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funk I+kQkkyh
(1938)

12 vDrwcj 1938 dks fnYyh esa tUes funk I+kQkkyh dk cpiu Xokfy;j esa
chrkA funk I+kQkkyh mnwZ dh lkBkskjh ih<+h osQ egoiw.kZ dfo ekus tkrs gSaA vke
cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa vkSj ljyrk ls fdlh osQ Hkh fnyksfnekx esa ?kj dj losQ]
,slh dfork djus esa bUgsa egkjr gkfly gSA ogh funk I+kQkkyh viuh x|
jpukvksa esa 'ksj&vks&'kk;jh fijksdj cgqr oqQN dks FkksM+s esa dg nsus osQ ekeys esa
vius fdLe osQ vosQys gh x|dkj gSaA
funk I+kQkkyh dh y+tksa dk iqy uked dfork dh igyh iqLrd vkbZA
'kk;jh dh fdrkc [kks;k gqvk lk oqQN osQ fy, 1999 osQ lkfgR; vdknseh
iqjLdkj ls lEekfur funk I+kQkkyh dh vkRedFkk dk igyk Hkkx nhokjksa osQ chp
vkSj nwljk nhokjksa osQ ikj 'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr gks pqdk gSA bu fnuksa fI+kQYe m|ksx
ls lac gSaA ;gk rek'kk esjs vkxs fdrkc esa ladfyr ,d va'k izLrqr gSA

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ikB izo's k

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oqQnjr us ;g /jrh mu reke tho/kfj;ksa osQ fy, vrk iQjekbZ Fkh ftUgsa [kqn
mlh us tUe fn;k FkkA ysfdu gqvk ;g fd vkneh uke osQ oqQnjr osQ lcls
vkhe dfj'es us /hjs&/hjs iwjh /jrh dks gh viuh tkxhj cuk fy;k vkSj
vU; reke thokkfj;ksa dks njcnj dj fn;kA urhtk ;g gqvk fd vU;
thokkfj;ksa dh ;k rks uLysa [kRe gksrh xb ;k mUgsa viuk BkSj&fBdkuk NksM+dj
dgha vkSj tkuk iM+k ;k fiQj vkt Hkh os ,d vkf'k;kus dh ryk'k esa ekjs&ekjs
fiQj jgs gSaA
bruk Hkj gqvk jgk gksrk rc Hkh xuher gksrh] ysfdu vkneh uke osQ bl
tho dh lc oqQN lesV ysus dh Hkw[k ;gha iwjh ugha gqbAZ vc og vU; izkf.k;ksa
dks gh ugha [kqn viuh tkr dks Hkh csn[ky djus ls kjk Hkh ijgsk ugha djrkA
vkye ;g gS fd mls u rks fdlh osQ lq[k&nq[k dh prk gS] u fdlh dks
lgkjk ;k lg;ksx nsus dh ea'kk ghA ;dhu u vkrk gks rks bl ikB dks i<+ tkb,
vkSj lkFk gh ;kn dhft,xk vius vklikl osQ yksxksa dksA cgqr laHko gS bls
i<+rs gq, ,sls cgqr yksx ;kn vk, tks dHkh u dHkh fdlh u fdlh osQ izfr
oSlk gh cjrko djrs jgs gksaA

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vc dgk nwljs osQ nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys

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ckbfcy osQ lksyksesu ftUgsa oqQjvku esa lqyseku dgk x;k gS] bZlk ls 1025 o"kZ iwoZ ,d ckn'kkg
FksA dgk x;k gS] og osQoy ekuo tkfr osQ gh jktk ugha Fks] lkjs NksVs&cM+s i'kq&i{kh osQ Hkh gkfde
FksA og bu lcdh Hkk"kk Hkh tkurs FksA ,d nIkQk lqyseku vius y'dj osQ lkFk ,d jkLrs ls xqkj
jgs FksA jkLrs esa oqQN phafV;ksa us ?kksM+ksa dh Vkiksa dh vkokk lquh rks Mj dj ,d&nwljs ls dgk]
^vki tYnh ls vius&vius fcyksa esa pyks] I +kQkSt vk jgh gSA* lqyseku mudh ckrsa lqudj FkksM+h
nwj ij #d x, vkSj phafV;ksa ls cksys] ^?kcjkvks ugha] lqyseku dks [kqnk us lcdk j[kokyk cuk;k
gSA eSa fdlh osQ fy, eqlhcr ugha gw] lcosQ fy, eqgCcr gwA*
phafV;ksa us muosQ fy, bZ'oj ls nqvk dh vkSj lqyseku viuh
eafky dh vksj c<+ x,A

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,slh ,d ?kVuk dk fk l/h Hkk"kk osQ egkdfo 'ks[k v;kk us viuh vkRedFkk esa fd;k
gSA mUgksaus fy[kk gS^,d fnu muosQ firk oqQ, ls ugkdj ykSVsA ek us Hkkstu ijkslkA mUgksaus tSls
gh jksVh dk dkSj rksM+kA mudh ukj viuh cktw ij iM+hA ogk ,d dkyk P;ksaVk jsax jgk FkkA og
Hkkstu NksM+dj mB [kM+s gq,A* ek us iwNk] ^D;k ckr gS\ Hkkstu vPNk ugha yxk\* 'ks[k v;kk
osQ firk cksys] ^ugha] ;g ckr ugha gSA eSaus ,d ?kj okys dks cs?kj dj fn;k gSA ml cs?kj dks oqQ,
ij mlosQ ?kj NksM+us tk jgk gwA*
ckbfcy vkSj nwljs ikou xzaFkksa eas uwg uke osQ ,d iSxacj dk fk feyrk gSA mudk vlyh
uke y'kdj Fkk] ysfdu vjc us mudks uwg osQ ydc ls ;kn fd;k gSA og blfy, fd vki lkjh
mez jksrs jgsA bldk dkj.k ,d k[eh oqQkk FkkA uwg osQ lkeus ls ,d ckj ,d ?kk;y oqQkk xqkjkA
uwg us mls nqRdkjrs gq, dgk] ^nwj gks tk xans oqQks!* bLyke esa oqQkksa dks xank le>k tkrk gSA oqQks
us mudh nqRdkj lqudj tokc fn;k---^u eSa viuh ekhZ ls oqQkk gw] u rqe viuh ilan ls bulku
gksA cukus okyk lcdk rks ogh ,d gSA*
e^h ls e^h feys ]
[kks osQ lHkh fu'kkuA
fdlesa fdruk dkSu gS]
oSQls gks igpkuAA
uwg us tc mldh ckr lquh vkSj nq[kh gks eqr rd jksrs jgsA ^egkHkkjr* esa ;qf/f"Bj dk tks
var rd lkFk fuHkkrk ukj vkrk gS] og Hkh izrhdkRed :i esa ,d oqQkk gh FkkA lc lkFk NksM+rs
x, rks osQoy ogh muosQ ,dkar dks 'kkar dj jgk FkkA
nqfu;k oSQls otwn esa vkbZ\ igys D;k Fkh\ fdl fcanq ls bldh ;k=kk 'kq: gqb\Z bu iz'uksa osQ
mkj foKku viuh rjg ls nsrk gS] /kfeZd xzFa k viuh&viuh rjg lsA lalkj dh jpuk Hkys gh oSQls
gqbZ gks ysfdu /jrh fdlh ,d dh ugha gSA iaNh] ekuo] i'kq] unh] ioZr] leanj vkfn dh blesa
cjkcj dh fgLlsnkjh gSA ;g vkSj ckr gS fd bl fgLlsnkjh esa ekuo tkfr us viuh cqf ls cM+h&cM+h
nhokjsa [kM+h dj nh gSAa igys iwjk lalkj ,d ifjokj osQ leku Fkk vc VqdM+kas esa cVdj ,d&nwljs
ls nwj gks pqdk gSA igys cM+&s cM+s nkykuks&a vkxuksa esa lc fey&tqydj jgrs Fks vc NksV&s NksVs fMCcs
tSls ?kjksa esa thou fleVus yxk gSA c<+rh gqbZ vkckfn;ksa us leanj dks ihNs ljdkuk 'kq: dj fn;k
gS] isMk+ as dks jkLrksa ls gVkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS] iSQyrs gq, izn"w k.k us iafN;ksa dks cfLr;ksa ls Hkxkuk 'kq:
dj fn;k gSA ck:nksa dh fouk'kyhykvksa us okrkoj.k dks lrkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA vc xjeh esa ;knk
xjeh] csoDr dh cjlkrs]a kykys] lSykc] rwI+kQku vkSj fur u, jksx] ekuo vkSj izfr osQ blh
vlary
q u osQ ifj.kke gSAa uspj dh lgu'kfDr dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA uspj osQ xqLls dk ,d uewuk

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vc dgk nwljs osQ nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys / 113

oqQN lky igys cacbZ (eaqcbZ) esa ns[kus dks feyk Fkk vkSj ;g uewuk bruk Mjkouk Fkk fd cacbZ fuoklh
Mjdj vius&vius iwtk&LFky esa vius [kqnkvksa ls izkFkZuk djus yxs FksA
dbZ lkyksa ls cM+s&cMs+ fcYMj leanj dks ihNs kosQy dj mldh kehu dks gfFk;k jgs FksA
cspkjk leanj yxkrkj fleVrk tk jgk FkkA igys mlus viuh iSQyh gqbZ Vkxsa lesVha] FkksM+k fleVdj
cSB x;kA fiQj txg de iM+h rks mdM cSB x;kA fiQj [kM+k gks x;k---tc [kM+s jgus dh txg
de iM+h rks mls xqLlk vk x;kA tks ftruk cM+k gksrk gS mls mruk gh de xqLlk vkrk gSA ijarq
vkrk gS rks jksduk eqf'dy gks tkrk gS] vkSj ;gh gqvk] mlus ,d jkr viuh ygjksa ij nkSM+rs gq,
rhu tgkkksa dks mBkdj cPpksa dh xsan dh rjg rhu fn'kkvksa esa isaQd fn;kA ,d oyhZ osQ leanj
osQ fdukjs ij vkdj fxjk] nwljk ckanzk esa dkVZj jksM osQ lkeus vkSaks eqg vkSj rhljk xsV&os&vkWI+kQ
bafM;k ij VwV&iwQVdj lSykfu;ksa dk ukkjk cuk ckotwn dksf'k'k] os fiQj ls pyus&fiQjus osQ
dkfcy ugha gks losQA
esjh ek dgrh Fkh] lwjt <ys vkxu osQ isM+ksa ls iks er rksM+ks] isM+ jks,xsA nh;k&ckh osQ
oDr iwQyksa dks er rksM+ks] iwQy cqvk nsrs gSaA--- nfj;k ij tkvks rks mls lyke fd;k djks] og
[kq'k gksrk gSA dcwrjksa dks er lrk;k djks] os gkjr eqgEen dks vkhk gSaA mUgksaus mUgsa viuh
ekkj osQ uhys xqacn ij ?kksalys cukus dh bkkkr ns j[kh gSA eqxsZ dks ijs'kku ugha fd;k djks]
og eqYyk th ls igys eksgYys esa vkku nsdj lcdks losjs txkrk gS
lc dh iwtk ,d&lh] vyx&vyx gS jhrA
efLtn tk, ekSyoh] dks;y xk, xhrAA

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Xokfy;j esa gekjk ,d edku Fkk] ml edku osQ nkyku esa nks jks'kunku FksA mlesa dcwrj osQ
,d tksM+s us ?kksalyk cuk fy;k FkkA ,d ckj fcYyh us mpddj nks esa ls ,d vaMk rksM+ fn;kA
esjh ek us ns[kk rks mls nq[k gqvkA mlus LVwy ij p<+dj nwljs vaMs dks cpkus dh dksf'k'k dhA
ysfdu bl dksf'k'k esa nwljk vaMk mlh osQ gkFk ls fxjdj VwV x;kA dcwrj ijs'kkuh esa bkj&mkj
iQM+iQM+k jgs FksA mudh vk[kksa esa nq[k ns[kdj esjh ek dh vk[kksa esa vklw vk x,A bl xqukg dks
[kqnk ls eqvkI+kQ djkus osQ fy, mlus iwjs fnu jkskk j[kkA fnu&Hkj oqQN [kk;k&fi;k ughaA flI +kZQ jksrh
jgh vkSj ckj&ckj uekt i<+&i<+dj [kqnk ls bl xyrh dks eqvkI +kQ djus dh nqvk ekxrh jghA
Xokfy;j ls cacbZ dh nwjh us lalkj dks dkI+kQh oqQN cny fn;k gSA olksoZ k esa tgk vkt esjk
?kj gS] igys ;gk nwj rd taxy FkkA isM+ Fks] ifjans Fks vkSj nwljs tkuoj FksA vc ;gk leanj osQ
fdukjs yach&pkSM+h cLrh cu xbZ gSA bl cLrh us u tkus fdrus ifjanksa&pfjanksa ls mudk ?kj Nhu
fy;k gSA buesa ls oqQN 'kgj NksM+dj pys x, gSaA tks ugha tk losQ gSa mUgksaus ;gk&ogk Msjk Mky
fy;k gSA buesa ls nks dcwrjksa us esjs ySV osQ ,d epku esa ?kksalyk cuk fy;k gSA cPps vHkh NksVs

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gSaA muosQ f[kykus&fiykus dh fkEesnkjh vHkh cM+s dcwrjksa dh gSA os fnu esa dbZ&dbZ ckj
vkrs&tkrs gSaA vkSj D;ksa u vk,&tk, vkf[kj mudk Hkh ?kj gSA ysfdu muosQ vkus&tkus ls gesa
ijs'kkuh Hkh gksrh gSA os dHkh fdlh phk dks fxjkdj rksM+ nsrs gSaA dHkh esjh ykbczsjh esa ?kqldj
dchj ;k fekkZ xkfyc dks lrkus yxrs gSaA bl jksk&jksk dh ijs'kkuh ls rax vkdj esjh iRuh us
ml txg tgk mudk vkf'k;kuk Fkk] ,d tkyh yxk nh gS] muosQ cPpksa dks nwljh txg dj fn;k
gSA muosQ vkus dh f[kM+dh dks Hkh can fd;k tkus yxk gSA f[kM+dh osQ ckgj vc nksuksa dcwrj
jkr&Hkj [kkeks'k vkSj mnkl cSBs jgrs gSaA exj vc u lksyksesu gS tks mudh kqcku dks le>dj
mudk nq[k ckVs] u esjh ek gS] tks buosQ nq[kksa esa lkjh jkr uekkksa esa dkVs

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ufn;k lhaps [ksr dks] rksrk oqQrjs vkeA
lwjt BsosQnkj&lk] lcdks ckVs dkeAA

iz'u&vH;kl

ekSf[kd

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa eas nhft,

1- cMs+&cM+s fcYMj leqnz dks ihNs D;ksa /osQy jgs Fks\
2- ys[kd dk ?kj fdl 'kgj esa Fkk\
3- thou oSQls ?kjksa esa fleVus yxk gS\
4- dcwrj ijs'kkuh esa bkj&mkj D;ksa iQM+iQM+k jgs Fks\

fyf[kr

(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj ( 25-30 'kCnksa eas) fyf[k,

1- vjc esa y'kdj dks uwg osQ uke ls D;ksa ;kn djrs gSa\
2- ys[kd dh ek fdl le; isM+ksa osQ iks rksM+us osQ fy, euk djrh Fkha vkSj D;ksa\
3- izo`Qfr esa vk, vlarqyu dk D;k ifj.kke gqvk\
4- ys[kd dh ek us iwjs fnu dk jkskk D;ksa j[kk\
5- ys[kd us Xokfy;j ls cacbZ rd fdu cnykoksa dks eglwl fd;k\ ikB osQ vk/kj ij Li"V dhft,A
6- ^Msjk Mkyus* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A
7- 'ks[k v;kk osQ firk vius cktw ij dkyk P;ksaVk jsaxrk ns[k Hkkstu NksM+ dj D;ksa mB [kM+s gq,\

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vc dgk nwljs osQ nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys / 115

([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj ( 50-60 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,

1- c<+rh gqbZ vkcknh dk i;kZoj.k ij D;k izHkko iM+k\
2- ys[kd dh iRuh dks f[kM+dh esa tkyh D;ksa yxokuh iM+h\
3- leqnz osQ xqLls dh D;k otg Fkh\ mlus viuk xqLlk oSQls fudkyk\
4- ^e^h ls e^h feys]
[kks osQ lHkh fu'kku]
fdlesa fdruk dkSu gS]
oSQls gks igpku*
bu iafDr;ksa osQ ek;e ls ys[kd D;k dguk pkgrk gS\ Li"V dhft,A

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(x) fuEufyf[kr osQ vk'k; Li"V dhft,

1- uspj dh lgu'kfDr dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA uspj osQ xqLls dk ,d uewuk oqQN lky igys cacbZ esa ns[kus
dks feyk FkkA
2- tks ftruk cM+k gksrk gS mls mruk gh de xqLlk vkrk gSA
3- bl cLrh us u tkus fdrus ifjanksa&pfjanksa ls mudk ?kj Nhu fy;k gSA buesa ls oqQN 'kgj NksM+dj pys
x, gSaA tks ugha tk losQ gSa mUgksaus ;gk&ogk Msjk Mky fy;k gSA
4- 'ks[k v;kk osQ firk cksys] ^ugha] ;g ckr ugha gSA eSaus ,d ?kjokys dks cs?kj dj fn;k gSA ml cs?kj dks
oqQ, ij mlosQ ?kj NksM+us tk jgk gwA* bu iafDr;ksa esa fNih gqbZ mudh Hkkouk dks Li"V dhft,A

Hkk"kk&v;;u

1- mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dkjd fpksa dks igpkudj js[kkafdr dhft, vkSj muosQ uke
fjDr LFkkuksa esa fyf[k,_ tSls
drkZ
(d) ek us Hkkstu ijkslkA
------------------------------([k) eSa fdlh osQ fy, eqlhcr ugha gwA
------------------------------(x) eSaus ,d ?kj okys dks cs?kj dj fn;kA
(?k) dcwrj ijs'kkuh esa b/j&m/j iQM+iQM+k jgs FksA ----------------------------------------------------------() nfj;k ij tkvks rks mls lyke fd;k djksA
2- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ cgqopu :i fyf[k,
phaVh] ?kksM+k] vkokk] fcy] I+kQkSt] jksVh] cnq] nhokj] VqdM+kA
3- ;ku nhft, uqDrk yxkus ls 'kCn osQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA ikB esa ^niQk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk
gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gSckj (x.kuk laca/h)] dkuwu laca/hA ;fn bl 'kCn esa uqDrk yxk fn;k tk, rks
'kCn cusxk ^nI+kQk* ftldk vFkZ gksrk gSnwj djuk] gVkukA ;gk uhps oqQN uqDrk;qDr vkSj uqDrkjfgr 'kCn
fn, tk jgs gaS mUgsa ;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj vFkZxr varj dks lef>,A

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ltk & lkk

ukt & ukk
tjk & kjk
rst & rsk
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr 'kCn Hkjdj okD; iwjs dhft,
(d) vktdy ------------------------------- cgqr [kjkc gSA (tekuk@kekuk)
([k) iwjs dejs dks ------------------------------- nksA (ltk@lkk)
(x) ------------------------------- phuh rks nsukA (tjk@kjk)
(?k) ek ngh ------------------------------- Hkwy xbZA (tekuk@kekuk)
() nks"kh dks ------------------------------- nh xbZA (ltk@lkk)
(p) egkRek osQ psgjs ij ------------------------------- FkkA (rst@rsk)

1-

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;ksX;rk foLrkj

i'kq&i{kh ,oa oU; laj{k.k osQa nzkas esa tkdj i'kq&if{k;ksa dh lsok&lqJ"w kk osQ lac/
a esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A

ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1-

vius vklikl izfro"kZ ,d ikS/k yxkb, vkSj mldh leqfpr ns[kHkky dj i;kZoj.k esa vk, vlarqyu
dks jksdus esa viuk ;ksxnku nhft,A
2- fdlh ,slh ?kVuk dk o.kZu dhft, tc vius euksjatu osQ fy, ekuo }kjk i'kq&if{k;ksa dk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k gksA

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;k

gkfde
&
y'dj (y'kdj) &
ydc
&
izrhdkRed
&
nkyku
&
fleVuk
&
kykys
&
lSykc
&
lSykuh
&
vkhk
&
ekkj
&
xqacn
&
vkku
&

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Msjk

&

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jktk @ ekfyd
lsuk @ fo'kky tuleqnk;
in lwpd uke
izrhdLo:i
cjkenk
floqQM+uk
HkwoQa i
ck<+
,sls i;ZVd tks Hkze.k dj u,&u, LFkkuksa osQ fo"k; esa tkuuk pkgrs gaS
fiz; @ I;kjk
njxkg @ dcz
eafnj] efLtn vkSj xq#}kjs vkfn osQ mQij cuh xksy Nr ftlesa vkokk xwtrh gS
uekt osQ le; dh lwpuk tks efLtn dh Nr ;k nwljh mQph txg ij [kM+s gksdj
nh tkrh gS
vLFkk;h iM+ko