he pean cheat eS AOE et ri ry Catan Paton Dats ‘expe ert for i ook saab fo ei Livny 03071 980047 9195 8K) ‘Pllc ed bowel St Base y onto Beaded ‘Tibet ind on ace pe eons maraarted fom sti fortton, ‘orc t east vo tees plane or cch one ed for paper edo, kK ae stetboneo To Isaac and Hester and, of course, PenelopeContents Periodic table and structural parameters of erystals of elements Preface [Notes to students and instructors List of tables Glossary of abbreviations and acronyms Glossary of symbols 1. Synthesis and Preparation of Materials ‘Atomic Structure and Bonding Defects ‘Atomic Dynamics lectrons in Solids tectron Dynamics Dielectric and Magnetic Properties Reduced Dimensionalty ‘Chemical formula index Subject index ‘Vector relationships Physical constants Inside front cover « 3 29 as 38 on 11 159 Inside back cover Inside back coverPreface ‘Why write yet another textbook on the solid state? Most previous books have concent rated on the physics, chemistry, or the materials aspects of solids, However, this historical division is Becoming increasingly irelevant inthe interdisciginary seienliic world in which we now find ourselves. So I have tsied to mite eampehersive, yet ‘comprehensible, book that deals with solids from all thre viewpoin, although the ‘main emphasis ison the physical behaviour of materials. Thus, hope thst the book wil be equally accessible fr students, or practitioners, in condensed-matte physics, solid- Sate chemistry, materials science or engineering. Tt should be suitable for beginning students in solid-state physics, or advanced undergraduates in solid-state chemistry ot ‘materials science or engineering, or for graduate students in all such dicplines T have deliberately tied to keep the level of the mathematics used inthis book to a relatively low level: a knowledge of differential (and vector) calculus is assumed, a is some knowledge of matrix manipulation. There are very many formulae and equations ven inthis book and I make no apology for this, since a proper undestanding of the Subject can only be achieved atthe quantitative, not the qualitative, leva. Nevertheless, have tied, wherever possible, to introduce each topic in a descriptive manner, so that beginners can get an idea of what is involved, before a more detailed, anc mathematical, sliscussion is given. However, I have tried, again wherever possible, to deri the ‘equations used in a description of physical phenomena rather than simply to state tem, since I fee] that @ much greater understanding is achieved thereby, In some cases, however, this has not proved possible, either for reasons of space in the text (although some such derivations have been made the subject of some ofthe problems), for because the level of mathematics involved i too advanced (in which case references are provided to the derivation given in other sources forthe interested reader) Obviously some prior knowledge on the part of the stadent has been assumed in the ‘writing of this book. It is assumed that students will already have taken courses in aspects of thermodynamics, statistical mechais, elementary electricity and magnetismn ‘and quantum mechanics, However, Ihave tried to keep the level pf quantum mechanics 4s simple as possible; for example, second quantization does not feature ‘The division ofthe material in tis book is, perhaps, a litte unusual. Tare ae just ight chapters. The first four, dealing with Synthesis and Preparation of Materials, Atomic Structure and Bonding, Detects and Atomic Dynamies, consider mainly the Properties of atoms inthe solid state. The remaining four chapters, Elec'rons in Solids, Electron Dynamics, Dielectric and Magnetic Properties, and Reduoed Dimensionality, ‘concentrate instead on the behaviour of electron in materials, Special features include the following, The book begins with a brief survey of materils- synthesis and prepara- tion techniques. This important topic (the properties of solids eaanot be studied if they cannot be produced!) is a central subject of solid-state chemistry, yet itis rarely ‘mentioned in most solid-state physics texts. One theme running through the book is lisorder: although the ideal single-crystalline state permits a mathematical description to be made ofits physical behaviour, eal materials are inevitably defective, and these Sefeets can dominate the physical and chemical bhaviou. Tn view ofthe importance of defects, this topic is therefore introduced early on (Chapter 3). In the section on electrons in solids (Chapter 5), descriptions of electron states from the viewpoints of both physicists bands’) and chemists (bonds?) are diseussed and compared. ‘The physical behaviour of materials described in Chapters 2-1 is for three dimensional, bulk solids. In the final chapter, materials systems with dimensionaltes less than three are discussed. Much of the most intresting tlid-state research currently being carried outs on low-dimensional systems and so, to give the reader an impression ofthe ‘interest and vitality ofthis fel, many topics are discussed that are the subject of current research and which are not usually found in solid-state textbooks; examples include fullerenes, nanotubules and quantum dots wires and well ‘What has been let out? First, surface physics, that isthe study offre surfaces of solids and ther interactions with gases (and liquids), bas been omited entirely. This ‘broad field has been the subject of a numberof books isl, and a reasonably compre- hensive discussion could not be included in this book without making it even longer and ‘more unwieldy than italtady is. Second, in retrospet, I would have liked to have included more discussion on polymers, although they do get a mention: perhaps in any {ature edition, this omission will be rectified, ‘Throughout the book, I have used ST unis, although oocasionaly Ihave lapsed into using units convenient in the description of the solid state, parculaly the angstrom ‘andthe eleetron vol. I have made a conscious decision nor to include eg units a all students nowadays do not know the e.g. system, particularly relating to electrical and ‘magnetic units, and T think that their use, even side-by-side with SI units, can only confuse the reader, ‘Lam grateful to DrsJ.P. Atield, J. Klinowski, M. A. Mortis, P. M.S. Monk, A.V. Powell, T. Raymentand A, D. Yoffe and ProfsE. A. Davis and T. Hibma forreadingand ‘commenting on parts of the book, to Mr J, Portsmouth for helping with the figures and last, but definitely not least, Tam particularly grateful to Laura Coedy and Catherine Dyfield for transcribing my nearilegible seraws into a more legible, and thaaks to Laura { more systematic, form, a feat second only tothe deciphermeat ofthe Rosetta Stone, However, all maining infelcities and outright errors remain, ofcourse, my own respon sibility. Finally, [fee guilty bout the neglect of my research group and of my family ducing the time taken to write this book; Iam very grateful fr their forbearance and under standing of my physical, and mental, absence.