9*:5-70 14: ;(+)#$3

/&0( -(1&0&+ +2&3 4+ -5-&04$6( &+ -73% -8*"#$2% 4"+&+:

! "##$%& '() &#&*+$,)
-(-&#&*+$%./) / 0#&*+$%./) 1+%2/) 34#&+',256#
7&+&*589&'& 0#:*+$(): 7&+&9$#'%./, ;<#&(, 0+%=$8 Fibonacci
0>&8+52( '() 0#&*+$,)

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14-1

!0-+(+)#$*<"% =2(+#&3=-*%

>#$&$6 )$6- &* -?(+* +(+)#$3 4-'#3=&- &$ 8#1@50+ -6#-=0% &$2
8+#+A$(&*<$6 <:8$*$2 +#*4$6 (factorial).
0! = 1 ,
1! = 1
2! = 1x2 = 2
3! = 1x2x3 = 6
4! = 1x2x3x4=24
5! = 1x2x3x4x5 = 120
!"#$%&'$: Na 4?$@$%,2$45 '(# factorial(int n) ( $@$8& &) 5@%2'+">5% '$
@&+&9$#'%./ .:@$%$4 =5'%.$< &.5+&8$4 n.
!"#$
int factorial(int n) {
int i, result=1;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
result *= i;
}
return result;
}
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!"#$% &'( )*+,+(-*.( Demetrios Zeinalipour University of Cyprus

14-2

;(+)#$3
B+=*<3 "(($*+ =&+ !+40+&*<: <+* =&0( >50#$,$#*<3.
/&0( 850#$,$#*<3 0 +(+)#$3 C#0=*$8$*-?&+* =+( '5A#%.,
@+$9+&&'%2$< <+* =+( "=$*$) 2A5*%&2$< &?9$+8=6#.
/&$( 8#$A#++&*=1 0 +(+)#$3 -,+(?D-&+* - &0( %&'#$ ()*+
,-.-/.0/123.+ 2-* 3.) (2,3* 3.,. E(+ +(+)#$*<1
28$8#1A#++ +8$&-5-?&+* +81:
"(+ 4'2 562%.-'+, 18$2 $#?D-&+* 0 -<&"5-=0 &$2 28$8#$A#:+&$% A*+
<:8$*-% *<#"% &*"% &'( 8+#+"&#'( &$2, <+*
"(+ 2)25/.6%* 4'2, <+&: &$ $8$?$ 0 -<&"5-=0 &$2 28$8#$A#:+&$%
$#?D-&+* '% =2()2+=1% <53=-'( &$2 28$8#$A#:+&$% =- :55-%
*<#1&-#-% &*"% &'( 8+#+"&#'(.

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14-3

>+#:)-*A+ 2: >+#+A$(&*<1 ;#*4$6

;% $#?=$2- &.#+ &$( +(+)#$*<1 $#*=1 &0% factorial.
0! = 1 ,
1! = 1
4! = 1x2x3x4=24

2! = 1x2 = 2
3! = 1x2x3 = 6
5! = 1x2x3x4x5 = 120

;(+)#$*<1% F#*=1% Factorial

0! = 1
n! = n ! (n-1)! , n > 0

B3+ 9*+<$83%
;(+)#$*<1 B3+

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!"#$% &'( )*+,+(-*.( Demetrios Zeinalipour University of Cyprus

14-4

>+#:)-*A+ 2: >+#+A$(&*<1 ;#*4$6

int factorial ( int n ) {
if (n == 0)
return 1;
else
return n ! factorial(n-1);
}

6
2

G<&"5-=0 factorial(3)
return 3 !

G<&"5-=0 factorial(2)

factorial(2);

return 2 !
1

G<&"5-=0 factorial(0)

G<&"5-=0 factorial(1)

factorial(1);

return 1 !
factorial(0);

return 1
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14-5

H5$8$?0=0 +(+)#$3%
/- <:4- <53=0 $8$*+=)38$&- =2(:#&0=0% "(+ =6($5$ +81 5"7-*%
(stack frame) 7,&1##(326 #( 62 #3.842 (3$) #3.842 3.,
-/.0/123.+), +81 18$2 8$#-? (+ +(+=2#4-?.

I&+( *+ =2(:#&0=0 )*+<1J-* &0( -<&"5-=3 &0% - &0( <53=0 *+%

:550% =2(:#&0=0% $( )*+,&#+$( #"- ./',+#"."-, ( 0(&%1/'."
&)(.#+$23- <+* $% #$)(45- &#*67"#5- &0% %2&."#2+ #,)1/3$#$+
,25:==$(&+* "=+ =&0 =&$?@+ &$2 8#$A#:+&$%.

E&=* 1&+( 0 <504-?=+ =2(:#&0=0 &-#+&?=-* &$ 8-#*@:55$( &0(

<+5$6=+% =2(:#&0=0% 2)2#"/(326 2-* 3$ #3.842 A*+ (+ =2(-C*=&-?
<+($(*<: 0 -<&"5-=3 &0%.
;,$6 <:4- <53=0 *+% )*+)*<+=?+% -<&-5-?&+* =&$ )*<1 &0%
8-#*@:55$(, -?(+* -8*&#-8&3 <+* $ %&'#$ #,)2/3'#(9) 2-* 3.)
(2,3* &$2% (+(+)#$3).

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14-6

>+#:)-*A+ 2: 96(+0 ;#*4$6

2) :")2$ (Power)
a0 = 1
an = an-1.a (n>=1)
int mpower(int a, int n) {
if (n==0)
return 1;
return a*mpower(a, n-1);
}
8*+,0&(9*
mpower(2,3) => 2*mpower(2,2)
= 2*2*mpower(2,1)
= 2*2*2*mpower(2,0)
= 2*2*2*1= 8

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14-7

>+#:)-*A+ 3: 92+)*<3 ;(+D3&0=0 (;(:52=0)

;5*$"#& B%2/*$4: >?(+<+% K - n =&$*C-?+, 32;6).$<).+ +81 &$

*<#1&-#$ =&$ -A+56&-#$, <+* +<"#+*$% k.

3'/A$): L+ -7+<#*@.=$2- +( &$ k -?(+* =&$*C-?$ &$2 K.

12 15 17 18 30 33

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14-8

92+)*<3 ;(+D3&0=0
:/*0(43 ;'*<3#".": @#?=<$2- &$ "=$ &$2 8?(+<+ <+* +8$,+=?D$2- +(
&$ k +(3<-* =&$ )-7*1 3 &$ +#*=&-#1 *=1. G8+(+5+@:($2- &0( ?)*+
)*+)*<+=?+ =&$ "*=1" 8$2 +% -()*+,"#-*.
!"#$%!"&'()$!"#$*+,-!"#$"-!"#$./0$
$$!"#$123$4$5-$6!76$4$"89:$
$$!"#$;!<:$
K=15?
$$36!1=$)$123$>4$6!76$/0$
$$$$;!<$4123?)6!768123/@A:$$
X
$$$!B$)*+;!<,$44$./$$
8 12 15 17 18 30 33
$$
$'=#C'"$;!<:$
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 n
$$$$=1D=$!B$)*+;!<,$>$./$
low
high
mid1
mid2
$
$$123$4$;!<$?$9:$
mid3
$$$$=1D=$!B$)*+;!<,$E$./$$
$
$6!76$4$;!<89:$
$$F$
M)*$ - (low+high)/2. N=&1=$ 0
$$'=#C'"$89:$
"<)$=0 +2&3 8$#-? (+ 28$,"#-* +81
F$$
28-#C-?5*=0 +<-#+?$2.
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14-9

;(+)#$*<3 92+)*<3 ;(+D3&0=0

O+ 1#*+ )?)$(&+* =+( 8+#:-&#$

int BS_aux(int list[],int low,int high,int k)

{
K=15?
int mid;
X
if (low<=high) {
mid=low+(high-low)/2;
8 12 15 17 18 30
if (list[mid]==k)
0
1
2
3
4
5
return mid;
low
mid2 mid3 mid1
else if (k<list[mid])
return BS_aux(list,low,mid-1,k);
else
return BS_aux(list,mid+1,high,k);
}
return -1;
}

33
6

high

BinarySearch(int A[], int n, int k) {

int low = 0, high = n-1;
return BS_aux(A, low, high, k);
}
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!"#$% &'( )*+,+(-*.( Demetrios Zeinalipour University of Cyprus

14-10

92+)*<3 ;(+D3&0=0 K#1($% G<&"5-=0%

P @+=*<3 8#:70 (=6A<#*=0) -<&-5-?&+* F(log2n) ,$#"% )05+)3:
!"#$%&'( 1

-> )*+ *,-$.&/* n/2 #-0 ,1.*"*,

!"#$%&'( 2
!"#$%&'( 3

!"#$%&'( 2

-> )*+ *,-$.&/ n/4 #-0 ,1.*"*,

-> )*+ *,-$.&/ n/8 #-0 ,1.*"*,

-> )*+ *,-$.&/ 1 '#-/3&1- #-0 ,1.*"*,

!"#$ %&"'(%)# * %+"% ,-.&/% "0 )"012%+0 %+"% 321

4(%.$3-0& #(. *"-%-051* n, n/2, n/4, n/8,, 4, 2, 1,
<==> 20,21,22,23,,2x " n
6- x &"789:&/ ,;'&+ 7-8$+ &"#&%-<& #- while loop

2 x ! n => log 2 2 x ! log 2 n => x ! log 2 n

Binary Search - F(log2n)

* K'#?% @5:@0 &0% A-(*<1&0&+%, 4-'#3=&- 1&* n -?(+* D2A1%
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14-11

=.&,-&.%*3$32 >)25/.6%?) :6256%2#6?)

!"C#* &.#+ =2D0&3=+- &-C(*<"% A*+ &0( 2)1&,#$
(-2)2&$-36%?) 2&0./8@9) (- while, for, <&5.)
N=&1=$, 8$55$? 2&0*/6@.6 $#?D$(&+* 2)25/.6%1 (8.C. binary
search, etc)
Q"5$2- <:8$*+ -4$)$5$A?+ A*+ (+ +(+56$2- &0(
8$5285$<1&0&+ &"&$*'( +(+)#$*<.( -7*=.=-'(.
8.C. O(n) = 2#T(n/2) +1000n
O(n)=2n*T(n-1), n>0 <&5.
Q+ -5-&3=$2- ;(+)#$*<"% G7*=.=-*% &68$2 :628/(6 %26
A2#8&(,(
Q+ &*% -8*56=$2- - &0( B<@.5. 3$+ >)36%231#32#$+
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!"#$% &'( )*+,+(-*.( Demetrios Zeinalipour University of Cyprus

14-12

;(:52=0 ;(+)#$*<3% 92+)*<3% ;(+D3&0=0

;% 7+(+)$6- &0( +(+)#$*<3 "<)$=0 &0% )2+)*<3% +(+D3&0=0%
int BS_aux(int list[],int low,int high,int k)
{
int mid;
if (low<=high) {
mid=low+(high-low)/2;
if (list[mid]==a)
return mid;
else if (k<list[mid])
return BS_aux(list,low,mid-1,k);
else
return BS_aux(list,mid+1,high,k);
}
return -1;
}

K=15?
X

8
0

low

12 15 17 18 30 33
1
mid2

mid1

high

mid3

;81 1&* @5"8$2- =- <:4- -<&"5-=0 &$ binary_search $*#:D-* *+

+<$5$24?+ n =&$*C-?'( =- n/2 =&$*C-?+ (-:( n -?(+* D2A1%).
G8$"('% &$ 8#1@50+ -A"4$2% n "A*(- &.#+ n/2.
/- <:4- @3+ C#-*+D1+=&- <+* 2 =2A<#?=-*% (&+ )2$ if statements)
O C#1($% -<&"5-=0% &0% binary_search -<,#:D-&+* - &0( +(+)#$*<3
=2(:#&0=0:
f(n) = f(n/2) + 2 // +(+)#$*<1 @3+
f(1) = 2
// =2(43<0 &-#+&*=$6
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!"#$% &'( )*+,+(-*.( Demetrios Zeinalipour University of Cyprus

14-13

B<@.5.+ 3$+ >)36%231#32#$+

B<@.5.+ 3$+ >)36%231#32#$+
K#0=*$8$*$6- &$ @3+ &0% +(+)#$3% -8+(+508&*<:, "C#* (+ -<,#:=$2- &$
O(n) '% =2(:#&0=0 &0% @+=*<3% 8-#?8&'=0%, )2(:-*% &$2 n <+* =&+4-#"% &*"%.
=2*+$93
EC$2- &0( +(+)#$*<3 -7?='=0 &0% )2+)*<3% )*-#-6(0=0% (C"-., :628/(6 %26 A2#8&(,()
O(n) = T(n/2) + 2,
T(1) = 2

A*+ <:4- n$2

O1&-, +(&*<+4*=&.(&+% &$ O(n/2) - &0( &*3 &$2 8+?#($2O(n) = T(n/2) + 2

= T(n/4) + 2 + 2
= T(n/8) + 2 + 2 + 2
= (!8$#$6- &.#+ (+ +(&"J$2- 1&* )
= 2 + ... + 2 + 2 + 2

$!!#!!"
log2 n

,$#"%

G8$"('% 0 )2+)*<3 +(+D3&0=0 -<&-5-?&+* log2n @3+&+

Binary Search - F(log2n)

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!"#$% &'( )*+,+(-*.( Demetrios Zeinalipour University of Cyprus

14-14

>+#:)-*A+ 1 - !"4$)$% &0% +(&*<+&:=&+=0%

EC$2- &0( +(+)#$*<3 -7?='=0
O(n) = 4#T(n/2) + n,
T(1) = 1

A*+ <:4- n$2

O1&-, +(&*<+4*=&.(&+% &$ O(n/2) - &0( &*3 &$2 8+?#($2O(n) = 4#T(n/2) + n

// G<&"5-=0 1
= 4(4#T(n/4) + n/2) + n
// G<&"5-=0 2
= 4R#O(n/4) + 2n + n
// >#:7-*%
= 4S#O(n/8) + 2R n + 2n + n
// G<&"5-=0 3
= ... !8$#$6- &.#+ (+ +(&"J$2- 1&*
= 4k#O(1) +2k-1n + +2R n + 2n + n
// k=log2n

=4

log2 n

+ n*

log2 n "1

#2

=2

log2 n 2

+ n * (2

i =0

log2 n

" 1)

// " 2i = 2 n +1 ! 1
i =0

= n 2 + n(n " 1 ) = 2n 2 " n ! O(n 2 )

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!"#$% &'( )*+,+(-*.( Demetrios Zeinalipour University of Cyprus

14-15

>+#:)-*A+ 2 - !"4$)$% &0% +(&*<+&:=&+=0%

D#%$#$
L+ 56=-&- &0( 8*$ <:&' +(+)#$*<3 -7?='=0 - &0( <@.5. 3$+
2)36%231#32#$+ (8#$=$C3 )-( -?(+* &68$2 )*+?#-* & @+=?5-2-)
O(0)=1
O(n)=2n*T(n-1), n>0
!"#$
O(n) = 2*n*T(n-1)
= 22*n*(n-1)*T(n-2)
= 23*n*(n-1)*(n-2)*T(n-3)
.(!8$#$6- &.#+ (+ +(&"J$2- 1&* )
= 2n*n*(n-1)*(n-2)*...*2*1*T(0)
= 2n*n!
- F(2nn!)
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!"#$% &'( )*+,+(-*.( Demetrios Zeinalipour University of Cyprus

14-16

Master Theorem
To Master Theorem +% -8*&#"8-* (+ @#?=<$2- 3 (+ -8+504-6$2- &0(
C#$(*<3 8$5285$<1&0&+ +(+)#$*<.( -7*=.=-'( 3"-., 5628/(6 %26
42#8&(,(.
:628/(6 %26 A2#8&(,(: -E. O(n) = T(n/2) + 2 2&&1 *E6 O(n)=2n*T(n-1)
;2&1 &$ 4-.#0+ 5() E/(61F(326 (+ &$( 2-.)$.)("#(3( +55:
8$#-?&- (+ &$( C#0=*$8$*3=-&- A*+ &0( (-2&'@(,#$ 2#%'#(9).

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14-17

Master Theorem - G72/.0'

>)25/.6%' :,256%' >)2F'3$#$
O(n) = T(n/2) + 2 A*+ <:4- n$2
T(1) = 2
a=1, b=2, c=2, d=0 ()-% &68$ Master)
% a=1 <+* bd=20= 1
% T(n) is O(ndlogn)
% T(n) is O(n0logn)
% T(n) is O(logn)

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14-18