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    The document provides a general knowledge reference with sections on important facts about India, its states, boundaries, crops, highways, rivers, river valley projects and more. It includes lists of topics with brief descriptive entries, for example listing the major rivers in India and providing information on their origin and where they flow into. The document appears to be a reference for basic facts about India across various topics.

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    General Knowledge

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    19K views141 pages
    The document provides a general knowledge reference with sections on important facts about India, its states, boundaries, crops, highways, rivers, river valley projects and more. It includes lists of topics with brief descriptive entries, for example listing the major rivers in India and providing information on their origin and where they flow into. The document appears to be a reference for basic facts about India across various topics.

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    it is very useful gk book for,those who r preparing for govt. exams

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    The document provides a general knowledge reference with sections on important facts about India, its states, boundaries, crops, highways, rivers, river valley projects and more. It includes lists of topics with brief descriptive entries, for example listing the major rivers in India and providing information on their origin and where they flow into. The document appears to be a reference for basic facts about India across various topics.

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    19K views141 pages

    General Knowledge

    Uploaded by

    RAVI KUMAR
    The document provides a general knowledge reference with sections on important facts about India, its states, boundaries, crops, highways, rivers, river valley projects and more. It includes lists of topics with brief descriptive entries, for example listing the major rivers in India and providing information on their origin and where they flow into. The document appears to be a reference for basic facts about India across various topics.

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    2009

    General knowledge

    RAVI KUMAR
    Special Training program, IEG
    1/1/2009
    Index
    1. Earth Some Important Facts
    2. Indian States International Boundaries
    3. Important Crops India
    4. Important National Highways
    5. Important Rivers India
    6. Important River Valley Projects
    7. Important Indian Town Rivers
    8. Hill Stations India
    9. Sanctuaries and Parks in India
    10. Mineral Resources of India

    **********

    1. Important Days
    2. Books and Authors
    3. Independence Days of Various Countries
    4. First in the World
    5. Epithets
    6. Biggest Highest Largest Longest in the World
    7. Worlds Highest Mountain Peaks
    8. Inventions and Discoveries
    9. National Emblems
    10. Worlds Prominent Scientists
    *****************

    1. Nick Names of Important Indian Places


    2. Recipients of Bharat Ratna
    3. Important Sites in India
    4. First in India Men
    5. First in India Women
    6. Persons & Places
    INDIA IN SCIENCE & TECH

    1. Elements Symbols and Atomic Numbers

    2. Indias Dream Launch PSLV C7

    3. Some Important Facts of Human Body

    4. Milestones in Medicine

    5. Science Terminology

    6. National Surveys and Other Institutions in India

    7. Noice Scale

    INDIAN HISTROY

    1. Buddhism
    2. Newspaper Journals
    3. Constitutional Development
    4. Jainism
    5. Governor Generals of India
    6. Important National Activities
    7. Venue, Year and Presidents of India National Congress (INC)

    WORLD

    1. Famous towns in world


    2. Famous places in world
    3. Mountains,peaks of the world
    4. Some highest waterfalls

    5. Largest lakes of the world


    6. Solar system
    7. Cities situated on river sides
    1
    INDIA-I
    Earth Some Important Facts

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Age 4,550 million years


    Mass 5.976 x 10kg
    Volume 1.083 x 10 litres
    Mean Density 5.518 kg/lt
    Total Surface Area 510 million sq.km
    Land Area 29.2% of the total surface area
    Water Area 70.8% of the total surface area
    Equatorial Diameter 12,755 km
    Polar Diameter 12,712 km
    Escape Velocity 11.2 km/sec
    Highest Land Point Mount Everest (8,852 m)
    Lowest Land Point Dead Sea (396 m)
    Greatest Ocean Depth Mariana Trench (11,033 m)
    Equatorial Circumference 40,076 km
    Polar Circumference 40,024 km
    Mean Surface Temperature 14C
    Maximum distance from sun
    About 152 million km
    (Aphelion)
    Minimum distance from sun
    About 147 million km
    (Perihelion)
    Rotation Speed 23 hrs, 56 min & 40.91 sec
    Revolution Speed 365 days, 5hrs & 45.51 sec
    Mar,21 (Vernal Equinox); Sept. 23 (Autumnal
    Dates when days & nights are equal
    Equinox)
    Dates of longest days and shortest
    June 21 (Summer Solstice); Dec, 22 (Winter Solstice)
    nights
    Indian States International Boundaries

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    1 Bordering Pakistan Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat.


    Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim,
    2 Bordering China
    Arunachal Pradesh.
    3 Bordering Nepal Bihar, Uttaranchal, UP, Sikkim, West Bengal
    Bordering
    4 West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam
    Bangladesh
    5 Bordering Bhutan West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam
    6 Bordering Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
    Bordering
    7 Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan - occupied area)
    Afghanistan

    Important Crops India

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    1 Rice West Bengal, Punjab, UP


    2 Wheat UP, Punjab, Haryana
    3 Maize Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
    4 Bajra Rajasthan, Gujarat, UP
    5 Jowar Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP, AP
    TOTAL
    6 COARSE Maharashtra, Karnataka, UP
    CEREALS
    TOTAL
    7 MP, UP, Maharashtra
    PULSES
    TOTAL FOOD
    8 UP, Punjab, West Bengal
    GRAINS
    9 Groundnut Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
    Rapeseed And
    10 Rajasthan, UP, Haryana
    Mustard
    11 Soyabean Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
    12 Sunflower Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra
    TOTAL OIL
    13 MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
    SEEDS
    14 Sugarcane UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka
    15 Cotton Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh
    16 Jute and Mesta WB, Bihar, Assam
    17 Tea Assam, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh
    18 Coffee Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
    19 Rubber Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
    Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh. In India all 4
    20 Silk varieties of silk are available; Mulberry, tussar, eri and muga. Mulberry
    is the main variety, while tussar is mainly found in Bihar.
    21 Tobacco Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka

    Important National Highways

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SNo National Highways Connects


    1 NH 1 New Delhi - Ambala - Jalandhar - Amritsar.
    2 NH 2 Delhi - Mathura - Agra - Kanpur - Allahabad - Varanasi - Kolkata
    3 NH 3 Agra - Gwalior - Nasik - Mumbai
    4 NH 4 Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaun.
    5 NH 5 Kolkata - Chennai
    6 NH 6 Kolkata - Dhule
    7 NH 7 Varanasi - Kanyakumari
    8 NH 8 Delhi - Mumbai (Via Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad)
    9 NH 9 Mumbai - Vijaywada
    10 NH 10 Delhi - Fazilka
    Important Rivers India

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SNo Name Origin From Falls into Length (km)


    23 Tungabhadra Western Ghats Krishna river 640
    1 Ganges Combined Sources Bay of Bengal 2525
    2 Satluj Mansarovar Rakas Lakes Chenab 1050
    3 Indus Near Mansarovar Lake Arabian Sea 2880
    4 Ravi Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass Chenab 720
    5 Beas Near Rohtang Pass Satluj 470
    6 Jhelum Verinag in Kashmir Chenab 725
    7 Yamuna Yamunotri Ganga 1375
    8 Chambal M.P. Yamuna 1050
    9 Ghagra Matsatung Glacier Ganga 1080
    10 Kosi Near Gosain Dham Peak Ganga 730
    11 Betwa Vindhyanchal Yamuna 480
    12 Son Amarkantak Ganga 780
    13 Brahmaputra Near Mansarovar Lake Bay of Bengal 2900
    14 Narmada Amarkantak Gulf of Khambat 1057
    15 Tapti Betul Distt. In M.P. Gulf of Khambat 724
    16 Mahanadi Raipur Distt. In Chhatisgarh Bay of Bengal 858
    17 Luni Aravallis Rann of Kuchchh 450
    18 Ghaggar Himalayas Near Fatehabad 494
    19 Sabarmati Aravallis Gulf of Khambat 416
    20 Krishna Western Ghats Bay of Bengal 0
    21 Godavari Nasik Distt. In Maharashtra Bay of Bengal 1465
    22 Cauvery Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats Bay of Bengal 805
    Important River Valley Projects

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sno Project Name River Name


    On Sutlaj in Punjab. Highest in India. Ht 226 m. Reservoir is
    1 Bhakra Nangal Project
    called Gobind Sagar Lake.
    2 Mandi Project On Beas in HP
    Chambal Valley On Chambal in MP & Rajasthan. 3 dams are there: Gandhi
    3
    Project Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam.
    Damodar Valley On Damodar in Bihar. Based on Tennessee Valley Project,
    4
    Project USA.
    5 Hirakud Project On Mahanadi in Orissa. World's longest dam: 4801m
    On Son in Mirzapur, Reservoir is called Govind Vallabh Pant
    6 Rihand Project
    reservoir.
    7 Kosi Project On Kosi in N.Bihar.
    8 Mayurkashi Project On Mayrukashi in WB.
    9 Kakrapara Project On Tapi in Gujarat.
    10 Nizamsagar Project On Manjra in AP.
    Nagarjuna Sagar
    11 On Krishna in AP
    Project
    12 Tungabhadra Project On Tungabhadra in AP & Karnataka
    Shivasamudram On Cauvery in Karnataka. It is the oldest river valley project of
    13
    Project India.
    14 Tata Hydel Scheme On Bhima in Maharashtra
    Sharavathi Hydel
    15 On Jog Falls in Karnataka
    Project
    Kundah & Periyar
    16 In TN
    Project
    On Ganga in WB. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to
    17 Farakka Project
    remove silt for easy navigation.
    18 Ukai Project On Tapti in Gujarat
    19 Mahi Project On Mahi in Gujarat
    20 Salal Project On Chenab in J & K
    Mata Tila
    21 On Betwa in UP & MP
    Multipurpose Project
    22 Thein Project On Ravi, Punjab
    23 Pong Dam On Beas, Punjab
    24 Tehri Project On Bhgirathi, Uttaranchal
    25 Sardar Sarovar Project On Narmada, Gujarat/MP.

    Important Indian Town Rivers

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SNo Town River


    1 Allahabad At the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna
    2 Patna Ganga
    3 Varanasi Ganga
    4 Kanpur Ganga
    5 Hardwar Ganga
    6 Badrinath Alaknanda
    7 Agra Yamuna
    8 Delhi Yamuna
    9 Mathura Yamuna
    10 Ferozpur Satluj
    11 Ludhiana Satluj
    12 Srinagar Jhelum
    13 Lucknow Gomti
    14 Jaunpur Gomti
    15 Ayodhya Saryu
    16 Bareilly Ram Ganga
    17 Ahmedabad Sabarmati
    18 Kota Chambal
    19 Jabalpur Narmada
    20 Panji Mandavi
    21 Ujjain Kshipra
    22 Surat Tapti
    23 Jamshedpur Swarnarekha
    24 Dibrugarh Brahmaputra
    25 Guwahati Brahmaputra
    26 Kolkata Hooghly
    27 Sambalpur Mahanadi
    28 Cuttack Mahanadi
    29 Serirangapatnam Cauvery
    30 Hyderabad Musi
    31 Nasik Godavari
    32 Vijayvada Krishna
    33 Curnool Tungabhadra
    34 Tiruchirapalli Cauvery

    Hill Stations India

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Hill Stations State Name


    Almora (Kumaon hills) Uttar Pradesh
    Cherrapunji (Shillong) Meghalaya
    Coonoor (Nilgiri hills) Tamil Nadu
    Dalhousie Himachal Pradesh
    Darjeeling West Bengal
    Gulmarg Kashmir (Highest)
    Kasauli (Shimla) Himachal Pradesh
    Kodaikanal Tamil Nadu
    Mahabaleshwar Maharashtra
    Mt. Abu Rajasthan
    Mussoorie Uttaranchal
    Nainital Uttaranchal
    Ootacamund Tamil Nadu
    Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh
    Ranchi Jharkhand
    Shillong (Khasi hills) Meghalaya
    Shimla Himachal Pradesh
    Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir

    Sanctuaries and Parks in India

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Name Location Reserves for


    Bilaspur, Tiger, bear, chital,
    Achanakmar Sanctuary
    Chhattisgarh sambar, bison
    Tiger, panther,
    Shahdol, Madhya
    Bandhavgarh National Park chital, nilgai, wild
    Pradesh
    bear
    Border of Elephant, tigers,
    Bandipur Sanctuary Karnataka and panther, sambar,
    Tamil Nadu deer, birds
    Elephant, chital,
    Banarghatta Bangalore
    deer, gray
    Partridges, green
    National Park Karnataka
    pigeon
    Elephant, chital,
    Chikmagalur,
    Bhadra Sancturary panther, sambar,
    Karnataka
    wild bear
    Tiger, leopard,
    Bhimabandh Sanctuary Monghyr, Bihar sambar, wild bear,
    chital, water birds
    Tiger, panther,
    Hoshangabad,
    Bori Sanctuary sambar, chital, wild
    Madhya Pradesh
    boar, barking deer
    Panther, sambar,
    Borivli National Park Mumbai langur, wild boar,
    chinkara
    Famous for Gir
    Near Varanasi
    Chandraprabha Sanctuary lions, chital and
    Uttar Pradesh
    sambar
    Corbett National Park
    Nainital, Tiger, leopards,
    named in memory of Jim
    Uttaranchal elephants, sambar
    Corbett, famous sportsman
    Dachigam,
    Dachigam Sanctuary Kashmiri stag
    Kashmir
    Elephants, leopard,
    Singbhum,
    Datma Sanctuary wild bear, barking
    Uttaranchal
    deer
    Tiger, panther,
    Dharwar,
    Dandeli Sanctuary elephant, chital,
    Karnataka
    sambar, wild bear
    Tiger, panther,
    Lakhimpurkheri
    Dudhwa National Park sambar, chital,
    U.P.
    nilgai, barking deer
    Chital, sambar,
    Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary Mandsaur, M.P. chinkara, barking
    deer, wild birds
    Elephant, leopard,
    Garampani Sanctuary Diphu, Assam wild buffalo,
    langur
    Water birds, black-
    Bharatpur,
    Ghana Bird Sanctuary buck, chital,
    Rajasthan
    sambar
    India's biggest wild
    life sanctuary
    Gir Forest Junagarh, Gujarat
    famous for Gir
    lions
    Tiger, leopard,
    Gautam Buddha Sanctuary Gaya, Bihar sambar, chital,
    barking deer
    Tiger, leopard,
    Hazaribagh,
    Hazaribagh Sanctuary chital, nilgai,
    Jharkhand
    sambar, wild cat
    Elephant, gaur,
    tiger, panther,
    Intangki Sanctuary Kohima, Nagaland
    barking deer, wild
    boar
    Jaldapara Sanctuary West Bengal Rhinoceros
    Tiger, panther,
    Kawal Sanctuary Adilabad, A.P. gaur, chital, wild
    bear
    Horned rhinoceros,
    gaur, elephant,
    Kaziranga National Park Jorhat, Assam
    leopard, wild
    buffalo
    Snow leopard,
    Khangchandzendra
    Gangtok, Sikkim musk deer,
    National Park
    Himalayan bear
    Tiger, panther,
    Kinnersani Sanctuary Khamrsan, A.P. gaur, chital,
    sambar, nilgai
    Pelicans, painted
    Kolleru Pelicanary Elluru A.P.
    stork
    Elephant, tiger,
    Nagerhole National Park Coorg, Karnataka panther, sambar,
    chital
    Elephant, panther,
    Tirap, Arunachal
    Namdafa Sanctuary sambar, tiger,
    Pradesh
    chital, king cobra
    Tiger, panther,
    Bhandara,
    Nawegaon National Park sambar, chital,
    Maharashtra
    nilgai
    Tiger, panther,
    Hoshangabad,
    Pachmarhi Sanctuary bear, sambar,
    M.P.
    nilgai, barking deer
    Tiger, panther,
    Pakhal Sanctuary Warangal A.P. sambar, chital,
    nilgai
    Tiger, leopard,
    Parambikulam Sanctuary Palghat, Kerala gaur, elephant,
    nilgai, chital
    Tiger, panther,
    Nagpur,
    Pench National Park gaur, sambar,
    Maharashtra
    chital, nilgai
    Elephant, tiger,
    panther, gaur,
    Periyar Sanctuary Idukki, Kerala
    nilgai, sambar,
    wild bear
    Ranganthittoo Bird Islands in Cauvery Important bird
    Sanctuary river in Karnataka sanctuary
    Snow leopard,
    brown bear, musk
    Rohla National Park Kulu, H.P.
    deer, snow cock,
    snow pigeon
    Tiger, panther,
    Sariska Sanctuary Alwar, Rajasthan sambar, nilgai,
    chital, chinkara
    Elephant, tiger,
    Sharaswathy Valley Shimoga, panther, sambar,
    Sanctuary Karnataka gaur chital, wild
    bear
    Black bear, musk
    Shikari Devi Sanctuary Mandi, H.P. deer, panther,
    leopard, partridge
    Tiger, panther,
    sambar, hyena,
    Shivpuri National Park Shivpuri, M.P.
    hyena, sloth bear,
    nilgai
    Elephant, tiger,
    Mayurbhanj,
    Similipal Sanctuary leopard, gaur,
    Orissa
    chital
    Tiger, panther,
    Someshwara Sanctuary Canara, Karnataka
    wild boar, leopard
    Tiger, deer, wild
    South 24 parganas,
    Sunderban Tiger Reserve boar, crocodile,
    West Bengal
    Gangetic dolphin
    Mineral Resources of India

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    West Bengal (Raniganj, Burdwan, Bankura, Purulia, Birbhum, Jalpaigudi,


    Darjeeling) Jharkhand (Jharia, Giridih, Kharhawadi, Bokaro, Hazaribagh,
    Karnapura, Rampur, Palamau), Orissa (Rampur, Hindgir, Talcher,
    1 Coal Sambhal), Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh (Rewa, Pench valley, Umaria,
    Korba, Sohagpur, Mand river area, Kanha valley, Betul), etc. Power sector
    is the largest consumer of coal in India followed by steel industry, cement
    industry, etc.
    Orissa, Maharashtra (Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri), Madhya Pradesh
    2 Manganese (Balaghat, Chhindawara), Karnataka (Keonjhar, Bonai, Kalahandi), Andhra
    Pradesh (Kadur, Garibadi).
    Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat), Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singhbhum,
    3 Copper
    Masobani, Surda), Karnataka (Chitradurg, Hussan)
    Jharkhand (Hazaribagh, Giridih, Kodarma, Bihar (Gaya, Bhagalpur),
    4 Mica Andhra Pradesh (Guntur, Vizag, Kurnool), Rajasthan (Bhilwara, Udaipur,
    Jaipur)
    Assam (Digboi, Naharkatiya, Badarpur, Masinpur and Pallharia), Gujarat
    (Ankleshwar, Khambat, Kalol), Mumbai High, Bassein (south of Mumbai
    5 Petroleum
    High), etc. Recently oil has been discovered in Cauvery basin, Krishna and
    Godawari basin, Kharmbat basin, etc.
    There are 18 refineries in India, 16 in public sector, one in joint sector and
    one in private sector. Public sector refineries are located at Digboi,
    Oil Guwahati, Bongaigaon, Barauni, Haldia, Koyali, Mathura, Kochi, Chennai,
    6
    Refineries Vishakhapatnam, Mumbai (2), Panipat, Narimanam, Numanigarh and
    Tatipaka. Joint sector refinery is at Mangalore. The private sector refinery of
    Reliance Limited is at Jamnagar.
    India possesses Haematite, a very high-grade iron ore. In Madhya Pradesh
    (Bailadila, Jabalpur), Goa (North Goa), Karnataka (Bababudan hills,
    Chikmagalur, Hospet), Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Naomundi), Andhra
    7 Iron Pradesh, Orissa India is the fifth largest exporter of Iron ore in the world.
    Japan is the biggest buyer accounting for about 3/4th of India's total exports.
    Major ports handling iron ore export are Vishakhapatnam, Paradip,
    Marmagao and Mangalore.
    Chief ore for producing aluminium. In Orissa (Kalahandi, Koraput,
    Sundargarh, Bolangir, Sambalpur), Jharkhand (Lohardaga, Gumla), Madhya
    8 Bauxite
    Pradesh (Jabalpur, Mandla, Shahdol, Katni, Balaghat), Maharashtra, Andhra
    Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu
    9 Gold Karnataka (Kolar, Hutti, Raichur), Andhra Pradesh (Ramgiri and
    Yeppamanna goldfields in Chittor and Anantapur districts
    Silver, Zinc Rajasthan (Zawar mines near Udaipur), Andhra Pradesh (Mysore,
    10
    and Lead Chitradurg), Karnataka (Kolar mines)
    Jharkhand (Jaduguda), Rajasthan (Ajmer), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore,
    11 Uranium
    Nalgonda), Karnataka (Gulbarga)
    12 Thorium Kerala coast (From Monazite sand), rocks of Aravallis in Rajasthan
    2
    INDIA-II
    Important Days

    Important Days Days


    National Youth Day January 12
    Army Day January 21
    Desh Prem Diwas January 23
    International Customs Day January 26
    Republic Day January 26
    Martyrs' Day January 30
    Valentine's Day February 14
    Arunachal Day February 20
    Central Excise Day February 24
    National Science Day February 28
    International Women's Day March 8
    World Consumers Rights Day March 15
    World Disabled Day March 15
    International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Racial
    March 21
    Discrimination
    World Forestry Day March 21
    World Day for Water March 22
    World Meteorological Day March 23
    Bangladesh Day March 26
    National Maritime Day April 5
    Samta Diwas April 5
    World Health Day April 7
    Railway week April 10-16
    World Aviation and Cosmonautics Day April 12
    Jallianwala Day April 13
    World Heritage Day April 18
    Earth Day April 22
    World Book Day April 23
    Manav Ekta Divas April 24
    May Day (Workers' Day; International Labour Day) May 1
    World Press Freedom Day May 3
    V-E Day May 8
    World Red Cross Day May 8
    Mothers' Day May 9
    National Solidarity Day May 13
    Anti-terrorism Day May 21
    Commonwealth Day May 24
    International Day of Families May 15
    World Telecommunication Day May 17
    Everest Day May 29
    Mount Everest Day May 29
    No-Tobacco Day May 31
    International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression June 4
    World Environment Day June 15
    Goa Liberation Day June 18
    UN Charter Signing Day June 25
    Anti-Emergency Day June 26
    International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking June 26
    World Diabetes Day June 27
    Poors' Day June 28
    Doctors Day July 1
    World Population Day July 11
    World Breast Feeding Day August 1
    Breast Feeding Week August 1-7
    Hiroshima Day August 6
    Nagasaki Day August 9
    Quit India Day August 9
    Independence Day August 15
    Sadhbhavana Divas August 20
    National Sports Day August 29
    Teachers' Day September 5
    World Literacy Day September 8
    September
    World Ozone Day
    16
    September
    World Tourism Day
    27
    International Day for the Elderly October 1
    World Vegetarian Day October 2
    World Habitat Day October 5
    International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction October 7
    Air Force Day October 8
    Post Office Day October 9
    World Post Day October 9
    World Standards Day October 14
    World Food Day October 16
    Police Commemoration Day October 21
    UN Day October 24

    Books and Authors

    1 A Bend in the River V.S. Naipaul


    2 A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking
    3 A China Passage John Kenneth Galbraith
    4 A Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant
    5 A Doll`s House Ibsen
    6 A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway
    7 A Fine Balance Rohinton Mistry
    8 A Handful of Dust Evelyn Waugh
    9 A House for Mr. Biswas V.S. Naipaul
    10 A Million Mutinies Now V.S. Naipul
    11 A Midsummer Night`s Dream William Shakespeare
    12 A Passage to England Nirad C. Choudhari
    13 A Passage to India E.M. Foster
    14 A Prisoner`s Scrapbook L.K. Advani
    15 A Strange and Sublime Address Amit Chaudhari
    16 A Streetcar Named Desire Tennesse Williams
    17 A Study of History Arnold J. Toynbee
    18 A Suitable Boy Vikram Seth
    19 A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens
    20 A Thousand Days Arthur M. Schlesinger
    21 A Thousand Suns Dominique Lappierre
    22 A Village by the Sea Anita Desai
    23 A Voice for Freedom Nayantara Sehgal
    24 A Week with Gandhi Louis Fischer
    25 Absolute Power David Baldacci
    26 Adonis P.B. Shelley
    27 Adventures of Tom Sawyer Mark Twain
    28 Afternoon Raag Amit Chaudhari
    29 Agni Veena Kazi Nazrul Islam
    30 Alice in Wonderland Lewis Carroll
    31 All the King`s Men Robert Penn Warren
    32 All the President`s Men Carl Bernstein & Bob Woodward
    33 All Things Bright and Beautiful James Herriot
    34 All`s Well that Ends Well William Shakspeare
    35 Amar Kosh Amar Singh
    36 An American Dilemma Gunnar Myrdal
    37 An American Tragedy Theodore Dreiser
    38 An area of Darkness V.S. Naipaul
    39 An Autobiography Jawaharlal Nehru
    40 An Equal Music Vikram Seth
    41 An Idealist View of Life Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
    42 Anandmath Bankin Chandra Chatterjee
    43 Animal Farm George Orwell
    44 Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy
    45 Antony and Cleopatra William Shakespeare
    46 Around the World in Eighty Days Jules Verne
    47 Arrowsmith Sinclair Lewis
    48 As You Like it William Shakespeare
    49 Asia and Western Dominace K.M. Panikkar
    50 Asian Drama Gunnar Myrdal
    51 Autobiography of an Unknown Indian Nirad C. Choudhari
    52 Beginning of the Beginning Bhagwan Sri. Rajneesh
    53 Beloved Toni Morrison
    54 Ben Hur Lewis Wallance
    55 Beyond the Horizon Eugene O` Neill
    58 Bharat Bharati Maithili Saran Gupta
    59 Black Holes and Baby Universes Stephen Hawking
    60 Blood, Brain and Beer David Ogilvy
    61 Born Free Joy Adamson
    62 Brave New World Aldous Huxley
    64 Bread, Beauty and Revolution Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
    65 Breakthrough Gen. Moshe Dayan
    66 Bubble, The Mulk Raj Anand
    67 Business @ the Speed of Thought Bill Gates
    68 Caesar and Cleopatra George Bernard Shaw
    70 Candide Voltaire
    71 Catch - 22 Joseph Heller
    73 Cherry Orchard Anton Chekov
    74 Chidambara Sumitranandan Pant
    75 Chitra Rabindra Nath Tagore
    76 Chronicle of a Death Foretold Gabriel Garcia Marquez
    77 Circle of Reason Amitav Ghosh
    78 Circles of Silence Preeti Singh
    79 City of Joy Dominique Lapierre
    80 City of Djinns William Dalrymple
    81 Coming of Age in Samoa Margaret Mead
    82 Common Sense Thomas Paine
    83 Communist Manifesto Karl Marx
    84 Confessions J.J. Rousseau
    85 Confidential Clerk T.S. Eliot
    86 Conquest of Self Mahatma Gandhi
    87 Coolie Mulk Raj Anand
    88 Crescent Moon Rabindra Nath Tagore
    89 Crime and Punishment Feodor Dostoyevsky
    90 Crisis into Chaos E.M.S. Namboodiripad.
    91 Comedy of Errors William Shakespeare
    92 Darkness at Noon Arthur Koestler
    93 Das Kapital Karl Marx
    94 David Copperfield Charles Dickens
    Arthur Ashe & Arnold
    95 Days of Grace
    Rampersad
    96 Death in Venice Thomas Mann
    97 Death of a City Amrita Pritam
    98 Death of a patriot R.E. Harrington
    99 Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller
    100 Debacle Emile Zola
    101 Descent of Man Charles Darwin
    102 Devdas Sharat Chandra Chatterjee
    103 Dilemma of our Time Harold Joseph Laski
    104 Diplomacy Henry Kissinger
    105 Discovery of India Jawaharlal Nehru
    106 Distant Drums Manohar Malgaonkar
    107 Divine Comedy Dante Alighieri
    108 Divine Life Swami Sivananda
    109 Doctor Zhivago Boris Pastemak
    110 Doctor`s Dilemma George Bernard Shaw
    111 Don Juan Lord Byron
    112 Don Quixote Miguel de Cervantes
    113 Dr.Jekyil and Mr. Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson
    114 Durgesh Nandini Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
    115 Down Under Bill Bryson
    116 Earth Emile Zola
    117 Eminent Victorians Lytton Strachey
    118 Emma Jane Austen
    119 Ends and Means Aldous Huxley
    120 English August Upamanyu Chatterjee
    121 Envoy to Nehru Escott Reid
    122 Essays of Elia Charles Lamp
    123 Essays on Gita Sri. Aurobindo Ghosh
    124 Eternal Himalayas Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia
    125 Ethics for New Millennium The Dalai Lama
    126 Expanding Universe Arthur Stanley Eddington
    127 Faces of Everest Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia
    128 Family Matters Rohinton Mistry
    129 Family Renuion T.S. Eliot
    130 Far from the Madding Crowd Thomas Hardy
    131 Farewell the Trumpets James Morris
    132 Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway
    133 Fasting Feasting Anita Desai
    134 Father and Sons Ivan Turgenev
    Bob Woodward and Carl
    135 Final Days, The
    Bernstein
    136 First Circle Alexander Solzhermitsyn
    137 For Whom the Bell Tolls Ernest Hemingway
    138 Forsyth Saga John Galsworthy
    139 Fortynine Days Amrita Pritam
    Larry Collins and Domonique
    140 Freedom at Midnight
    Lapierre
    141 French Revolution Thomas Carlyle
    142 Friends and Foes Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
    143 From Here to Elernity James Hones
    144 Ganadevata Tara Shankar Bandopadhyaya
    145 Gandhi and Stalin Louis Fisher
    146 Gardener Rabindra Nath Tagore
    147 Gathering Storm Winston Churchill
    148 Ghasiram Kotwal Vijay Tendulkar
    149 Gitanjali Rabindra Nath Tagore
    150 Glimpses of World History Jawaharlal Nehru
    151 Godan Prem Chand
    152 Golden Threshold Sarojini Naidu
    153 Gone With The Wind Margaret Mitchell
    154 Good Earth Pearl S. Buck
    155 Good Times, Bad Times Harold Evans
    156 Goodbye, Mr.Chips James Hilton
    157 Grammar of Politics Harold Joseph Laski
    158 Great Expectations Charles Dickens
    159 Guide R.K. Narayan
    160 Gulliver`sTravels Janathan Swift
    161 Gypsi Masala Preethi Nair
    162 Half a Life V.S. Naipaul
    163 Hamlet W. Shakespeare
    164 Harvest Manjula Padmanabhan
    165 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix J.K. Rowling
    166 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire J.K Rowling
    167 Heritage Anthony West
    168 Heroes and Hero Worship Thomas Carlyle
    169 Himalayan Blunder Brigadier J.P. Dalvi
    170 Hindu View of Life Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
    171 Hinduism Nirad C. Choudhuri
    172 Homage to Catalonia George Orwell
    173 How to Know God Deepak Chopra
    174 Human Factor Graham Green
    175 Hungry stones Rabindra Nath Tagore
    176 Ideas and Opinions Albert Einstein
    69 Candida George Bernard Shaw
    177 I follow the Mahatma K.M. Munshi
    178 Idols Sunil Gavaskar
    179 If I am Assassinated Z.A. Bhutto
    180 If only Geri Halliwell
    181 Ignited Minds A.P.J Abdul Kalam
    182 In Evil Hour Gabriel Garcia Marques
    183 In Memoriam Alfred Lord Tennyson
    184 In Search of Gandhi Richard Attenborough
    185 India in the New Millennium Dr. P.C. Alexander
    186 India Changes Taya Zinkin
    187 India Discovered John Keay
    188 India Divided Rajendra Prasad
    189 India Emerging power Stephen Philip Cohen
    190 India - Another Millennium Romila Thapar
    191 India Unbound Gurcharan Das
    192 India of Our Dreams M.V. Kamath
    193 India Remembered Percival & Margaret Spear
    194 India Wins Freedom Abul Kalam Azad
    195 India`s Priceless Hertiage N.A. Palkhivala
    196 Indian Philosophy Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
    197 Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi Katherine Frank
    198 Inscrutable Americans Anurag Mathur
    199 Inside Asia, Inside Europe, Inside Africa etc John Gunther
    200 Interpreter of Maladies Jhumpa Lahiri
    201 Intimacy Jean Paul Sartre
    202 Invisible Man H.G. Wells
    Larry Collins & Dominique
    203 Is Paris Burning
    Lapierre
    204 Isabella John Keats
    Stev Weissman & Herbert
    205 Islamic Bomb
    Krouney
    Dominique Lapierre and Javier
    206 It was Five Past Midnight in Bhopal
    Moro
    207 Jai Somnath K.M Munshi
    208 Julius Caeser William Shakespeare
    209 Jungle Book Rudyard Kipling
    210 Junglee Girl Ginu Kamani
    211 Jurassic Park Michael Crichton
    212 Kalpana Chawla - A Life Anil Padmanabhan
    213 Kamasutra Vatsyayana
    214 Kane and Abel Jeffrey Archer
    215 Kanthapura Raja Rao
    216 Kasmir : A Tragedy of Errors Tavleen Singh
    217 Kayar Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
    218 Kenilworth Sir Walter Scott
    219 Kidnapped Robert Louis Stevenson
    220 Kim Rudyard Kipling
    221 King Lear William Shakespeare
    222 Kubla Khan Samuel Taylor Coleridge
    223 Ladies Coupe Anita Nair
    224 Lady Chatterley`s Lover D.H. Lawerence
    225 Lajja Taslima Nasreen
    226 Last Burden Upamanyu Chatterjee
    227 Last Things C.P Snow
    228 Le Contract (Social Contract) J.J. Rousseau
    229 Leaders Richard Nixon
    230 Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman
    231 Less Miserables Victor Hugo
    232 Life Divine Sri Aurobindo
    233 Life is Elsewhere Milan Kundera
    234 Life of Samuel Johnson James Boswell
    235 Living History Hillary Clinton
    236 Lolita Vladimir Nobakov
    237 Loneliness of the Long Distance Runnner Allan Sillitoe
    238 Long Day`s Journey into Night Eugene O` Neill
    239 Long Walk to freedom Nelson Mandela
    240 Look Back in Anger John Osborne
    241 Lord of the Files William Golding
    242 Love Story Erich Segal
    243 Macbeth W. Shakespeare
    244 Magic Mountain Thomas Mann
    245 Mahatma Gandhi and his Apostles Ved Mehta
    246 Mahatma Gandhi Romain Rolland
    247 Main Street Sinclair Lewis
    248 Malgudi Days R.K Narayan
    249 Man and Superman George Bernard Shaw
    250 Man of Property John Galsworthy
    251 Man, Beast and Virtue Luigi Pirandello
    252 Man - eaters of Kumaon Jim Corbett
    253 Managing for the Furture Peter Drucker
    254 Managing for Results Peter Drucker
    255 Mankind for Mother Earth Arnold Toynbee
    256 Many worlds K.P.S Menon
    257 Mayor of Casterbridge Thomas Hardy
    258 Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler
    259 Memories of Hope Ge. Charles de Gaulle
    260 Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus John Gray
    261 Middle March George Eliot
    262 Midnight `s Children Salman Rushdie
    263 Mill on the Floss George Eliot
    264 Moby Dick Hermann Melville
    265 Moonwalk Michael Jackson
    266 Mother India Katherine Mayo
    267 Mother Maxim Gorky
    268 Much Ado about Nothing William Shakespeare
    269 Murder in the Cathedral T.S. Eliot
    270 My Days R.K Narayan
    271 My India S. Nihal Singh
    272 My Life and Times V.V. Giri
    273 My Music , My Life Pt. Ravi Shankar
    274 My Own Boswell M.Hidayatullah
    275 My Presidential Years R. Venkataraman
    276 Mystic River Dennis Lehane
    277 My Truth Indira Gandhi
    278 My Son`s father Dom Moraes
    279 Nana Emile Zola
    280 Never At Home Dom Moraes
    281 New Dimensions of India`s Foreign Policy A.B. Vajpayee
    282 Nice Guys Finish Second B.K. Nehru
    283 Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell
    284 No Full Stops in India Mark Tully
    Larry Collins & Dominique
    285 O` Jerusalem
    Lapierre
    286 Oliver Twist Charles Dickens
    287 On The Threshold of Hope Pope John Paul II
    288 One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel Garcia Marquez
    289 One World and India Arnold Toynbee
    290 One world Wendelll Wilkie
    291 Operation Bluestar : The True Story Lt. Gen. K.S. Brar
    292 Operation Shylock Philip Roth
    293 Othello William Shakespeare
    294 Our Films, Their Films Satyajit Ray
    295 Out of Africa Isak Dinesen
    296 Painter of Signs R.K. Narayan
    297 Pakistan: The Gathering Storm Benazir Bhutto
    298 Pale Blue Dot Carl Sagan
    299 Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma
    300 Paradise Lost John Milton
    301 Pather Panchali Bibhuti Bhushan
    302 People Like Us Pavan Varma
    303 Plain Speaking N. Chandrababu Naidu
    304 Pleading Guilty Scott Turow
    305 Portrait of India Ved Mehta
    306 Post Office Rabindra Nath Tagore
    307 Prelude William WordsWorth
    308 Preoccupations Seamus Heaney
    309 Present at the Creation Dean Acheson
    310 Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen
    311 Prince Niccolo Machiavelli
    312 Prison Diary Jayaprakash Narayan
    313 Private Lives Noel Coward
    314 Profiles in Courage John F. Kennedy
    315 Pygmalion George Bernard Shaw
    316 Rabbit, Run John Updike
    317 Rangbhoomi Prem Chand
    318 Rape of Bangladesh Anthony Mascarenhas
    319 Ravan & Eddie Kiran Nagarkar
    320 Rebel, The Albert Camus
    321 Red Badge of Courage Stephen Crane
    322 Red Earth and Pouring Rain Vikram Chandra
    323 Red Star Over China Edgar Snow
    324 Reflections on the French Revolution Edmund Burke
    325 Remembering Babylon David Malouf
    326 Rendezvous with Rama Arthur C.Clark
    327 Revolution from Within Gloria Steinem
    328 Riding the Storm Harold MacMillan
    329 Riot: A Novel Shashi Tharoor
    330 Rise and Fall of the Third Reich William L. Shierer
    331 Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe
    332 Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare
    333 Room at the Top John Braine
    334 Saket Maithili Sharan Gupta
    335 Sanctuary William Faulkner
    336 Scam, The : Who Won, Who Lost, Who Got away Debashis Basu and Sucheta Dalal
    337 Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthome
    338 Seven Lamps of Architecture John Ruskin
    339 Seven Summers Mulk Raj Anand
    340 Shadow from Ladakh Bhavani Bhattacharya
    341 Shape of Things to Come H.G. Wells
    342 She Stoops to Conquer Oliver Goldsmith
    343 Siddharta Hermann Hesse
    344 Silent Spring Rachel Carson
    Small is Beautiful : A Study of Economics as if
    345 Ernst Schumacher
    People Mattered
    346 Snakes and Ladders: Essays on India Gita Mehta
    347 Snow Country Yasunari Kawabata
    348 Sohrab and Rustam Mathew Arnold
    349 Sons and Lovers D.H. Lawrence
    350 Stupid White Men Michael Moore
    351 Sun Stone Octavio Paz
    352 Sunny Days Sunil Gavaskar
    353 Swami and Friends R.K. Narayan
    354 Talisman Sir Walter Scott
    355 Tarzan of the Apes Edgar Rice Burroughs
    356 Tempest William Shakespeare
    357 Thank You, Jeeves P.G. Wodehouse
    358 The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Arthur Conan Doyle
    359 The Affluent Society John Kenneth Galbraith
    360 The age of Reason Jean Paul Sartre
    361 The Agenda Bob Woodward
    362 The Agony and the Ecstasy Irving Stone
    363 The Ambassadors Henry James
    364 The Banyan Tree Hugh Tinker
    365 The Best and the Brightest David Halberstam
    366 The Better Man Anita Nair
    367 The Bride`s Book of Beauty Mulk Raj Anand
    368 The Cancer Ward Alexander Solzhenitsyn
    369 The Call of the Wild Jack London
    370 The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer
    371 The Captive of the Caucasus Alexander Pushkin
    372 The Cardinal Henry Morton Robinson
    373 The Caretaker Harold Pinters
    374 The Changing World of the Executive Peter Drucker
    375 The Civil War Shelby Foote
    376 The Clown Heinrich Boll
    377 The Coup John Updike
    378 The Court Dancer Rabindra Nath Tagore
    379 The Crucible Arthur Miller
    380 The Death of Vishnu Manil Suri
    381 The Degeneration of India T.N. Seshan
    382 The Diary of a Young Girl Anne Frank
    383 The Double Helix James D. Watson
    384 The End of a Beautiful era Joseph Brodsky
    385 The End of History and the Last Man Francis Fukuyama
    386 The Executioner`s Song Norman Mailer
    387 The Eye of the Storm Patrick White
    388 The Castle Franz Kafka
    389 The Far Pavilions M.M Kaye
    390 The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan
    Larry Collins and Domnique
    391 The Fifth Horseman
    Lapierre
    392 The Fire Next Time James Baldwin
    393 The Forbidden Sea Tara Ali Baig
    394 The Fury Salman Rushdie
    395 The Ginger Man J.P. Donleavy
    396 The Glass Palace Amitav Ghosh
    397 The God of Small Things Arundhati Roy
    398 The Godfather Mario Puzo
    399 The Golden gate Vikram Seth
    400 The Grapes and the Wind Pablo Neruda
    401 The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck
    402 The Great Challenge Louis Fischer
    403 The Great Indian Novel Shashi Tharoor
    404 The Guns of August Barbara Tuchman
    72 Centennial James A. Michener
    405 The Heart is a Lonely Hunter Carson McCullers
    406 The Hitchhiker`s Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams
    407 The Horse Whisperer Nicholas Evans
    408 The Green Knight Iris Murdoch
    409 The Heart of the Matter Graham Greene
    410 The Importance of Being Earnest Oscar Wilde
    411 The Interpreter of Maladies Jhumpa Lahiri
    412 The Interpreters Wole Soyinka
    413 The Invisible Man Ralph Ellison
    414 The Judge Steve Martini
    415 The Judgement Kuldip Nayar
    416 The Last Temptation of Christ Kazant Zakis
    417 The Legends of Khasak O.V. Vijayan
    418 The Making of a Midsummer Night`s Dream David Selboume
    419 The Masters C.P. Snow
    420 The Mandarin Simon de Beavoir
    421 The Men Who Killed Gandhi Manohar Malgaonkar
    422 The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeare
    423 The Middle Ground Margaret Drabble
    424 The Mind of the C.E.O Jeffrey E.Garten
    425 The Minister`s Wife Amaresh Mishra
    426 The Miser Moliere
    427 The Moor`s Last Sigh Salman Rushdie
    428 The Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingway
    429 The Origin of Species Charles Darwin
    430 The Pickwick Papers Charles Dickens
    431 The Pilgrim`s Progress John Bunyan
    432 The Power and the Glory Graham Greene
    433 The Power of Positive Thinking Norman Vincent Peale
    434 The Private Life of Chairman Mao Dr. Li Zhisui
    435 The Proper Study of Mankind Isaiah Berlin
    436 The Rain King Saul Bellow
    437 The Rape of the Lock Alexander Pope
    438 The Return of the Native Thomas Hardy
    439 The Road Ahead Bill Gates
    440 The Robe Lloyd C. Douglas
    441 The Roots Alex Haley
    442 The Satanic Verses Salman Rushdie
    443 The Second World War Winston Churchill
    444 The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success Deepak Chopra
    445 The Social Contract Rousseau
    446 The Songs of India Sarojini Naidu
    447 The Sound and the Fury William Faulker
    448 The Story of My Experiments with Truth Mahatma Gandhi
    449 The Struggle and the Triumph Lech Walesa
    450 The Struggle in My Life Nelson Mandela
    451 The Sword and the Sickle Mulk Raj Anand
    452 The Treatment John Grisham
    453 The Third Wave Alvin Tofler
    454 The Total Zone Martina Navaratilova
    455 The Tree of Man Patrick White
    456 The Trial Franz Kafka
    457 The Unfurnished Man Nizzim Ezekiel
    458 The Vendor of Sweets R.K. Narayan
    459 The Wasteland T.S. Eliot
    460 The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith
    461 Theory of War John Brady
    462 Thirteeth Sun, The Amrita Pritam
    463 Thom Birds Collen McCullough
    464 Thousand Cranes Yasunari Kawabata
    465 Time Machine H.G. Wells
    466 Tin Drum Gunther Grass
    467 Tinker, Tailor Soldier John Le - Came
    468 Tom Jones Henry Fielding
    469 To the Lighthouse Virginia Woolf
    470 Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh
    471 Treasure Island Robert Louis Stevenson
    472 Tropic of Cancer Henry Miller
    473 Tryst with Destiny S. Gopalan
    474 Twelfth Night W. Shakespeare
    475 Two Leaves and a Bud Mulk Raj Anand
    476 The Strange and Sublime Address Amit Chaudhari
    477 Ulysses James Joyce
    478 Under the Net Iris Murdoch
    479 Unsafe at Any Speed Ralph Nader
    480 Unto The Last John Ruskin
    481 Untold Story General B.M. Kaul
    482 Up from Slavery Booker T. Washington
    483 Utopia Thomas Moore
    484 Valley of the Dolls Jacqueline Susann
    485 Vanity Fair William Thackeray
    486 Waiting for Godot Samuel Beckett
    487 Waiting for the Mahatma R.K. Narayan
    488 Wake Up India Annie Besant
    489 War and Peace Leo Tolstoy
    490 Westward Ho Charles Kingsley
    What they don`t teach you at Harvard Business
    491 Mark H.Mc Cormak
    School
    492 who is Kalam ? R.Ramanathan
    493 Who moved my cheese ? Dr. Spencer Johnson
    494 Wings of Fire A.P.J. abdul Kalam
    495 Winter Solstice Rosamunde Pilcher
    496 Witness to an Era Frank Moraes
    497 Women in Love D.H. Lawrence
    498 World Within Worlds Stephen Spender
    499 Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte
    500 Yayati V.S.Khandekar
    501 Year of the Upheaval Henry Kissinger
    502 Yesterday and Today K.P.S Menon
    503 You Can Win Shiv Khera

    Independence Days of Various Countries

    SNo Country Date


    1 Afghanistan 19th August
    2 Armenia 28th May
    3 Australia 4th January
    4 U.S.A. 4th July
    5 Bangladesh 16th December
    6 Belgium 21st July
    7 Brazil 7th September
    8 Canada 1st July
    9 China 10th October
    10 Chile 18th September
    11 Colombia 20th July
    12 Finland 6th December
    13 France 14th July
    14 Greece 25th March
    15 India 15th August
    16 Indonesia 17th August
    17 Israel 3rd April
    18 Italy 26th March
    19 Japan 29th April
    20 Korea 15th August
    21 Mexico 16th September
    22 Myanmar 4th January
    23 Maldives 26th July
    24 Norway 17th May
    25 Philippines 12th June
    26 Peru 28th July
    27 Poland 3rd May
    28 Portugal 5th October
    29 Pakistan 14th August
    30 Rwanda 5th July
    31 Sri Lanka 4th February
    32 Switzerland 1st August
    33 Spain 10th April
    34 Thailand 24th June
    35 Turkey 1st November
    36 Uzbekistan 1st September
    37 Ukraine 24th August
    38 Uganda 9th October
    39 Zimbabwe 18th April

    First in the World

    Field Person
    The First person to land on the moon Neil A. Amstrong (U.S.A)
    The First to launch search Satellite or "artificial moon" U.S.S.R.
    Late Maj. Yuri Gagarin
    The first man to enter space
    (USSR)
    The first woman cosmonaut in the world Valentina Tereshkova
    Lt.Col.Eileen Marie Collin
    The first Woman Astronant pilot
    (US)
    The first person to float in space Alexei Leonav (Russia)
    The first American astronaut (2nd in world) to floatin space Edward White
    The first Russian cosmonaut to make two space flights Late Col. Vladimir Komarov
    The first American astronaut to make two space flights Gordon Cooper (U.S.A.)
    The first manned space ship longest stay in space for 11 days Apollo - 7 (U.S.A.)
    The first manned spaceship to space flight round the moon Apollo - 8 (U.S.A.)
    The first space craft to leave solar system Pioneer - II (U.S.A.)
    The first country to launch a cosmic space rocket towards
    U.S.S.R.
    moon
    Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5
    First crew transfer between orbiting space ships
    (U.S.S.R.)
    The first man to stay long in space Valery Ryumin
    The first space shuttle Columbia (U.S.A.)
    The first woman to command a space shuttle mission
    Eileen Collins (U.S.A.)
    (Columbia)
    The first tourist to space Dennis Tito (U.S.A.)
    Epithets

    1 Bengal's Sorrow Damodar River


    2 Blue Mountains Nilgiri Hills
    3 Britain of the South New Zealand
    4 City of the Golden Gate San Francisco (USA)
    5 City of Dreaming Spires Oxford (UK)
    6 City of Magnificent Distance Washington, DC, USA
    7 City of Sky - Scrapers New York
    8 City of Seven Hills Rome
    9 City of Palaces Kolkata
    10 China's Sorrow Howang-Ho
    11 Cockpit of Europe Belgium
    12 Dark Continent Africa
    13 Eternal City Rome
    14 Emerald Island Ireland
    15 Empire City New York, U.S.A.
    16 Forbidden City Lhasa, Tibet
    17 Garden of England Kent, England
    18 Gate of Tears Bab-el-mandeb, Jerusalem
    19 Garden City Chicago
    20 Gateway of India Mumbai
    21 Gift of the Nile Egypt
    22 Granite City Aberdeen, Scotland
    23 Great Whiteway Broadway, New York
    24 Granery of South India Tanjore
    25 Hearing Pond Atlantic Ocean
    26 Hermit Kingdom Korea
    27 Holy Land Palestine
    28 Island Continent Australia
    29 Island of Cloves Zanzibar
    30 Island of Pearls Bahrain
    31 Key to Mediterannean Gibraltar
    32 Lady with a lamp Florence Nightangle
    33 Land of Lakes Scotland
    34 Land of Golden Fleece Australia
    35 Land of Golden Pagoda Myanmar
    36 Land of Kangaroo Australia
    37 Land of Lilies Canada
    38 Land of Morning Calm Korea
    39 Land of Thunderbolt Bhutan
    40 Land of Five Rivers Punjab, India
    41 Land of Rising Sun Japan
    42 Land of Midnight Sun Norway
    43 Land of Thousand Lakes Finland
    44 Land of Maples Canada
    45 Land of White Elephant Thailand
    46 Mysore Tiger Tippu Sultan
    47 Manchester of India Mumbai
    48 Manchester of Tamil Nadu Coimbatore
    49 Never Never Land Prairies of N. Australia
    50 Pearl of the Pacific Guyayaquil Port of Ecuador
    51 Playground of Europe Switzerland
    52 Playground of India Kashmir
    53 Pearl of the Antilles Cuba
    54 Pillar of Hercules Gibraltar
    55 Pink City Jaipur
    56 Quaker City Philadelphia, U.S.A.
    57 Queen of the Adraitic Venice, Italy
    58 Queen of Arabian Sea Kochi
    59 Roof of the World Pamirs, Central Asia
    60 Saint of the Gutters Mother Terasa
    61 Sickman of Europe Turkey
    62 Spice Garden of India Kerala
    63 Sugar Bowl of the World Cuba
    64 Venice of the East Alappuzha, India
    65 Venice of the North Stockholm, Sweden
    66 White City Belgrade, Yugoslavia
    67 Windy City Chicago, U.S.A.
    68 White Man's Grave Guinea Coast
    69 World's Bread Basket Prairies of N.America
    70 World's Loneliest Island Tristanda Cuntra
    71 Yellow River Howang Ho

    Biggest Highest Largest Longest in the World

    Animal, Tallest Giraffe


    Archipelago Largest Indonesia
    Bird, Fastest Swift
    Bird, Largest Ostrich
    Bird, Smallest Humming Bird
    Bridge, Longest Railway Huey P.Long Bridge, Louisiana (U.S.A.)
    Building, Tallest in the
    Teipei 101, Taiwan
    world
    Canal, Longest
    The Kalakumsky canal
    Irrigational
    Canal, Longest Suez canal
    Capital, Highest La Paz (Bolivia)
    City, Biggest in area Mount Isa (Australia)
    City, Largest in
    Tokyo
    population
    City, Costliest Tokyo
    City, Highest Van Chuan (China)
    Continent, Largest Asia
    Continent, Smallest Australia
    Country, Biggest (Area) Russia
    Country, Largest
    China
    (population)
    Country, Largest
    India
    (electorate)
    Creature, Largest Blue Whale
    Delta, Largest Sunderban (Bangladesh & India)
    Desert, Largest (World) Sahara (Africa)
    Desert, Largest (Asia) Gobi
    Dam, Largest Grand Coulee Dam (U.S.A.)
    Dam, Highest Hoover Dam (U.S.A.)
    Diamond, Largest The Cullinan
    Dome, Largest Astrodome, in Housten (U.S.A.)
    Epic, Largest Mahabharat
    Irrigation Scheme,
    Lloyd Barrage, Sukkhur (Pakistan)
    Largest
    Island, Largest Greenland
    Sea, Largest Mediterranean Sea
    Lake, Deepest Baikal (Siberia)
    Lake, Largest (Artificial) Lake Mead (Boulder Dam)
    Lake, Highest Titicaca (Bolivia)
    Lake, Largest (Fresh
    Superior
    Water)
    Lake, Largest (Salt
    Caspian
    water)
    United States Library of Congress,
    Library, Largest
    Washington D.C.
    Mountain Peak, Highest Everest (Nepal)
    Mountain Range, Andes (S. America)
    Longest
    Museum, Largest British Museum, London
    Ocean, Largest Pacific
    Palace, Biggest Vatican (Italy)
    Park, Largest Yellow Stone National Park (U.S.A.)
    Peninsula, Largest Arabia
    Place, Coldest
    Verkhoyansk (Siberia)
    (Habitated)
    Place, Dryest Iqique (in Atacama Desert, Chile)
    Place, Hottest Azizia (Libya, Africa)
    Place, Rainiest Mausinram (Meghalaya, India)
    Planet, Biggest Jupiter
    Planet, Brightest Venus
    Planet, Smallest Pluto
    Plateau, Highest Pamir (Tibet)
    Platform, Longest Kharagpur (India)
    Railway, Longest Trans-Siberian railway
    Railway Station, Largest Grand Central Terminal, Chicago (U.S.A.)
    River, Longest Nile (Africa)
    River, Largest Amazon (S. America)
    Sea-bird, Largest Albatross
    Star, Brightest Sirius
    Statue, Tallest Statue of Motherland, Volgagrad (Russia)
    Telescope, Largest Radio New Mexico (U.S.A.)
    Tramway, World's first New York
    Tunnel, Longest
    Tanna (Japan)
    (Railway)
    Mont Blanc Tunnel between France and
    Tunnel, Longest (road)
    Italy
    Volcano, Highest Ojos del Salado (Andes, Ecuador)
    Volcano, Most Active Maunaloa (Hawaii - U.S.A.)
    Wall, Longest Great Wall of China
    Waterfall, Highest Angel (Venezuela)
    Water, Lowest Body Dead Sea
    Zoo, Largest Kruger National Park, South Africa
    Related Web Pages
    Biggest Highest Largest Longest in the World | Genera

    Worlds Highest Mountain Peaks

    Country Peaks Height in metre


    Asia Everest (Himalaya-Nepal/Tibet) 8,848
    Asia Godwin Austen (Karakoram-India) 8,611
    Asia Kanchenjunga (Himalaya India / Nepal) 8,598
    Asia Lhotse (Himalaya-Nepal-China) 8,501
    Asia Makalu (Himalaya-Nepal) 8,470
    Asia Dhaulagiri (Himalaya-Nepal) 8,172
    Asia Nanga Parvat (Himalaya-Nepal) 8,126
    Asia Gasherbrum (Karakoram-Tibet) 8,068
    Asia Gosainthan (Himalaya-Tibet) 8,013
    Asia Nanda Devi (Himalaya-India) 7,817
    South America Aconcagua (Andes-Argentina) 6,960
    North America McKinley (Alaska-USA) 6,194
    Africa Kilimanjaro (Solitary-Tanzania) 5,888
    Europe Elborus (Caucasus-CIS) 5,633
    Europe Mont Blanc (Alp-France) 4,810
    Antartica Vinson Massif 5,139
    Oceania Caestensz (Nassau Range-New Guinea) 5,000
    Inventions and Discoveries

    1 Air Brake George Westinghouse


    2 Aniline Dyes Hoffman
    3 Antiseptic Surgery Lord Joseph Lister
    4 Archimedean Screw Archimedies
    5 Avogadro's Hypothesis Avogadro
    6 Atomic Number Mosley
    7 Atomic Theory Dalton
    8 Atomic Structure Bohr and Rutherford
    9 Automobile Daimler
    10 Balloon Montgolfier
    11 Barometer Torricelli
    12 Beri - Beri Eijkman
    13 Bicycle Macmillian
    14 Blood Circulation Harvey
    15 Boson S.N.Bose
    16 Boyle's law Boyle
    17 Braille Louis Braille
    Breaking up the Nucleus of an
    18 Rutherford
    atom
    19 Celluloid Parkes
    James Harrison and James
    20 Chloroform
    Young Simpson
    21 Cholera Bacillus Robert Koch
    22 Cinematography Thomas Alva Edison
    23 Coloured Photography Lippman
    24 Cosmic Rays R.A.Millikan
    25 Crescograph J.C.Bose
    26 Crystal Dynamics C.V.Raman
    27 Cyclotron Lawrence
    28 D.D.T. Dr.Paul Muller
    29 Deuterium (Heavy Water) H.C.Urey
    30 Diesel Oil Engine Rudolf Diesel
    31 Discovery of North Pole Robert Peary (1909)
    32 Discovery of South Pole Amundson (1912)
    33 Discovery of West Indies Columbus (1492)
    34 Discovery of Solar System Copernicus (1540)
    Discovery of Laws of
    35 Kepler
    Planetary Motion
    36 Discovery of Specific Gravity Archimedes
    Drinker's Chamber of Iron
    37 Dr.Philip Drinker
    Lung
    38 Dynamite Alfred Nobel
    39 Dynamo Faraday
    40 Dynamical theory of Heat Lord Kelvin
    41 Deciphering the genetic code Dr.Hargobiad Khorana
    42 Discovery of Electrons J.J.Thomson
    43 Electric Battery Volta
    44 Electric Lamp Edison
    45 Electricity Faraday
    46 Electron Theory Bohr
    47 Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell
    48 Electrical Waves Heitz
    49 Electric Measurement Gauss
    Effect of Pressure on trough
    50 Meghnad Saha
    bodies
    51 Fahrenheit Scale Fahrenheit
    52 Film & Photographic goods Kodak
    Fundamental Laws of Electric
    53 Coulomb
    Attraction
    54 Fountain Pen Waterman
    55 Geometry Euclid
    56 Gun powder Rogei Bacon
    57 Gramophone Thomas Alva Edison
    58 Helicopter Broquett
    59 Helium Gas Lockyer
    60 Heavy Hydrogen Urey
    61 Homoeopathy Hahnemann
    62 Hovercraft Cockrell
    63 Hydrogen Cavendish
    64 Hydrophobia Louis Pasteur
    65 Induction of Electric Current Faraday
    66 Incandescent Bulb Edison
    67 Induction Coil Rohm Korff
    68 Insulin F.Banting
    69 Intelligence test Binet
    70 In Number Theory Ramanujam
    71 Jet Propulsion Frank Whittle
    72 Kala-azar Fever U.N.Brahmachari
    73 Laughing Gas Priestley
    74 Life Boat Henry Great Head
    75 Lift (Elevators) Otis
    76 Lightning Conductor Benjamin Franklin
    77 Linotype Mergenthaler
    78 Line of demarcation (ship) Plimsoll
    79 Laws of Electrical Resistance Ohm
    80 Law of Electrolysis Faraday
    81 Law of gases Gay Lussac
    82 Laws of Gravitation Newton
    83 Laws of Heredity Gregory Mandel
    84 Logarithms John Napier
    85 Laws of Motion Newton
    86 Laws of Natural Selections Darwin
    87 Laws of Multiple Proportion Dalton
    88 Liquid Oxygen Dewar
    89 Mathematical Astro Physics Chandrasekhar
    Measurement of Electrical
    90 Joule, James Prescoft
    Energy
    91 Mauve dye Perkin
    92 Machine Gun Dr.Gatting
    93 Malarial Parasite Ronald Ross
    Mechanical Equivalent of
    94 Joules
    Heat
    95 Meson Hideki Yakawa
    96 Microphone Berliner
    97 Microscope Janes
    98 Montessori Method Maria Montessori
    Molecular Scattering of light
    99 Ramanathan
    in fluid
    100 Neon Gas Ramsay, Travers
    101 Neutron Chadwick
    102 Nuclear Fission Otto Hahn, Bohr and Fermi
    103 Nylon Plastic Carothers
    104 Origin of Species Charles Darwin
    105 Oxygen Priestly
    106 Paints Shalimar
    107 Penicillin Fleming
    108 Periodic Law Mendeleef
    109 Phonograph Edison
    110 Phonographic Shorthand Pitman
    111 Photograph Dauguerre
    112 Principle for lever Archimedes
    (S.P.Gravity)
    113 Phototherapy N.R.Finsen
    114 Positive Electrons Anderson
    115 Powerloom Cartwright
    116 Pneumatic Tyre Dunlop
    117 Printing for the Blind Braille
    118 Printing Press Caxton
    119 Printing Types John Guttenberg
    120 Psycho-analysis Dr.Sigmund Freud
    121 Quantum Theory Max plank
    122 Radio-activity of Uranium Henry Becquerel
    123 Raman effect C.V.Raman
    124 Radium Madame Curie
    125 Railway Engine Stephenson
    126 Radio transmitter Alexanderson
    127 Rare Gas Cavandish
    128 Replacing human heart Christian Barnard
    129 Revolver Colt
    130 Safety Lamp Davy
    131 Safety Razor Gillet
    132 Salk Vaccine Salk
    133 Seismograph Roberts Mallet
    134 Scientific astronomy Hippalus
    135 Sewing Machine Elias Howe
    136 Sextant Hadley
    137 Space flying Braun, Dr.Wernher Von
    138 Steam boat Fulton
    139 Steam Engine James Watt
    140 Steam Turbine Parsons
    141 Spectroscope Bunsen
    142 Steel Melting Process Bessemer
    143 Stethoscope Laennec
    144 Submarine Bushwell
    145 Sulpha Drugs Domagk
    146 Theory of Relativity Einstein
    147 Theory of Evolution Darwin
    148 Theory of conditioned reflex Pavlov
    149 Talkies Lee-de-Frost
    150 Tank Swinton
    151 Telegraphic Code Samuel Morse
    152 Telephone Graham Bell
    153 Telescope Galileo
    154 Television Baird
    155 Thermometer Galileo
    156 Thermos Flasks Dewar
    157 T.N.T. llly Brandt
    158 Transistor Shockley
    159 Typewriter Sholes
    160 Uranium fusion Oho Hahn
    161 Uranus (Planet) Herschel William
    162 Vaccination Jenner
    163 Vitamins Funk
    164 Washing Soda Lablanc
    165 Wireless Communication Oliver Lodge
    166 Wireless Telegraphy Marcony
    167 X - Rays Roentgen
    168 Zip Fastener W.L.Judson
    National Emblems

    Australia Kangaroo
    Bangladesh Water Lily
    Barbados Head of trident
    Belgium Lion
    Canada White Lily
    Chile Candor and huemul
    Denmark Beach
    Dominica Sisserou Parrot
    France Lily
    Germany Corn Flower
    Guyana Canje Pheasant
    India Lioned Capital
    Iran Rose
    Ireland Shamrock
    Israel Candelabrum
    Italy White Lily
    lvory Coast Elephant
    Japan Lion with Crown
    Hong Kong Bauhinia (Orchid tree)
    Lebanon Cedar tree
    Luxembourg Lion with Crown
    Mongolia The Soyombo
    Netherlands Lion
    New Zealand Southern Cross, Kiwi, Fern
    Norway Lion
    Pakistan Crescent
    Papua New Guinea Bird of Paradise
    Spain Eagle
    Senegal Baobab tree
    Sierra Leone Lion
    Sri Lanka Lion
    Sudan Secretary Bird
    Syria Eagle
    Turkey Crescent and Star
    United Kingdom Rose
    U.S.A. Golden Rod
    Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Bird

    Worlds Prominent Scientists

    Ryle, Sir Martin: U.K. (1974) Nobal Prize winner in Physics for the development of "aperture
    synthesis" technique designed to identify stellar objects through radio signals.

    Sarabhai, Dr. Vikram A: Former Chairman of India's Atomic Energy Commission and the
    Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) died on December 30, 1971. Dr. Sarabhai was an
    eminent physicist mainly interested in the astro-physical implications of Cosmic Ray Time
    Variations

    Sanger, Dr. Frederick (b.1918): First Scientist to receive two Nobel Prizes for Chemistry in
    1958 (composition of the insulin molecule) and in 1980 (molecular structures for nucleic acids)

    Sen, P.K. (Dr.): is the Indian surgeon who performed Asia's first heart transplant operation in
    Mumbai.

    Simpson, Sir James Young (1811 - 1870): British physicist to introduce chloroform as an
    anaesthetic in 1847

    Soddy, Frederick (1877 - 1956): British radio chemist pioneer to research in the atomic
    disintegration, discovered "isotopes"; for which he received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in
    1921.

    Solvay, Earnest (1838 - 1922): Belgian chemist devised a process for manufacture of sodium
    carbonate

    Sutherland, Dr. Earl W: Recipient of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1971, credited with the
    discovery, "that the hormones in the human body produce another substance known as cyclic
    A.M.P., can influence its disease-resisting capacity in the body".
    Teller, Edward (Dr.): U.S. nuclear scientist developed the hydrogen bomb.

    Thomson, Sir J.J. (1856 - 1940): British physicist discovered the electron which inaugurated
    the electrical theory of the atom.

    Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1940): Russian pioneer who developed the basic theory of rocketry.

    Verne, jules (1828 - 1905): French science-fiction writer; author of the book "From the Earth to
    the Moon". The book carried a more or less accurate prediction of the launching and flight of
    Apollo-8.

    Volta, A. (1745 - 1827): Italian physicist and pioneer of electrical science; invented voltaic cell,
    the electrophorus and electroscope.

    Voronoff, S: Russian scientist known for grafting healthy animal glands, into the human body.

    Watson and Crick:Known for DNA double helix.

    Watson-Watt, Sir Robert:British physicist. He developed radar.

    Watt, James (1736 - 1819):Scottish engineer who invented steam engine

    Yukawa, Dr. H: (born 1907) Predicted a new particle meson which holds the protons and
    neutrons of the atomic nucleus, first Japanese to win the Nobel Prize in Physics (1949).

    Alvares, Luis W: An American Won the Nobel Prize for elementary physics in 1960 when he
    discovered a new resonance particle - a discovery that shattered the then prevailing notions as to
    how matter was built.

    Anfinsen, Dr. Christian B: U.S.A. 's one of the three co-winners of the Nobel Prize in
    Chemistry, 1972.

    Archimedes: Greek mathematician who lived about 250 B.C. discovery of the Archimedes'
    principle Archimedean Screw, a cylindrical device for raising water

    Arrow, Kenneth, J: Harvard University, U.S.A. is co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Economics,
    1972 with Sir John Richard Hicks of Oxford University. The two men are known for their
    pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium and welfare theories.

    Aryabhatta: (476 - 520 A.D.) after whom India's first scientific satellite has been named, was a
    great Indian astronomer and mathematician. Among his important contributions are the
    recognition of the importance of the movement of the earth round the Sun, determination of the
    physical parameters of various celestial bodies, such as diameter of the earth and the moon. He
    laid the foundations of algebra and was responsible for pointing out importance of "zero".

    Avogadro, Amedeo: Italian physicist; founder of Avogadro's hypothesis. He also defined a


    molecule. He lived between 1776 and 1856.

    Bardeen, Prof. John: U.S.A.'s co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, 1972 (with Prof. Leon
    N.Cooper and Prof. John Robert Schrieffer) for researches into the "theory of super-
    conductivity" called BCS theory.

    Barnard, Christian South African surgeon who did the first heart transplant operation on Louis
    Washkansky in 1967.

    Beadle, Dr. G: American scientist awarded Nobel Prize for medicine in 1958 for the actual basis
    of heredity.

    Becquerel, Henri: French physicist discovered in 1896 of Becquerel rays, the first indications of
    radio-activity; later named gamma rays. He shared Nobel Prize for Physics with the Curies in
    1903. He lived between 1852 and 1908.

    Berzelius, J.J: Swedish Chemist, known for chemical shorthand symbols and atomic weights.
    He lived between 1779 and 1848

    Bessemer, Sir Henry: English engineer invented the process for the manufacture of steel. He
    lived between 1813 and 1898.

    Bhabha, Dr. H.J: Indian scientist. He published important papers on Cosmic Rays and Quantum
    Theory. He was professor at the Indian Science Institute, Bangalore; Chairman, Atomic Energy
    Commission; Director, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; President, Indian Science
    Congress in 1951 and presided at the Atoms for Peace Conference held at Geneva in 1956. He
    had many significant researches in structure of atom and contributed largely to the setting up of
    atomic reactors at Trombay (Mumbai).

    Bohr, Neils: (born 1885) Danish Physicist awarded Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922. He
    extended the theory of atomic structure of devising an atomic model in 1913

    Boyle, Robert: Irish natural philosopher; one of the founders of modern chemistry and Boyle's
    law. He lived between 1627 and 1691.

    Bragg. Sir William: British physicist researched on the behaviour of crystals with regard to X-
    rays incident upon them. He lived between 1862 and 1942.

    Cavendish, Henry: English physicist and chemist; discovered properties of hydrogen in 1766.
    He lived between 1731 and 1810

    Chadwick, Sir James: British physicist discovered the particle in an atomic nucleus known as
    the neutron, because it has no electric charge. He lived between 1891 and 1974.

    Charles, Jacques Alexander Cesar: A French scientist first to make a balloon ascension with
    hydrogen. He has worked on the effect of temperature on the volume of gases. He lived between
    1746 and 1823.

    Clark Maxwell, James: British physicist worked wireless telegraphy and telephony. His
    principal works include : Perception of Colour, Colour Blindness, Theory of Heat, Electricity
    and Magnetism, Matter and Motion. He lived between 1831 and 1879.

    Claude, Albert: A Biologist shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Medicine. His field of research
    relates to causes and treatment of cancer.

    Columbus, Christopher: Italian navigator discovered West Indies Islands, Cuba, Bahamas,
    South America in 1498. He lived between 1446 to 1506.

    Cooper, Leon N: Of U.S.A. one of the three co-winners of the Nobel prize in Physics, 1972 for
    theory of superconductivity

    Copernicus: Astronomer of Poland who discovered the "Solar System". He lived between 1413
    and 1543.

    Curie, Madame Marie: Polish physicist and chemist; discovered radium awarded Nobel Prize
    in chemistry in 1911 and Prize in physics in 1903, lived between 1867 and 1934.

    Dalton, John: British scientist, founder of the Atomic Theory and law of Multiple Proportions.
    He lived between 1766 and 1844.

    Darwin, Charles: British scientist who discovered the principle of natural selection. He lived
    between 1809 and 1882.

    Davy, Sir Humphrey: British chemist. First to apply electric current for the isolation of metals.
    He lived between 1771 and 1829.

    Debreu, Gerard: 1983 Nobel memorial prize in economics, is known for his research on market
    equilibrium incorporated "new analytical methods into economic theory".

    Delbrueck, Dr. Max: American doctor, was one of the three American co-winners of the Nobel
    Prize for Medicine, 1969 for discoveries in molecular genetics

    Edelman, Dr. Gerald Maurice: Of U.S.A. is co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1972
    found out "the chemical structure of blood-proteins or antibodies which shield the human body
    against infection".

    Edison, Thomas Alva: American inventor of phonograph, the incandescent lamp, a new type of
    storage battery, an early form of cinematography etc. He lived between 1847 and 1931.

    Einstein, Prof. Albert: German-Swiss, famous scientist known for his theory of relativity. He
    lived between 1879 and 1955.
    Faraday, Michael: English scientist; prominent in the field of electro-magnetism; discovered
    the laws of electrolysis. He lived between 1791 and 1867

    Fleming, Sir John Ambrose: British physicist and engineer pioneer in the development of the
    telephone, electric light and radio. He lived between 1849 and 1945.

    Fraunhofer: German physicist researched on 'Light' while performing spectrum-analysis of


    Sunlight; discovered 'Fraunhofer Lines'.

    Freud, Sigmund: Psycho-analysist. Works: The Interpretation of Dreams; The Psychopathology


    of Every-day Life; The Ego and the Id; Civilization and Its Discontents. He lived between 1856
    and 1939

    Gabor, Dr Dennis: 1971 Nobel Prize award for Physics for his "invention in development of the
    holographic method" - three dimensional photography.

    Galileo: Italian scientist viewed that all falling bodies, great or small, descend with equal
    velocity, invented telescope and became the first man to see the satellites of Jupiter. He lived
    between 1564 and 1642.

    Gell-Mann, Prof. Murray: Recipient of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics, for his "classification
    of elementary particles and their interactions".

    Goddard, Robert H: An American pioneer of space research who mentioned the possibility of
    shooting a rocket to the moon in a paper entitled "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes"
    published by him in 1919.

    Graham, Thomas: Scottish chemist called the "father of colloidal chemistry". He worked on
    diffusion of substances in solution. He lived between 1805 and 1914.

    Hahn, Otto: German pioneer of nuclear research, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944,
    proved in 1938 that atomic fission can be achieved by bombarding uranium with neutrons.

    Hall, Charles Martin: American chemist discovered the modern method of extraction of
    aluminium by electrolysis of bauxite in 1886. He lived between 1863 and 1914.

    Harvey, William: English physician who discovered the circulation of blood. He lived between
    1578 and 1675

    Herzberg, Dr.Gebard: The 1971 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, for his researches in atomic
    and molecular structures, particularly free radicals.

    Holley, Robert: Nobel Prize winner for Medicine, 1968, the genetic code and its function in
    building protein led to the discovery of "the complete structure of a transfer of RNA molecule"

    Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland: English biochemist worked on proteins and vitamins. He
    received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1929 for the discovery of Vitamin D.

    Hoyle, Fred: A British scientist and science-fiction writer who won the £ 1,000 Kalinga Prize in
    1968.

    Jenner, Edward: English physician discovered the vaccination system of alleviating small pox.
    He lived between 1749 and 1823.

    Josephson Dr. Brian: British scientist who co-shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for physics for his
    "theoretical predictions of the properties of a super-current through a tunnel barrier, known as
    Josephson effects".

    Joule, James Prescott: English physicist who first demonstrated the mechanical energy can be
    converted into heat. He lived between 1874 and 1937.

    Kepler, Johannes: German astronomer discovered 3 laws of planetary motion (1) The orbit of
    each planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci; (2) the Radius vector of each planet
    describes equal areas in equal times; (3) The squares of the periods of the planets are
    proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the Sun. He lived between 1571 and 1630.

    Khorana, Hargobind: Who shared with two other the 1968 Nobel Prize for Medicine is an
    Indian by birth and an American by domicile. He deciphered the genetic code and later created
    an artificial gene.

    Krishnan, Dr. K.S: (born 1898) collaborated with Sir C.V.Raman in the discovery of "Raman
    Effect". President, Indian Science Congress, 1949, delegate to several international scientific
    conferences; Director, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi.

    Lavoisier A.L: French chemist; established "law of Indestructibility of Matter, Composition of


    Water and Air". He lived between 1743 and 1794.

    Lister, Joseph: British surgeon who used antiseptic treatment for wounds; introduced antiseptic
    surgery. He lived between 1827 and 1912.

    Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph: British physicist, known for his researches on radiation, and the
    relation between matter and ether. He lived between 1851 and 1940.

    Lysenko: Soviet geneticist declared the "Mendelian theory obsolete and erroneous" in 1948.

    Marconi: Italian scientist pioneer in wireless telegraphy and radio. He lived between 1873 and
    1937.

    McClintock, Barbara: 1983 Nobel Prize winner in Medicine for her discovery of mobile
    genetic.

    Max Planck: German theoretical physicist who formulated the quantum theory. He was awarded
    the Nobel Prize in 1918.

    Mendel, Johann Gregory: Austrian monk and naturalist discovered certain principles of
    inheritance of heredity. He lived between 1822 and 1884.

    Mendeleef, D.I: Russian chemist, founder of periodic law and the development of petroleum and
    other industries in Russia. He lived between 1834 and 1901.

    Meyer, Victor: Discovered a method to determine the molecular weights of volatile substances.
    He lived between 1848 and 1897.

    Morley, Edward William: American chemist and physicist known for his work in determining
    the composition of water by weight. He lived in 1818 and 1923.

    Moseley, Henry G: British physicist worked on atomic structure, and in 1913, devised the series
    of atomic numbers. He lived between 1887 and 1915.

    Newton, Sir Isaac: British natural philosopher discovered "binomial theorem, the differential
    and integral calculus and the universal law of gravitation". He lived between 1642 and 1727.

    Nirenberg, Dr. Marshall: U.S. molecular biologist 1968 Nobel Prize winner for Medicine with
    Dr. Robert Holley and Dr. Hargobind Khorana.

    Ohm, George Simon: Physicist and mathematician; discovered the law known as Ohm's Law.
    He lived between 1787 and 1854.

    Onsager, Lars: U.S. Professor who became a Nobel laureate of 1968 for Chemistry the
    discovery of "the reciprocal relations bearing his name which are fundamental for the thermo-
    dynamics of irreversible processes".

    Paraceisus: Swiss mystic and chemist, he was the first to employ laudanum and antimony in
    Pharmacy. He lived between 1493 and 1541.

    Pasteur, Louis: French chemist discovered the causes of fermentation in alcohol and milk and
    founded the Pasteur Institute in 1888. He lived between 1822 and 1895.

    Pauling, Linus: American bio-chemist applied the quantum theory to chemistry received Nobel
    Prize (1954) for his contribution to the electrochemical theory of valency.

    Porter, Dr. Rodney Robert: Biochemist known for his discoveries relating to the chemical
    structure of antibodies.

    Prelog, Vladimir: Yugoslavian stereo-chemistry-research of organic molecules and reactions.


    He received (1975) Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

    Priestley, Joseph: British Chemist; discovered oxygen and methods of collecting gases. He
    lived between 1733 and 1804.

    Rao, Prof. U.Ramachandra: Is the Director of Indian Scientific Satellite Project (ISSP) at
    Peenya near Bangalore.

    Rainwater, James: U.S.A. (1975) Nobel Prize winner in Physics for the development of the
    theory that atomic nucleus is not always spherical bet can also be egg-shaped which has no
    immediate practical meaning but is extremely essential to scientists

    Richards, T.W: He worked for the accurate determination of atomic weights and was awarded
    Nobel Prize in 1916.

    Roger Bacon: Inventor of Gun Powder and founder of experimental science. He lived between
    1214 and 1294.

    Rontgen, W.Konrad: German physicist, discovered X-rays, or Rontgen rays for which he was
    awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901. He lived between 1845 and 1923.

    Ross, Ronald: British physician discovered the cause of Malaria; awarded Nobel Prize for
    medicine in 1902. He lived between 1857 and 1932.

    Rutherford, Daniel: Scottish scientist discovered nitrogen. He lived between 1749 and 1819.

    Rutherford, Lord: Won a Nobel Prize for his work on structure of atom and radio-activity. He
    lived between 1871 and 1937.
    3
    INDIA-III
    Nick Names of Important Indian Places

    SNo Nick name Place


    1 Golden City Amritsar
    2 Manchester of India Ahmedabad
    3 City of Seven islands Mumbai
    4 Queen of Arabian Sea Cochin
    5 Space City Bangalore
    6 Garden City of India Bangalore
    7 Silicon Valley of India Bangalore
    8 Electronic city of India Bangalore
    9 Pink city Jaipur
    10 Gateway of India Mumbai
    11 Twin city Hyderabad - Sikandarabad
    12 City of festivals Madurai
    13 Deccan Queen Pune
    14 City of Buildings Kolkata
    15 Dakshin Ganga Godavari
    16 Old Ganga Godavari
    17 Egg bowls of Asia Andhra Pradesh
    18 Soya region Madhya Pradesh
    19 Manchester of the South Coimbatore
    20 City of Nawabs Lucknow
    21 Venice of the east Cochin
    22 Sorrow of Bengal Damodar river
    23 Sorrow of Bihar Kosi river
    24 Blue Mountains Nilgiri
    25 Queen of the Mountains Mussoorie (Uttaranchal)
    26 Sacred river Ganga
    27 Hollywood of India Mumbai
    28 City of Castles Kolkata
    29 State of five rivers Punjab
    30 City of weavers Panipat
    31 City of lakes Srinagar
    32 Steel city of India Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar)
    33 City of temples Varanasi
    34 Manchester of the north Kanpur
    35 City of Rallies New Delhi
    36 Heaven of India Jammu & Kashmir
    37 Boston of India Ahmedabad
    38 Garden of spices of India Kerala
    39 Switzerland of India Kashmir
    40 Abode of the God Prayag (Allahabad)
    41 Pittsburg of India Jamshedpur

    Recipients of Bharat Ratna

    Name Awarded in
    Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888 - 1975) 1954
    Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (1878 - 1972) 1954
    Dr.Chandrasekhar Venkatraman (1888 - 1970) 1954
    Dr.Bhagwan Das (1869 - 1958) 1955
    Dr.Mokshagundam Viswesvaraya (1861 - 1962) 1955
    Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 - 1964) 1955
    Govind Vallabh Pant (1887 - 1961) 1957
    Dr.Dhondo Keshav Karve (1858 - 1962) 1958
    Dr.Bidhan Chandra Roy (1882 - 1962) 1961
    Purushotham Das Tandon (1882 - 1962) 1961
    Dr.Rajendra Prasad (1884 - 1963) 1962
    Dr.Zakir Hussian (1897 - 1969) 1963
    Dr.Pandurang Vamman Kane (1880 - 1972) 1963
    Dr.Lal Bahadur Shastri (Posthumous) (1904 - 1966) 1966
    Indira Gandhi (1917 - 1984) 1971
    Varaha Giri Venkata Giri (1884 - 1980) 1975
    Kumaraswami Kamaraj (Posthumous) (1903 - 1975) 1976
    Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (Mother Teresa) (1910-1997) 1980
    Acharya Vinoba Bhave (Posthumous) (1895-1982) 1983
    Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890 - 1988) 1987
    M.G.Ramachandra (Posthumous) (1917 - 1987) 1988
    Dr.B.R.Ambedkar (Posthumous) (1891 - 1956) 1990
    Dr.Nelson Mandela (1918) 1990
    Morarji Desai (1896 - 1995) 1991
    Rajiv Gandhi (Posthumous) (1944 - 1991) 1991
    Sardar Vallab Bhai Patel (Posthumous) (1875 - 1950) 1991
    J.R.D. Tata (1904 - 1993) 1992
    Satyajit Ray (1922 - 1992) 1992
    Moulana Abul Kalam Azad (Posthumous) (1888 - 1958) 1992
    Aruna Asaf All (Posthumus) (1909 - 1996) 1997
    Gulzarilal Nanda (Posthumous) (1898 - 1997) 1997
    A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931) 1997
    M.S.Subbulakshmi (1916 - 2004) 1998
    C.Subramaniam (1910 - 2000) 1998
    Jayaprakash Narayan (Posthumous) (1902 - 1979) 1999
    Dr.Amartiya Sen (1933) 1999
    Pandit Ravi Shankar (1920) 1999
    Gopinath Bordoloi (Posthumous) (1890 - 1950) 1999
    Latha Mangeshkar 2001
    Bismilla Khan 2001
    Important Sites in India

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sno Place City/State


    1 Ajanta Aurangabad
    2 Akbar's Tomb Sikandara
    3 Ambernath Cave Kashmir
    4 Amber Palace Jaipur
    5 Anand Bhavan Allahabad
    6 Bhakra Dam Punjab
    7 Birla Planetarium Kolkata
    8 Black Pagoda Konark (Orissa)
    9 Bodhisattva Ajanta Caves
    10 Brihadeeswara Temple Tanjore
    11 Brindavan Gardens Mysore (Karnataka)
    12 Buland Darwaza Fatepur Sikri
    13 Charminar Hyderabad
    14 Chenna Kesava Temple Belur
    15 Chilka Lame Near Bhubaneswar
    16 Dal Lake Srinagar
    17 Dilwara Temples Mt. Abu
    18 Elephanta Caves Mumbai
    19 Golden Temple Amirtsar
    20 Gol Gumbaz Bijapur
    21 Hanging Gardens Mumbai
    22 Hawa Mahal (Palace of Winds) Jaipur
    23 Howrah Bridge Kolkata
    24 Island Palace Udaipur
    25 Itmad-ud-Daulah's Tomb Agra
    26 Jagannath Temple Puri
    27 Jama Masjid Delhi
    28 Jantar Mantar Delhi
    29 Jog (Geresoppa) Falls Mysore
    30 Kailasanath Temples Ellora
    31 Kanyakumari Temples Cape Comorin
    32 Khajuraho Bhopal
    33 Konark Puri
    34 Lal Bagh Gardens Bangalore
    35 Mahakaleeswar Temple Ujjain
    36 Mahesuramurthi (Trimurti) Elephanta Caves
    37 Malabar Hills Mumbai
    38 Manmandir Palace Gwalior Fort
    39 Marble Rocks Jabalpur
    40 Marina Beach Chennai
    41 Meenakshi Temple Madurai
    42 Padmanabha Temple Trivandrum
    43 Panch Mahal Fatepur Sikri
    44 Tower of Fame Chittorgarh

    First in India Men

    Field Person
    First Indian to swim across the English Channel Mihir Sen
    First to Climb Mount Everest Tenzing Norgay
    First to climb Mount Everest without Oxygen Phy Dorjee
    First Indian to join I.C.S. (I.C.S. now IAS) Satyendra Nath Tagore
    First Indian to get Nobel Prize Rabindra Nath Tagore
    First Indian in Space (first Indian cosmonaut) Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma
    First British Governor General Warren Hastings
    First Governor General of Free India Lord Mountbatten
    First and the last Governor General of free India C. Rajagopalachari
    First President of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad
    First Vice-President of India Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
    First Muslim President of India Dr. Zakir Hussain
    First Sikh President of India Giani Zail Singh
    First Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
    First Speaker of Lok Sabha G.V. Mavlankar
    First Chief Justice of India Justice H.L. Kania
    First President of Indian National Congress W.C. Bannerjee
    First Indian to become member of Viceroy's Executive Council Lord S.P. Sinha
    First Indian to become President of International Court of Justice Dr. Nagendra Singh
    First Emperor of Moghul Dynasty Babar
    First Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw
    First Indian Commander-in-Chief of India Gen. K.M. Cariappa
    First Chief of the Army Staff (Indian) Sinhji
    First Chief of the Naval Staff (Indian) Vice Admiral R.D. Katari
    First Chief of the Air Force Staff (India) Subroto Mukherjee
    First Indian in British Parliament Dada Bhai Nauroji
    First Indian recipient of Victoria Cross (highest award before
    Khudada Khan
    independence)
    First Indian to circumnavigate the globe Lt. Col K.S. Rao
    First Indian to reach the South Pole Col J.K. Bajaj (1989)
    First Indian to make a solo air flight JRD Tata
    First Indian to visit England Raja Rammohan Roy (1832)
    First Indian Member of House of Lords (British) Lord S.P. Sinha
    First Bar-at-Law J.M. Tagore
    Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (1952 -
    First Chairman of Rajya Sabha
    62)
    First Indian Test Cricketer K.S. Ranjitsingh
    First Air Marshall Arjan Singh
    First Judge to face impeachment in the Lock Sabha Justice V.Ramaswami (1993)
    Fastest Shorthand writer Dr. G.D. Bhist (250 wpm)
    First in India Women

    Field Person
    First Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi
    First Chief Minister of State Mrs. Sucheta Kripalani
    First Minister Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit
    First Central Minister Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
    First Speaker of Lok Sabha Mrs. Shanno Devi
    First Governor of a State Mrs. Sarojini Naidu
    First President of Indian National Congress Dr. Annie Besant
    First Indian President of Indian National
    Mrs.. Sarojini Naidu
    Congress
    First President of UN General Assembly Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit
    First Muslim to sit on the throne of Delhi Razia Sultan
    First to swim across the English Channel Mrs. Arti Shah
    First to climb Mount Everest Bachhendri Pal
    First to circumnavigate (sail round the world) Ujwala Rai
    First IAS Officer Anna George Malhotra
    First IPS Officer Kiran Bedi
    First Advocate Cornelia Sorabji
    First Judge of a High Court Anna Chandi
    First Judge of Supreme Court Ms M. Fathima Beevi
    First Chief Justice of a High Court Ms. Leila Seth
    First Doctor Kadambini Ganguli
    First editor of English newspaper Dina Vakil
    First Chief Engineer Mrs. P.K. Thresia
    Constable Bimla Devi (88 BN of CRPF) -
    First to receive a Sena Medal
    1990
    Youngest to Climb Mount Everest Dicky Doima (19) from Manali - 1993
    First to climb Mount Everest two times Santosh Yadav (ITBF Officer) - 1993
    First Magistrate Mrs. Omana Kunjamma
    First to win Nobel Prize Mother Theresa
    First to be crowned Miss India Reita Fariq
    First to be crowned Miss Universe Sushmita Sen
    First to be crowned Miss World Reita Faria
    First DGP Kanchan Chowdhry Bhattacharya

    Persons & Places

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Bardoli Sardar Patel


    Belur Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
    Brindaban (U.P.) Lord Krishna
    Chittor, Haldighat Rana Pratap
    Corsica, Elba, Wateriloo Napoleon
    Fathepur Sikri Akbar the Great
    Jerusalem Jesus Christ
    Kapilavastu, Lumbini Buddha
    Kanchipuram C.N.Annadurai
    Macedonia Alexander, the Great
    Maniyachi Vanchinathan
    Mecca Mohammed the Prophet
    Paunar Acharya Vinoba Bhave
    Pondicherry Aurobindo Ghosh
    Porbandar, Rajghat, Sabarmathi Mahatma Gandhi
    Srirangapattinam Tipu Sultan
    Sriperumpudur Rajiv Gandhi
    Shakti Sthal Indira Gandhi
    Shanti Van Jawaharlal Nehru
    Trafalgar Nelson
    Tuticorin V.O.Chidambaram Pillai
    Ujjain Mahavira
    Vedaranyam C.Rajagopalachari
    Vijay Ghat Lal Bahadur Shastri
    4
    INDIAN-
    HISTROY
    Buddhism

    The Buddha:

    · The Buddha also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagata.

    · Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in


    Nepal.

    · His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler.

    · His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up
    by stepmother Gautami.

    · Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son
    named Rahula.

    · After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a
    wanderer.

    · Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great
    Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.

    · Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.

    · Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first
    sermon is called ‘Dharmachakrapracartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’.
    · Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district
    of UP) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.

    Buddhist Councils:

    · First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (king


    was Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas-Vinaya Pitaka and
    Sutta Pitaka.

    · Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was


    Kalasoka).Followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahasanghikas.

    · Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka)
    In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.

    · Fourth council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was


    Kanishka, Vice-Chairman was Ashwaghosha). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana and
    Hinayana sects.

    Buddist Literature: In Pali language.

    Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries.

    Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons.

    Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion

    Newspaper Journals

    Newspaper/Journal Founder/Editor
    Bengal Gazette(1780) (India’s first
    J.K.Hikki
    newspaper)
    Kesari B.G.Tilak
    Maharatta B.G.Tilak
    Sudharak G.K.Gokhale
    Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
    Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh
    Native Opinion V.N.Mandalik
    Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu Harishchandra
    Rast Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarati) Dadabhai Naoroji
    New India (Weekly) Bipin Chandra Pal
    Statesman Robert Knight
    Hindu Vir Raghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar
    Sandhya B.B.Upadhyaya
    Vichar Lahiri Krishnashastri Chiplunkar
    Girish Chandra Ghosh (later Harish Chandra
    Hindu Patriot
    Mukherji)
    Som Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
    Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar
    Yugantar
    Ghosh
    Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta
    Hindustan M.M.Malviya
    Mooknayak B.R.Ambedkar
    Comrade Mohammed Ali
    Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan
    Al-Hilal Abdul Kalam Azad
    Al-Balagh Abdul Kalam Azad
    Independent Motilal Nehru
    Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai
    New India (Daily) Annie Besant
    Commonweal Annie Besant
    Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
    Essays in Indian Economics M.G.Ranade
    Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Roy
    Mirat-ul-Akhbar Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)
    Indian Mirror Devendra Nath Tagore
    Nav Jeevan M.K.Gandhi
    Young India M.K.Gandhi
    Harijan M.K.Gandhi
    Prabudha Bharat Swami Vivekananda
    Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda
    Indian Socialist Shyamji Krishna Verma
    Talwar (in Berlin) Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya
    Free Hindustan (in Vancouver) Tarak Nath Das
    Hindustan Times K.M.Pannikar
    Kranti Mirajkar, Joglekar, Ghate

    Viceroys Of India

    Lord Canning (1856 – 1862):

    · The last Governor General and the first Viceroy.


    · Mutiny took place in his time.
    · On Nov, 1858, the rule passed on to the crown.
    · Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.
    · The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1857.
    · Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.

    Lord Elgin (1862 – 1863)

    Lord Lawrence (1864 – 1869):

    · Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.


    · High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865.
    · Expanded canal works and railways.
    · Created the Indian Forest department.

    Lord Mayo (1869 – 1872):

    · Started the process of financial decentralization in India.


    · Established the Rajkot college at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian
    princes.
    · For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871.
    · Organised the Statistical Survey of India.
    · Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in
    1872.

    Lord Northbrook (1872 – 1876):

    Lord Lytton (1876 – 1880):

    · Known as the Viceroy to reverse characters.


    · Organised the Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877 to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of
    ‘Kaiser – I – Hind’.
    · Arms Act(1878) made it mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms.
    · Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878).

    Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884):

    · Liberal person, who sympathized with Indians.


    · Repeated the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
    · Passed the local self – government Act (1882)
    · Took steps to improve primary & secondary education (on William Hunter
    Commission’s recommendations).
    · The I Factory Act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting child labour.
    · Passed the libert Bill (1883) which enabled Indian district magistrates to try European
    criminals. But this was withdrawn later.

    Lord Dufferin (1884 – 1888):

    · Indian National Congress was formed during his tenure.

    Lord Lansdowne (1888 – 1894):

    · II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for women
    and children, although it failed to address concerns such as work hours for men.
    · Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.
    · Indian Council Act of 1892 was passed.
    · Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and
    Afghanistan.

    Lord Elgin II (1894 – 1899):

    · Great famine of 1896 – 1897. Lyall Commission was appointed.


    Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905):

    · Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in which official control over the Universities
    was increased.
    · Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces 1, Bengal (proper), 2.East
    Bengal & Assam.
    · Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police
    administration of every province.
    · The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 – 98 led him to create the North Western
    Frontier Province(NWFP).
    · Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore India’s cultural
    heritage. Thus the Archaeological Survey of India was established.
    · Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) and put India on a gold
    standard.
    · Extended railways to a great extent.

    Lord Minto (1905 – 1910):

    · There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the
    revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907)
    and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.
    · The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley – Minto Reforms was passed.

    Lord Hardinge (1910 – 1916):

    · Held a durbar in dec, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V.


    · Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).
    · A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (Dec 23, 1912).
    · Gandhiji came back to India from S.Africa (1915).
    · Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.

    Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921):

    · August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be
    gradually transferred to the Indian people.
    · The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague – Chelmsford reforms) was passed.
    · Rowlatt Act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).
    · Non – Cooperation Movement.
    · An Indian Sir S.P.Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal.
    · A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.
    · Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.

    Lord Reading (1921 – 1926):

    · Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.
    · Suppressed non-cooperation movement.
    · Prince of Wales visited India in Nov.1921.
    · Moplah rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala.
    · Ahmedabad session of 1921.
    · Formation of Swaraj Party.
    · Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922.
    · Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N.Roy.
    · Kakory Train Robbery on Aug 9, 1925.
    · Communal riots of 1923 – 25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.
    · Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and a leader of the Arya Samajists, was
    murdered in communal orgy.

    Lord Irwin (1926 – 1931):

    · Simon Commission visited India in 1928.


    · Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.
    · Dandi March (Mar 12, 1930).
    · Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).
    · First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930.
    · Gandhi – Irwin Pact (Mar 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobediance Movement was
    withdrawn.
    · Martydorm of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike (1929).

    Lord Willington (1931 – 1936):

    · Second Round Table conference in London in 1931.


    · On his return Gandhiji was again arrested and Civil Disobedience Movement was
    resumed in Jan 1932.
    · Communal Awards (Aug 16, 1932) assigned seats to different religious communities.
    Gandhiji went on a epic fast in protest against this division.
    · Third Round Table conference in 1932.
    · Poona Pact was signed.
    · Government of India Act (1935) was passed.

    Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 1944):

    · Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11
    provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till Oct 1939, when they gave up
    offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim
    League observed the days as ‘Deliverance Say’ (22 December)
    · Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter
    (issued jointly by the UK and US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have
    been forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to India.
    · Outbreak of World War II in 1939.
    · Cripps Mission in 1942.
    · Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).
    Lord Wavell (1944 – 1947):

    · Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress and
    Muslim League; failed.
    · Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).
    · Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Govt. was appointed
    under Nehru.
    · First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946.

    Lord Mountbatten (Mar.1947 – Aug.1947):

    · Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India.
    · Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.
    · Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which
    India became independent on August 15, 1947.
    · Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last
    Indian Governor General of free India).

    Constitutional Development

    Regulating Act, 1773:

    · End of Dual govt.

    · Governor of Bengal to be the Governor – General of British territories of India.

    · Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta.

    Pitts Act of 1784:

    This Act gave the British Government a measure of control over the company’s affairs. In fact,
    the company became a subordinate department of the State.

    Act of 1786:

    · Governor General given the power to over-ride the Council and was made the
    Commander-in-chief also.

    Charter Act of 1793:


    · Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years.
    · It laid the foundation of govt. by written laws, interpreted by courts.

    Charter Act of 1813:

    · Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.

    Charter Act of 1833:

    · End of Company’s monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to
    close its business at the earliest.
    · Governor General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1st Governor General of
    India was Lord William Bentinck).

    Charter Act of 1853:

    · The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of
    Indian territories in trust of the British crown.

    · Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competition examination


    (excluding Indians).

    Government of India Act, 1858:

    · Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began.

    · A post of Secretary of State (a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He was
    to exercise the powers of the Crown.

    · Secretary of State governed India through the Governor General.

    · Governor General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and
    was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt.

    Indian Council Act, 1861:

    · The Executive Council was now to be called Central Legislative Council.


    Indian Council Act, 1892:

    · Indians found their way in the Provincial Legislative Councils.

    Indian Council Act, 1909 or Morley-Minto Act: It envisaged a separate electorate for
    Muslims.

    Government of India Act, 1919 Or Montague-Chelmsford Reforms:

    · Dyarchy system introduced in the provinces. The Provincial subjects of administration


    were to be divided into 2 categories: Transferred and Reserved. The Transferred
    subjects were to be administrated by the Governor with the aid of ministers responsible
    to the Legislative Council. The Governor and the Executive Council were to administer
    the reserved subjects without any responsibility to the legislature.
    · Indian legislature became bicameral for the first time, it actually happened after 1935
    Act.

    Government of India Act, 1935:

    · Provided for the establishment of All-India Federation consisting of the British


    Provinces and the Princely States. The joining of Princely States was voluntary and as a
    result the federation did not come into existence.

    · Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (Eg, Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence
    were reserved for the Governor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in
    provinces. They were granted separate legal identify.

    · Burma (now Myanmar) separated from India.

    Jainism

    · Jainism founded by Rishabha.

    · There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath
    (Emblem: Bull).
    · The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of
    Banaras.

    · The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was
    born in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.

    · His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan.

    · His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi Prince Chetak of Vaishali.

    · Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.

    · Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali


    became his first disciple.

    · At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.

    · In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of
    Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).

    · From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were
    named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.

    · At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.
    · Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more,
    Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.

    Governor Generals of India

    Lord William Bentinck (1828 – 1835):

    · Carried out the social reforms like Prohibition of Sati (1829) and elimination of thugs
    (1830).

    · Made English the Medium of higher education in the country (After the
    recommendations of Macaulay).

    · Suppressed female infanticide and child sacrifice.

    · Charter Act of 1833 was passed; made him the first Governor General of India. Before
    him, the designation was Governor General of Bengal.

    Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 – 1836): Abolished all restrictions on vernacular press (called
    Liberator of the Press).

    Lord Auckland (1836 – 1842): The most important event of his reign was the First Afghan
    War, which proved to be a disaster for the English.

    Lord Ellenborough (1842 – 1844)

    Lord Hardinge I (1844 – 1848)

    Lord Dalhousie (1848 – 1856):

    · Opened the first Indian Railway in 1853 (from Bombay to Thane).

    · Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First was from Calcutta to Agra).
    · Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur
    (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).

    · Established the postal system on the modern lines through the length and breadth of the
    country, which made communication easier.

    · Started the Public Works Department. Many bridges were constructed and the work on
    Grand Trunk Road was started. The harbors of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were also
    developed.

    · Made Shimla the summer capital.

    · Started Engineering College at Roorkee.

    · Encouraged science, forestry, commerce, mineralogy and industry.

    · In 1854, “Wood’s Dispatch’ was passed, which provided for the properly articulated
    system of education from the primary school to the university.

    · Due to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s efforts, remarriage of widows was legalized by


    Widow Remarriage Act, 1856).
    Important National Activities

    The Indian National Congress:

    · Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.


    · First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).
    · In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in
    British justice and generosity.
    · But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like
    Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).

    Partition of Bengal:

    · By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old
    province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
    · The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
    · A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real
    expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.

    Swadeshi Movement (1905):

    · Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
    · INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by
    G.K.Gokhale.
    · Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.

    Formation of Muslim League (1906):

    · Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab
    Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
    · It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the
    partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its
    community and a separate electorate for Muslims.

    Demand for Swaraj:

    · In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self-govt) as
    the goal of Indian people.

    Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):

    · The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session
    in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.

    Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909):


    · Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
    · Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to
    the Government’s side.

    Ghadar Party (1913):

    · Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.


    · HQ was at San Francisco.

    Home Rule Movement (1916):

    · Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at
    Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
    · Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire.
    · Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic
    States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right
    and I will have it.

    Lucknow Pact (1916):

    · Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings
    among Muslims.
    · Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates
    and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the
    country).

    August Declaration (1917):

    · After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at “increasing
    association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of
    responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. This came to
    be called the August Declaration.

    Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919):

    · This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for
    two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas
    Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
    · Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji
    and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.

    Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):

    · People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
    · General O’ Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
    · As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.
    · Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned
    from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this.
    · Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
    · On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing a
    meeting in Caxton Hall, London.

    Khilafat Movement (1920):

    · Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that
    followed the First World War.
    · Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.

    Non-cooperation Movement (1920):

    · It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.


    · Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.

    Chauri –Chaura Incident (1922):

    · A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22
    policemen on February 5, 1922.
    · This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.

    Simon Commission (1927):

    · Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce
    further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
    · Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
    · The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular
    opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He
    succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.

    Lahore Session (1929):

    · On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session,
    declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
    · On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was
    fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.

    Revolutionary Activities:

    · The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the
    Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of the
    Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
    · In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at
    Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
    · In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the
    unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose
    were hanged. (Alipur Case).
    · In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of
    “India Office” in London.
    · In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at
    Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
    · In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur.
    They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
    · They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway
    line on Aug. 9, 1925.
    · Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered
    lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
    · Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr
    8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall
    (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.
    · In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible
    conditions in jail.
    · Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In
    1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
    · In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.

    Dandi March (1930):

    · Also called the Salt Satyagraha.


    · Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March
    12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.
    · He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930.
    · He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.

    First Round Table conference (1930):

    · It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held
    on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
    · Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were
    there.

    Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931):

    · Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice
    between Gandhiji and the government.
    · The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March
    5, 1931.
    · In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second
    round table conference.
    · The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to
    make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.

    Second Round Table Conference (1931):

    · Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay
    Macdonald.
    · However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate
    electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian
    Christians and Anglo – Indians.

    The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932):

    · Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.
    · Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women
    and even Backward classes.
    · Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.

    Poona Pact (September 25, 1932):

    · After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass
    meeting took place almost everywhere.
    · Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became
    active.
    · Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25,
    1932).
    · In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats
    reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.

    Third Round Table Conference (1932):

    · Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the
    passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.

    Demand For Pakistan:

    · In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be
    made the Muslim State within the federation.
    · Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
    · Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
    · Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in
    1940.

    The Cripps Mission – 1942:

    · In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders. By
    March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
    · The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford
    Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
    · He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
    · Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.
    · Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.

    The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement:

    · Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.


    · The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or
    Die’.
    · On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.
    · The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of
    action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the
    country.
    · The movement was however crushed.
    · The Indian National Army:
    Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
    · S.C.Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he
    joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him.
    · The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been
    taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E.Asia.
    · Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).
    · INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi
    Brigade was an exclusive women force.

    The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):

    · The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour
    Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet
    Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and
    A.V.Alexander) will visit India.
    · The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.
    · On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for
    separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely
    States was suggested.
    · Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.

    Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946):

    · Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees


    was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General
    remained as its President.

    Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):


    · Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in
    danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
    · Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July
    29, 1946.
    · It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government and
    the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.
    · Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.

    Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946):

    · The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as its
    president.

    Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):

    · On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the
    solution of India’s political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
    · India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
    · Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of
    Assam would be held.
    · There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.
    · The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain
    independent.
    · Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
    · The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which
    contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.

    Partition and Independence (Aug 1947):

    · All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.


    · At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.
    · Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By
    August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and
    Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and
    Pondicherry with the French.
    Venue, Year and Presidents of India National Congress (INC)

    Year Venue President


    1885, Bombay,
    W.C.Bannerji
    1882 Allahabad
    1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji
    1893 Lahore "
    1906 Calcutta "
    1887 Madras Badruddin Tyyabji (fist Muslim President)
    1888 Allahabad George Yule (first English President)
    1889 Bombay Sir William Wedderburn
    1890 Calcutta Sir Feroze S.Mehta
    1895, Poona,
    S.N.Banerjee
    1902 Ahmedabad
    1905 Banaras G.K.Gokhale
    1907,
    Surat, Madras Rasbehari Ghosh
    1908
    1909 Lahore M.M.Malviya
    1916 Lucknow A.C.Majumdar (Re-union of the Congress)
    1917 Calcutta Annie Besant (first woman President)
    1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru
    Calcutta
    1920 Lala Lajpat Rai
    (sp.session)
    Ahmedabad,
    1921,1922 C.R.Das
    Gaya
    Delhi
    1923 Abdul Kalam Azad (youngest President)
    (sp.session)
    1924 Belgaon M.K.Gandhi
    1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu (first Indian woman President)
    1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru (first All India Youth Congress Formed)
    1929 Lahore J.L.Nehru (Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed)
    1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel (Here, resolution on Fundamental rightsand
    the National Economic Program was passed)
    1932,
    Delhi, Calcutta (Session Banned)
    1933
    1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad
    1936 Lucknow J.L.Nehru
    1937 Faizpur J.L.Nehru (first session in a village)
    S.C.Bose (a National Planning Committed set-up
    1938 Haripura
    underJ.L.Nehru).
    S.C.Bose was re-elected but had to resign due to protestby
    1939 Tripuri Gandhiji (as Gandhiji supported Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya).
    Rajendra Prasadwas appointed in his place.
    1940 Ramgarh Abdul Kalam Azad
    1946 Meerut Acharya J.B.Kriplani
    1948 Jaipur Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya.

    Venue, Year and Presidents of India National Congress (INC)

    Year Venue President


    1885, Bombay,
    W.C.Bannerji
    1882 Allahabad
    1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji
    1893 Lahore "
    1906 Calcutta "
    1887 Madras Badruddin Tyyabji (fist Muslim President)
    1888 Allahabad George Yule (first English President)
    1889 Bombay Sir William Wedderburn
    1890 Calcutta Sir Feroze S.Mehta
    1895, Poona,
    S.N.Banerjee
    1902 Ahmedabad
    1905 Banaras G.K.Gokhale
    1907,
    Surat, Madras Rasbehari Ghosh
    1908
    1909 Lahore M.M.Malviya
    1916 Lucknow A.C.Majumdar (Re-union of the Congress)
    1917 Calcutta Annie Besant (first woman President)
    1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru
    Calcutta
    1920 Lala Lajpat Rai
    (sp.session)
    Ahmedabad,
    1921,1922 C.R.Das
    Gaya
    Delhi
    1923 Abdul Kalam Azad (youngest President)
    (sp.session)
    1924 Belgaon M.K.Gandhi
    1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu (first Indian woman President)
    1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru (first All India Youth Congress Formed)
    1929 Lahore J.L.Nehru (Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed)
    Vallabhbhai Patel (Here, resolution on Fundamental rightsand the
    1931 Karachi
    National Economic Program was passed)
    1932,
    Delhi, Calcutta (Session Banned)
    1933
    1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad
    1936 Lucknow J.L.Nehru
    1937 Faizpur J.L.Nehru (first session in a village)
    S.C.Bose (a National Planning Committed set-up
    1938 Haripura
    underJ.L.Nehru).
    S.C.Bose was re-elected but had to resign due to protestby
    1939 Tripuri Gandhiji (as Gandhiji supported Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya).
    Rajendra Prasadwas appointed in his place.
    1940 Ramgarh Abdul Kalam Azad
    1946 Meerut Acharya J.B.Kriplani
    1948 Jaipur Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
    5
    INDIAN-
    SCI & TECH
    Elements Symbols and Atomic Numbers
    Name Symbol Atomic Number

    Hydrogen H 1

    Helium He 2

    Lithium Li 3

    Beryllium Be 4

    Boron B 5

    Carbon C 6

    Nitrogen N 7

    Oxygen O 8

    Flourine F 9

    Neon Ne 10

    Sodium (Natrium) Na 11

    Magnesium Mg 12

    Aluminium Al 13

    Silicon Si 14

    Phosphorous P 15

    Sulphur S 16

    Chlorine Cl 17

    Argon Ar 18
    Potassium (Kalium) K 19

    Calcium Ca 20

    Titanium Ti 22

    Vanadium V 23

    Chromium Cr 24

    Manganese Mn 25

    Iron (Ferum) Fe 26

    Cobalt Co 27

    Nickel Ni 28

    Copper (Cuprum) Cu 29

    Zinc Zn 30

    Germenium Ge 32

    Bromine Br 35

    Krypton Kr 36

    Zirconium Zr 40

    Silver Ag 47

    Tin (Stannum) Sn 50

    Antimony (Stabnium) Sb 51

    Iodine I 53
    Barium Ba 56

    Gold (Aurum) Au 79

    Mercury (Hydragerm) Hg 80

    Lead (Plumbum) Pb 82

    Bismuth Bi 83

    Radium Ra 88

    Thorium U 90

    Uranium U 92

    Plutonium Pu 94

    Curium Cm 96

    National Surveys and Other Institutions in India

    Institution Place

    Atomic Energy Commission Bombay

    Bhabha Atomic Research Center Trombay (Bombay)

    Botanical Survey of India Calcutta

    Birbal Sahni Indtitute for Palaeobotanoy Lucknow

    Bose Research Institute Calcutta

    Indian Association for the Cultivation of science Calcutta


    Indian National Science Academy New Delhi

    Indian National Science Congress Association Calcutta

    National Atlas Organisation Calcutta

    Raman Research Institute Bangalore

    Survey of India Dehra Dun

    Wadia Institute of Himalayan Zoology Delhi

    Zoological Survey of India Calcutta

    Noice Scale

    Sounds are tiny vibrations that can travel through air and other materials. The loudness of a
    sound is measured in decibels (db). Typical sound levels in decibels:

    Note: 130 db causes damage to hearing.

    1 Breathing 10 db

    2 Wind in the trees 20 db

    3 Whisper 20-30 db

    4 Ticking Clock 30 db

    5 House in a quiet street 35 db

    6 Radio Music 50-60 db


    7 Loud Conversation 60 db

    8 Office Noise 60 db

    9 Children Playing 60-80 db

    10 Lawn mower 60-80 db

    11 Vacuum cleaner 80 db

    12 Traffic Noise 60-90 db

    13 Sports Car 80-95 db

    14 Heavy truck traffic 90-100 db

    15 Loud Radio 100 db

    16 Motor Cycle 105 db

    17 Pneumatic drill 110 db

    18 Thunder storm 110 db

    19 Rock Music 120 db

    20 Aircraft Noise 90-120 db

    21 Jet takeoff(at 100 meter distance) 120 db

    22 Jet Engine(at 25 meter distance) 140 db

    23 Space Vehicle launch (from a short distance) 140-170 db


    Indias Dream Launch PSLV C7
    India’s Dream Launch of PSLV-C7

    The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) added yet another achievement to its list by the
    successful launch of the PSLV-C7 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota on
    January 10, 2007. The four-stage, 44 metre tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C7) which
    weighs 295 tonnes took off on the dot at 9.23 a.m. from its beachside launch pad and injected
    four satellites into precise orbit. This is the PSLV`s ninth consecutive successful launch. Of the
    four satellites two satellites belong to India and two are from abroad. The satellites from abroad
    are LAPAN-TUBSAT, a joint venture of Indonesia and the Technical University of Berlin and
    the PEHUENSAT-1 of Argentina. Dr. B.N.Suresh, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
    (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, which built PSLV-C7, said, “Four satellites being injected into
    orbit with the same vehicle is a unique experience for us”.

    This multi-mission launch is going to be a technological challenge for ISRO as it attempts to


    deorbit one of the satellites and bring it back to earth on January 22, 2007. The satellite called the
    Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE) will stay in orbit for 11 days and thereafter fall into
    the Bay of Bengal from where it will be recovered. This challenging job will be headed by
    Project Director, Mr. A.Subramoniam. “Right now, I feel that my job has just started. I am
    looking forward to January 22, 2007 morning when the SRE will be recovered”, Mr.
    Subramoniam said.

    ISRO`s Cartosat-2 is for mapping purposes and its SRE will be a forerunner to the ISRO
    mastering the re-entry, recoverable and re-usable launch vehicle technologies. During its stay in
    orbit the two payloads on board the SRE will help conduct experiments in micro-gravity.

    The 555 kilogram SRE is coated with thermal tiles to prevent it from burning up when it re-
    enters the earth’s atmosphere. After it re-enters the atmosphere, about 5 km above the Bay of
    Bengal, three parachutes in the SRE will open up one after another. First, the pilot chute will pull
    out the drogue chute, which will deploy, and then the main chute will deploy. The main chute
    will slow down the descent of the SRE and it will ultimately splash down into the Bay of Bengal,
    about 140 km east of Sriharikota island. A floatation system will keep it afloat and dye markers
    will make it visible. The Coast Guard will recover it.

    The entire process involves a lot of precision as the SRE should be de-orbited in the right
    direction and should be given the right incremental velocity. It should re-enter the atmosphere
    without burning up. According to the ISRO Chairman, Mr. G. Madhavan Nair, “There are a lot
    of technological challenges in bringing back an orbiting satellite because we are doing it for the
    first time”.

    Besides the technology of bringing to the SRE back to earth in a sequential manner, the PSLV-
    C7 has also used Dual Launch Adopter (DLA), a device to launch four satellites for the first
    time. It also used for the first time a video-imaging system on board to take pictures of the
    separation of the first three satellites from the fourth stage of the rocket.

    According to Mr. M. Krishnaswamy, Project Director, Cartosat-2, the satellite`s images could be
    used in town and rural planning as well as in road and drainage alignment. It could also be used
    in studying the passage of communication lines. The PSLV-C7 has been built at a cost of Rs.80
    crore. The Cartosat-2 cost Rs.180 crore and the SRE Rs.30 crore.

    After the setback in July 2006 when Geosynchronous Space Launch Vehicle (GSLV) failed, the
    success of PSLV is a great morale booster. However, it goes without saying that India has a long
    way to go before it finds itself a place in the world space launch market. The Missile Technology
    Control Regime embargo on India’s space and military rocket programmes debars an Indian
    rocket to launch any American satellite, or one with US components. According to an official
    dealing with the issue a joint working group would hold a meeting in Washington in February,
    2007 to get this embargo lifted under the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership negotiations.
    Moreover, countries like Russia, the United States, the European Union or Japan are far more
    developed in space launch vehicle technology. We compare well with the Chinese Long March
    CZ4B series when it comes to hoisting satellites to a Low Earth Orbit to about 2,000 kms. But so
    far as geosynchronous orbits of 36,000 kms used for communication satellites for beaming.

    PSLV Chronology

    Launch Vehicle Date of Launch

    PSLV-D1 Sept. 20, 1993

    PSLV-D2 Oct. 15, 1994

    PSLV-D3 Mar. 21, 1996

    PSLV-C1 Sept. 29, 1997

    PSLV-C2 May 26, 1999

    PSLV-C3 Oct. 22, 2001

    PSLV-C4 Sept. 12, 2002

    PSLV-C5 Oct. 17, 2003

    PSLV-C6 May 5, 2005

    PSLV-C7 Jan. 10, 2007

    TV programmes or relaying telephone calls are concerned we are far behind. The success of
    PSLV cannot fill the void created by the failure of GSLV.

    Some Important Facts of Human Body


    Length of alimentary canal Approximately 8 meters
    BMR (Basal metabolic rate) 1600 K.cal/day

    Number calls in body 75 trillion

    Longest bone Femur (thigh bone)

    Smallest bone Ear ossicle, stapes

    Weight of brain 1400 gms

    Blood volume 6.8 litres (in 70 kg body)

    Normal B.P 120/80 mm Hg

    (a) In male: 4.5-5.0 million/cubic mm


    Number of R.B.C
    (b) In female: 4.0-4.5 million/cubic mm

    Life span of R.B.C 120 days

    Normal W.B.C count 5000-10000/cubic mm

    Life span of W.B.C 3-4 days

    (a) Basophils-0.5-1%
    (b) Eosinophils-1-3%
    D.L.C (Differential leucocyte count) (c) Monocytes-3-8%
    (d) Neutrophils-40-70%
    (e) Lymphocytes-2-25%

    Blood platelets count 2,00,000-4,00,000/cubic mm

    (a) In male: 14-15.6 gm/100 c.c of blood


    Haemoglobin
    (b) In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c of blood

    Hb content in body 500-700 gm

    Universal blood donor O Rh-ve


    Universal blood recipient AB

    Blood clotting time 2-5 minutes

    Average body weight 70 kg

    Normal body temperature 98.4.F or 37.C

    Breathing rate 16-20 minutes

    adult:2123/2123=32
    Dental formula
    child: 2120/2120=22 milk teeth

    Number of cranial nerves 12 pairs

    Number of spinal nerves 31 pairs

    Largest endocrine gland Thyroid

    Gestation period 9 months (253-266 days)

    Normal heart beat 72-75/ minutes

    Largest gland Liver

    Largest muscles in the body Gluteus maximus (Buttock muscle)

    Largest smooth muscle Uterus of pregnant women

    Smallest muscles in the body Stapedius

    Largest artery Abdominal aorta

    Largest vein Inferior venacava

    Largest W.B.C Monocyte

    Smallest W.B.C Lymphocyte


    Greatest regeneration power In liver

    Longest nerve Sciatic

    Longest cell Neuron (nerve cell)

    Menstrual cycle 28 days

    Menopause age 45-50 years

    Minimum regeneration power In brain cell

    Minimum distance for proper vision 25 cm

    Type of placenta Haemochorial (Chorioallantoic)

    Pulse rate 72/minute

    Volume of semen 2-4 ml/ejaculation

    Normal sperm count 200-350 million/ejaculation

    ESR (normal Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) 4.10 min/hour

    Thinnest skin Conjunctiva

    pH of gastric juice 1.4

    pH of urine 6.0

    pH of blood 7.35-7.45

    Milestones in Medicine
    SNo Discovery / Invention Year Discoverer / Inventor Country
    1 Adrenaline 1894 Schafer and Oliver Britain

    2 Anesthesia, Local 1885 Koller Austria

    3 Anesthesia, Spinal 1898 Bier Germany

    4 Anti-toxins (Science of Immunity) 1890 Behring and Kitasato Germany, Japan

    5 Aspirin 1889 Dreser Germany

    2000-1000
    6 Ayurveda India
    BC

    7 Bacteria 1683 Leeuwenhock Netherlands

    8 Bacteriology 1872 Ferdinand Cohn Germany

    9 Biochemistry 1648 Jan Baptista Van Helmont Belgium

    Blood Plasma storage (Blood


    10 1940 Drew U.S.A
    bank)

    11 Blood Transfusion 1625 Jean-Baptiste Denys France

    12 Cardiac Pacemaker 1932 A.S Hyman U.S.A

    13 CAT Scanner 1968 Godfrey Hounsfield Britain

    14 Chemotherapy 1493-1541 Paracelsus Switzerland

    15 Chloroform as anaesthetic 1847 James Simpson Britain

    16 Chloromycetin 1947 Burkholder U.S.A

    17 Cholera T.B germs 1877 Robert Koch Germany

    18 Circulation of blood 1628 William Harvey Britain


    19 Cryo-Surgery 1953 Henry Swan U.S.A

    20 Diphtheria germs 1883-84 Klebs and Loffler Germany

    21 Electro-Cardiograph 1903 Willem Einthoven Netherlands

    22 Electro-encephalogram 1929 Hand Berger Germany

    23 Embryology 1792-1896 Kari Ernest Van Baer Estonia

    24 Endocrinology 1902 Bayliss and Starling Britain

    25 First Test Tube Baby 1978 Steptoe and Edwards Britain

    26 Gene Therapy on humans 1980 Martin Clive U.S.A

    Robert Weinberg and


    27 Genes associated with cancer 1982 U.S.A
    others

    28 Heart Transplant Surgery 1967 Christian Barnard S. Africa

    29 Histology 1771-1802 Marie Bichat France

    30 Hypodermic syringe 1853 Alexander wood Britain

    31 Kidney Machine 1944 Kolf Netherlands

    32 Leprosy Bacillus 1873 Hansen Norway

    33 LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) 1943 Hoffman Switzerland

    34 Malaria Germs 1880 Laveran France

    35 Morphine 1805 Friderich Sertumer Germany

    36 Neurology 1758-1828 Franz Joseph Gall Germany

    37 Nuclear magnetic resonance 1971 Raymond Damadian U.S.A


    imaging

    38 Open Heart Surgery 1953 Walton Lillehel U.S.A

    39 Oral Contraceptive Pills 1955 Gregory Pincus, Rock U.S.A

    40 Penicillin 1928 Alexander Fleming Britain

    41 Physiology 1757-66 Albrecht Von Haller Switzerland

    42 Positron emission Tomography 1978 Louis Sokoloff U.S.A

    43 Rabies Vaccine 1860 Louis Pasteur France

    Paul Berg, H.W. Boyer,S


    44 Recombinant-DNA technology 1972-73 U.S.A
    Cohen

    45 Reserpine 1949 Jal Vakil India

    46 Rh-factor 1940 Karl Landsteiner U.S.A

    47 Serology 1884-1915 Paul Ehrlich Germany

    48 Sex hormones 1910 Eugen Steinach Australia

    49 Small Pox eradicated 1980 W.H.O Declaration UN

    50 Stethoscope 1819 Rene Laennec France

    51 Streptomycin 1944 Selman Waksmann U.S.A

    52 Synthetic Antigens 1917 Landsteiner U.S.A

    53 Terramycin 1950 Finlay and Others U.S.A

    54 Thyroxin 1919 Edward Calvin-Kendall U.S.A

    55 Typhus Vaccine 1909 J. Nicolle France


    56 Vaccination 1796 Edward Jenner Britain

    57 Vaccine, Measles 1963 Enders U.S.A

    Gardon, et al. Connaught


    58 Vaccine, Meningitis 1987 U.S.A
    Lab

    59 Vaccine, Polio 1954 Jonas Salk U.S.A

    60 Vaccine, Polio-orai 1960 Albert Sabin U.S.A

    61 Vaccine, Rabies 1885 Louis Pasteur France

    62 Vaccine, Smallpox 1776 Jenner Britain

    USSR,
    63 Virology 1892 Ivanovski and Bajernick
    Netherlands

    64 Vitamin A 1913 Mc Collum and M. Davis U.S.A

    65 Vitamin B1 1936 Minot and Murphy U.S.A

    66 Vitamin C 1919 Froelich Holst Norway

    67 Vitamin D 1925 Mc Collum U.S.A

    68 Vitamin K 1938 Doisy Dam U.S.A

    69 Western Scientific Therapy 460-370 BC Hippocrates Greece

    70 Yoga 200-100 BC Patanjali India


    SCIENCE TERMINOLOGY

    Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized
    knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine
    the nature or principles of what is being studied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a
    particular field of study. In each science measurement plays an important part. In each science,
    too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Here are some sciences.

    ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound).

    ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).

    AERODYNAMICS:
    (i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.
    (ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air

    AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.

    AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in
    them.

    AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.

    AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.

    AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.

    AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.

    AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.

    AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.

    ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.

    ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.

    ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development of mankind.
    ARBORICULTURE:Cultivation of trees and vegetables.

    ARCHAEOLOGY:The study of antiquities.

    ASTROLOGY:The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of indications
    deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies.

    ASTRONAUTICS:The science of space travel.

    ASTRONOMY: - The study of the heavenly bodies.

    ASTROPHYSICS:The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly bodies.

    BACTERIOLOGY: The study of bacteria.

    BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of chemical processes of living things.

    BIOLOGY: The study of living things.

    BIOMETRY:The application of mathematics to the study of living things.

    BIONICS:The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world and the
    application of this knowledge to the world of machines.

    BIONOMICS:The study of the relation of an organism to its environments.

    BIONOMY:The science of the laws of life.

    BIOPHYSICS:The physics of vital processes (living things).

    BOTANY:The study of plants.

    CALISTHENICS:The systematic exercises for attaining strength and gracefulness.

    CARTOGRAPHY:Science of Map Making.

    CERAMICS:The art and technology of making objects from clay, etc. (Pottery).

    CHEMISTRY:The study of elementary and their laws of combination and behaviour.

    CHEMOTHERAPY:The treatment of disease by using chemical substances.


    CHRONOBIOLOGY:The study of the duration of life.

    CHRONOLOGY:The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and historical order
    of past events.

    CONCHOLOGY:The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks.

    COSMOGONY:The science of the nature of heavenly bodies.

    COSMOGRAPHY: The science that describes and maps the main feature of the universe.

    COSMOLOGY:The science of the nature, origin and history of the universe.

    CRIMINOLOGY:The study of crime and criminals.

    CRYTOGRAPHY:The study of ciphers (secret writings).

    CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals.

    CRYGENICS:The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low temperatures.

    CYTOCHEMISTRY:The branch of cytology dealing with the chemistry of cells.

    CYTOGENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of view of
    cytology and genetics.

    CYTOLOGY:The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions.

    DACTYLOGRAPHY:The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.

    DACTYLIOLOGY:The technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It is generally used by
    the deaf.

    ECOLOGY:The study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings, animate and inanimate.

    ECONOMETRICS: The application of mathematics in testing economic theories.

    ECONOMICS:The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and
    services.

    EMBRYOLOGY:The study of development of embryos.


    ENTOMOLOGY:The study of insects.

    EPIDEMIOLOGY:The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases.

    EPIGRAPHY:The study of inscriptions.

    ETHICS:Psychological study of moral principles.

    ETHNOGRAPHY:A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures.

    ETHNOLOGY:A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and distinguishing
    characteristics of the races of mankind.

    ETHOLOGY:The study of animal behaviour.

    ETYMOLOGY:The study of origin and history of words.

    EUGENICS:The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of parents.

    GENEALOGY:The study of family ancestries and histories.

    GENECOLOGY:The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their habitats.

    GENESIOLOGY:The science of generation.

    GENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws governing it.

    GEOBIOLOGY:The biology of terrestrial life.

    GEOBOTANY:The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and the earth's
    surface.

    GEOCHEMISTRY:The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes which take
    place within it.

    GEOGRAPHY:The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate, population,
    etc.

    GEOLOGY:The science that deals with the physical history of the earth.

    GEOMEDICINE:The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and environmental
    conditions on health.
    GEOMORPHOLOGY:The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms.

    GEOPHYSICS:The physics of the earth.

    GERONTOLOGY:The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc.

    HELIOTHEARPY: The sun cure.

    HISTOLOGY:The study of tissues.

    HORTICULTURE:The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.

    HYDRODYNAMICS:The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in motion.

    HYDROGRAPHY:The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference of their use for
    navigation.

    HYDROLOGY:The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the hydrosphere and
    atmosphere.

    HYDROMETALLURGY:The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching ore with


    liquids.

    HYDROPATHY:The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water.

    HYDROPONICS:The cultivation of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather than in
    soil.

    HYDROSTATICS: The mathematical study of forces and pressure in liquids.

    HYGIENE:The science of health and its preservation.

    LCONOGRAPHY:Teaching with the aid of pictures and models.

    LCONOLOGY:The study of symbolic representations.

    JURISPRUDENCE:The science of law.

    LEXICOGRAPHY:The writing or compiling of dictionaries.

    MAMMOGRAPHY:Radiography of the mammary glands.


    METALLOGRAPHY:The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys.

    METALLURGY:The process of extracting metals from their ores.

    METEOROLOGY:The science of the atmosphere and its phenomena.

    METROLOGY:The scientific study of weights and measures.

    MICROBIOLOGY:The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic
    protozoa.

    MOLECCULAR BIOLOGY:The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance in biology.

    MORPHOLOGY:The science of organic forms and structures.

    MYCOLOGY:The study of fungi and fungus diseases.

    NEUROLOGY:The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders.

    NEUROPATHOLOGY:The study of diseases of the nervous system.

    NUMEROLOGY:The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to determine
    the influence on one's future life.

    NUMISMATICS:The study of coins and medals.

    ODONTOGRAPHY:A description of the teeth.

    ODONTOLOGY:The scientific study of the teeth.

    OPTICS:The study of nature and properties of light.

    ORNITHOLOGY:The study of birds.

    ORTHOEPY:The study of correct pronunciation.

    ORTHOPEDICS:The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of


    musculoskeletal systems.

    OSTEOLOGY:The study of the bones.


    OSTEOPATHOLOGY:Any disease of bones.

    OSTEOPATHY:A therapeutic system based upon detecting and correcting faulty structure.

    PALEOBOTANY:The study of fossil plants.

    PALEONTOLOGY:The study of fossils.

    PALYNOLOGY:The pollen analysis.

    PATHOLOGY:The study of diseases.

    PEDAGOGY:The art or method of teaching.

    PHARYNGOLOGY:The science of the pharynx and its diseases.

    PHENOLOGY:The study of periodicity phenomena of plants.

    PHILATELY:The collection and study of postage stamps, revenue stamps, etc.

    PHILOLOGY:The study of written records, their authenticity, etc.

    PHONETICS:The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc.

    PHOTOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.

    PHENOLOGY:The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull.

    PHTHISIOLOGY:The scientific study of tuberculosis.

    PHYCOLOGY:The study of algae.

    PHYSICAL SCIENCE:The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to living matters,
    as in physics, chemistry and astronomy.

    PHYSICS:The study of the properties of matter.

    PHYSIOGRAPHY:The science of physical geography.

    PHYSIOLOGY:The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings.

    PHYTOGENY:Origin and growth of plants.


    POMOLOGY:The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing.

    PSYCHOLOGY:The study of human and animal behaviour.

    RADIO ASTRONOMY:The study of heavenly bodies by the reception and analysis of the radio frequency
    electromagnetic radiations which they emit or reflect.

    RADIOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on living organisms.

    RADIOLOGY:The study of X-rays and radioactivity.

    RHEOLOGY:The study of the deformation and flow of matter.

    SEISMOLOGY:The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it.

    SELENOLOGY:The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movements, etc.

    SERICULTURE:The raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk.

    SOCIOLOGY:The study of human society.

    SPECTROSCOPE:The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope.

    TELEOLOGY:These study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature.

    TELEPATHY:Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception.

    THERAPEUTICS:The science and art of healing.

    TOPOGRAPHY:A special description of a part or region

    TAXICOLOGY:The study of poisons.

    VIROLOGY:The study of viruses.

    ZOOLOGY:The study of animal life.


    6
    SPORTS
    Sports
    Field Person

    The first Indian woman to swim across the English Channel Miss. Arati Shah

    The first Indian to win world Billiards Trophy Wilson Jones

    The first to cross the Damelles by swimming Mihir Sen

    The first to conquer Everest Sherpa Tenzing (1953)

    The first to sail round the world Megellan

    The first person to win Wimbledon title five times Bjorn Borg

    The first woman who conquered Everest Jungo Table (Japan)

    The first person to reach North Pole Robert Peary

    First woman Olympic Medallist (Weight Lifting) Karnam Malleswari (2000)

    The first person to reach South Pole Amundsen

    The first Indian to win All England Badminton Championship Prakash Padukone

    The first Indian woman to conquer Everest Bichendri Pal

    The first an to climb Everest twice Nawang Gombu

    The first person to complete solo walk to magnetic North pole David Hempleman Adam (UK)

    The first woman to reach North pole Ann Bancroft

    The first woman to sail non stop around the world alone Kaycottee

    The first deaf & dumb to cross the strait of Gibraltar Taranath Shenoy (India)
    The first woman to climb Mt. Everest twice Santosh Yadav (India)

    The first black player to win the Wimbledon men's singles title Arthur Ashe (US)

    The first person to win the Palk Strait ocean swimming contest Baidyanath
    7
    WORLD
    FAMOUS TOWNS in WORLD

    Name Famous For

    No 10, Downing Street Official residence of the British Prime Minister.

    Abadan(Iran) Famous for oil refinery

    Alaska (U.S.A.) In 1958 it was declared as 49th State of U.S.A. It is near Canada

    City and sea-port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. Handles about 80%
    Alexandria
    of the country's exports.

    Angkor Wat Ruined temple in Cambodia. Signposts of ancient oriental civilisation.

    Aswam Dam A dam in Egypt across the River Nile.

    Baku Oilfields of Azerbaijan.

    Bastille It was a Jail in Paris. Destroyed during the French Revolution.

    Beding (Australia) Famous for gold mines.

    Bethlehem A town Palestine, the birth place of Christ.

    Bikini Atoll In Pacific Ocean, where first hydrogen bomb was tested by U.S.A.

    An atoll of the Marshall Islands. Atomb Bomb was dropped here experimentally
    Bikini
    in 1948.

    Bratislava A town in Czechoslovakia on Czech-Russian border.

    Buckingham Palace London residence of the British monarch.

    Chushul In Ladakh, highest airfield in the world. Chinese troops attacked it in 1962.
    Corsica An island where Napoleon was born.

    Detroit (U.S.A) The biggest car manufacturing town in the world.

    Elephanta Caves Situated in an island 15 miles from Bombay. Famous for the statues of Siva and
    (India) Parvati.

    Fleet Street Press Center in London.

    In Egypt near Israeli border, was seat of United nations Emergency Force till
    Gaza Strip
    1957. Now under Israeli occupation.

    Key to Mediterranean, fortress and novel base situated on rock in the extreme
    Gibraltar
    South of Spain.

    Golden Temple (India) Famous temple of the Sikhs at Amritsar, constructed by Guru Ram Dass.

    Hiroshima An industrial center of Japan which was destroyed by atom bomb in 1945.

    Hollywood (California.
    Famous for film industry
    U.S.A.)

    Hyde Park A huge park in London.

    Jerusalem City in Israel. Jesus Christ was crucified here (now capital of Israel)

    It is the State of chattarpur, Bundelkhand in Madhya Pradesh. It is famous for


    Khajuraho
    Mahadev Temple.

    Important town of Ukraine, manufactures motor cars, tractors and agricultural


    Khorkov
    machinery.

    Lop Nor Palace in Sinkiang (Red China), site for atomic tests.

    Los Angeles A part of The famous film industry of Hollywood is established here. It is famous as
    California (U.S.A.) Cinima City of the world.

    Lusaka Venue of non-aligned nations summit in September 1970. Capital of Zambia.


    Cotton manufacturing city. It is one of the world's biggest cloth manufacturing
    Manchester (U.K.)
    center.

    City and Seaport of Southern France. Famous for silk, wine, olive soap,
    Marseilles
    margarine and candles.

    Mecca (Saudi Arabia) Sacred place of the Muslims because Prophet Mohammed was born here.

    Longest city of Canada. Famous for iron and steel works and motor car
    Montreal
    factories.

    It is noted for its iron and steel industries. Atom was dropped here during
    Nagasaki (Japan)
    World War II.

    New Castle An important port on the Tyne in England, famous for coal industry.

    New Orleans (U.S.A.) It is the greatest cotton and wheat exporting center in the world.

    Osaka (Japan) Known as the Manchester of Japan. It is sometimes called the Venice of Japan.

    Pisa In Italy, famous for Leaning Tower, one of the seven wonders of the world.

    Pentagon Headquarters of American Defence Forces.

    Phnom-Penh Capital of Cambodia.

    Plais Des Nations Venue in Geneva for holding international conferences.

    Potala Dalai Lama's palace at Lhasa (Tibet).

    Peninsula of Egypt between the Gulfs of Suez and Aquba, at the head of Red
    Sinai
    Sea.

    Seychelles Island in Indian Ocean, got freedom on June 28, 1976.

    Sodom In Israel, the lowest point on earth.

    Vatican Official residence of the Pope of Rome.


    Versaillers (France) Famous for the treaty of Versailles which ended World War I in 1918.

    Capital of Austria. The venue of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between
    Vienna
    Russia and U.S.A.

    Part of the Western Wall of the Temple Court in Jerusalem. Part of the wall,
    Walling Wall probably dates from the time of Solomon, is regarded by both Jews and
    Moslems as one of special sanctity.

    Wall Street In Manhattan, New York, famous for American's stock exchange market.

    White House The official residence of the President of U.S.A. in Washington D.C.

    Zurich (Switzerland) Famous for the manufacture of cotton and silk and for its lenses.

    FAMOUS PLACES IN WORLD

    Place Famous For

    UNESCO sponsored world's first international town near Pondichery in Tamil Nadu
    named after Aurobindo Ghose. The town with an area of 15sq. miles and a population
    AUROVILLE
    of 50,000 will be a self-supporting township having gour zones, viz., cultural, industrial,
    residential and international. It was inaugurated on February 28,1963.

    A monument executed by UNSCO in Egypt, the famous temple at Nybia (Egypt) was
    ABU SIMBAL
    facing submergence as result of the construction of Aswan Dam. UNSCO has
    (U.S.A.)
    reconstructed it at a cost of 36 million dollars and was inaugurated on 12th Sept. 1968.

    ADAM'S Sand and rock bridge between Sri Lanka and India. Legent has is that was constructed
    BRIDGE by Lord Rama when he was in invade Lanka of Ravana.

    ALICE SPRINGS Spring with medicinal properties.


    (Australia)

    BIG BEN Name given to the big clock of the British Parliament building.

    BILLING'S GATE London fish market. As a term, it means foul language.

    DODOMA This is going to be the new capital of Tanzania in place of Dar-es-Salam.

    EIFFEL TOWER 985 feet high tower in Paris build by Gustav Effel in 1887-89 at a cost of 2,00,000

    ELBA An isolated island in the Meduterranean Sea, where Napoleon was exiled in 1841.

    Famous for rock-pruned Kailash Temple (Aurangabad) in Maharashtra. An exquisite


    ELLORA piece of Dravidian art. Ellora cave temples, 34 in number, present a blend of caves
    representing Buddhism and Jainism constructed in 8th century A.D.

    Official residence of the President of France. It was the venue of Paris Peace parleys on
    ELYSEE PALACE
    Vietnam.

    EMPIRE STATE
    BUILDING World's one of the loftiest structures. It has 103 storeys and a height of 1200 feet.
    (U.S.A)

    ESCURIAL One of the longest palaces in Spain.


    MOUNTAINS,PEAKS OF THE WORLD

    MOUNTAIN HEIGHT IN METERS RANGE CONQUERED ON

    Mount Everest 8,848 Himalayas May 29, 1953

    K-2 (Godwin Austin) 8,611 Karakoram July 31, 1954

    Kanchenjunga 8,597 Himalayas May 25, 1955

    Lhotse 8,511 Himalayas May 18, 1956

    Makalu I 8,481 Himalayas May 15, 1955

    Dhaulagiri I 8,167 Himalayas May 13, 1960

    Manaslu 8,156 Himalayas May 9, 1956

    Cho Uyo 8,153 Himalayas Oct 19, 1954

    Nanga Parbat 8,124 Himalayas July 3, 1953

    Annapurna I 8,078 Himalayas June 3, 1950

    Gasherbrum I 8,068 Karakoram July 5, 1958

    Broad Peak I 8,047 Karakoram June 9, 1957


    Gasherbrum II 8,034 Karakoram July 7, 1956

    Shisha Pangma (Gasainthan) 8,013 Himalayas May 2, 1964

    Gasherbrum III 7,952 Karakoram Aug 11, 1975

    Annapurna II 7,937 Himalayas May 17, 1960

    Gasherbrum IV 7,923 Karakoram Aug 6, 1958

    Cyachug Kang 7,921 Himalayas Apr 10, 1964

    Kangbachen 7,902 Himalayas May 26, 1974

    Disteghil Sar I 7,884 Karakoram June 9, 1960

    Himal Chuli 7,864 Himalayas May 24, 1960

    Khinyang Chchish 7,852 Karakoram Aug 26, 1971

    Nuptse 7,841 Himalayas Oct 1970

    Gasherbrum East 7,821 Karakoram July 5, 1960

    Nanda Devi 7,816 Himalayas Aug 29, 1936

    Chomo Lonzo 7,815 Himalayas Oct 30, 1954

    Ngojumba Ri I 7,805 Himalayas May 5, 1965

    Rakaposhi 7,788 Karakoram June 25, 1988

    Batura Muztagh I 7,785 Karakoram July 30, 1976

    Zemu Gap Peak 7,780 Himalayas Unclimbed

    Kanjut Sar 7,760 Karakoram July 19, 1939


    Kamet 7,756 Himalayas June 21, 1931

    SOME HIGHEST WATERFALLS


    Name Location Height in Metres

    Angel Venezuela 807

    Tugela Natal, South Africa 410

    Kukenaam Venezuela 610

    Sutnerland South Island, N.Z 589

    Takkakaw British Columbia 503

    Ribbon (Yoesmite) California 491

    Upper Yosemite California 436

    Gavarnie South-West France 421

    Vettifoss Norway 366

    Widows' Tears (Yosemite) California 357

    Stubbach Switzerland 300

    Middle Cascade (Yosemite) California 227

    King Edward VIII Guyana 259

    Gersoppa India 253


    Kaieteur Guyana 251

    Skykje Norway 250

    Kalambo Trnzania-Zambia 426

    Fairy (Mt.Rainier Park) Washington 213

    Trummelbach Switzerland 213

    Aniene (Teverpne) Italy 207

    Cascata delle Marmore Italy 198

    Maradalsfos Norway 196

    Feather California 195

    Maletsunyane Lesotho 192

    Bridalveli (Yosemite) California 189

    Multnomah Oregon 189

    Voringsfos Norway 182

    Nevada (Yosemite) California 181

    Skjeggedal Norway 160

    Marina Guyana 152


    LARGEST LAKES OF THE WORLD

    Name and Location Area in Sq.Km.

    Caspian Sea, Russia 393,898

    Superior, U.S.A. Canada 82,814

    Nyanza, Tansania-Uganda, Kenya 69,485

    Aral Russia 66,457

    Huron, U.S.A. Canada 59,596

    Michigan, U.S.A. 58,016

    Tanzania-Zaire, Zambia 4 38,893

    Baikal, Russia 31,500

    Great Bear, Canada 31,080

    Nyasa, Malawi-Mozambique-Tanzania 30,044

    Great Salve, Canada 28,930

    Chad, Chad-Niger-Nigeria, Cameroon 25,760

    Erie, U.S.A.-Canada 25,719

    Winnipeg, Canada 23,533

    Ontario, U.S.A.-Canada 19,477


    Balkash, Russia 18,428

    Ladoga, Russia 18,130

    Onega 9,891

    Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru 8,135

    Nicaragua, Nicaragua 8,001

    Athabaska, Canada 7,920

    Rudolf, Kenya, Ethiopia 6,405

    Reindeer, Canada 6,330

    Eyre, SouthAustralia 6,216

    Issyk-Kul, Russia 6,200

    Urmia, Iran 6,001

    Torrens, South Australia 5,698

    Vanern, Sweden 5,545

    Winnipegosis, Canada 5,403

    Mobutu Sese Seko, Uganda 5,299

    Nettilling, Baffin Island, Canada 5,051

    Nipigon, Canada 4,843

    Manitoba, Canada 4,706

    Great Salt, U.S.A. 4,662


    Kiogo, Uganda 4,403

    Koko-Nor, China 4,222

    SOLAR SYSTEM

    Diameter 3,040 Kilometer


    Moons 1
    Avg.Distance to
    5,865.5 million KM
    Sun
    Time to Orbit the
    248 Years
    Sun

    Pluto o This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, the
    coldest and arguably the strangest.
    o It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solar
    system.
    o Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a
    Facts
    bi-planet.
    o NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that
    Pluto is shrouded in frozen nitrogen- not methane as
    once thought. Nitrogen makes 78% of the air.

    Diameter 49,000 Kilometer


    Moons 8
    Avg.Distance to
    4,497 million KM
    Neptune Sun
    Time to Orbit the
    165 Years
    Sun
    Facts o It is denser & little smaller than Uranus.
    o Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing
    white clouds often suspended high above an apparent
    surface.
    o Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon
    compounds.
    o It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives
    from the sun and the Aurora phenomenon was noticed
    by Voyager II.

    Diameter 52,096 Kilometer


    Moons 17
    Avg.Distance to
    2,852.8 million KM
    Sun
    Time to Orbit the
    84 Years
    Uranus Sun
    o Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side.
    o One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits.
    o Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the
    Facts
    planet and a corkscrew-shaped magnetic field that
    stretches millions of kilometers.

    Diameter 6,755.2 Kilometer


    Moons 2
    Avg.Distance to
    225.6 million KM
    Sun
    Time to Orbit the
    687 Days
    Mars Sun
    o The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere.
    o Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders.
    o Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with
    Facts
    dormant volcanoes and deep chasms where water once
    freely flowed.

    Venus Diameter 12,032 Kilometer


    Moons None
    Avg.Distance to
    107.52 million KM
    Sun
    Time to Orbit the
    225 Days
    Sun
    o Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus is
    perpetually veiled behind reflective sulfuric-acid clouds.
    o Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and
    Facts
    carbon-dioxide environment to reveal flat, rocky plains
    & signs of volcanic activity.

    Diameter 4,849.6 Kilometer


    Moons None
    Avg.Distance to
    57.6 million KM
    Sun
    Time to Orbit the
    88 Days
    Sun
    Mercury
    1. Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon.
    2. Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per
    hour.
    3. A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's
    Facts
    gravity field.
    4. The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching
    hot and nights, frigid.

    Diameter 12,732.2 Kilometer


    Moons 1
    Avg.Distance to
    148.8 million KM
    Sun
    Earth Time to Orbit the
    365 Days
    Sun
    1. Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of
    oxygen and copious water maker Earth the only planet
    Facts
    in the solar system to support life.
    Diameter 1,41,968 Kilometer
    Moons 16
    Avg.Distance to
    772.8 million KM
    Sun
    Time to Orbit the
    11.9 Years
    Sun
    Jupiter
    1. Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red
    Spot on the Solar system's largest planet.
    2. Voyagers I and II later showed it is an enormous eddy in
    the turbulent cloud cover. Earth the only planet in the
    Facts
    solar system to support life.
    3. They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and
    volcanoes on the Moon.

    Diameter 1,19,296 Kilometer


    Moons 20 or more
    Avg.Distance to
    1,417.6 million KM
    Sun
    Time to Orbit the
    29.5 Years
    Saturn Sun
    1. Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden
    giant Saturn are composed of thousands of rippling,
    spiraling bands just 100 feets thick.
    Facts
    2. The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and
    hydrocarbons.

    Diameter 13,84,000 Kilometer


    Statellites 9 Planets
    Age 4.5 billion years
    Sun 1. A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may
    reach a temperature of 27-millon degrees Celsius at its
    core.
    Facts
    2. Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum,
    a period marked by frequent sunspots and flares.
    3. On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the
    amazing sky streamers called Northern Lights will
    appear.

    Cities Situated on River Sides


    CITY RIVER COUNTRY Karachi Indus Pakistan
    Alexandria Nile Egypt Lahore Ravi Pakistan
    Amsterdam Amsel Netherlands London Thames England
    Antwerp Scheidt Belgium Montreal Ottawa Canada
    Baghded Tigris Iraq Moscow Moskow Russia
    Bangkok Menam Thailand New York Hudson U.S.A.
    Belgrade Danube Yugoslavia Paris Seine France
    Berlin Spree Germany Quebec St.Lawrence Canada
    Bonn Rhine Germany Rangoon Irrawadi Mayanmar
    Budapest Danube Hungary Rome Tiber Italy
    Cairo Nile Egypt Tokyo Sumida Japan
    Canton Canton China Vienna Danube Austria
    Glasgow Clyde Scotland Warswa Vistula Poland
    Hamburg Elbe Germany Delhi Yamuna India
    GOOD LUCK………

    “Good Fence Makes Good Friends” By Murali Krishna

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