Matakuliah : T0732 / Sistem Multimedia

Tahun : 2007

Sound
Pertemuan 6
 Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan
mampu :
• Menunjukkan Penggunaan Suara pada Aplikasi
Multimedia

Bina Nusantara
 Outline Materi
• Sound
• Waveforms
• Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)
• Digital Audio
• MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
• Using Sound

Bina Nusantara
 Sound
• Sound are rapid vibrations that are transmitted as variations
in air pressure

• Sound comprises the spoken word, voices, music and even

noise.

• As the sound vibrates it bumps into molecules of the

surrounding medium causing pressure waves to travel away
from the source in all directions

• Types of Sound in Multimedia:

– Speech
– Music
– Sound Effect
Bina Nusantara
 Waveforms
• Sound waves are manifest as waveforms
– A waveform that repeats itself at regular intervals is
called a periodic waveform
– Waveforms that do not exhibit regularity are called
noise

• The unit of regularity is called a cycle

– This is known as Hertz (or Hz) after Heinrich Hertz
• One cycle = 1 Hz
• Sometimes written as kHz or kiloHertz (1 kHz = 1000 Hz)

Bina Nusantara
 Waveforms
Time for one cycle

distance
along wave
Cycle

Bina Nusantara
 The characteristics of sound waves
• Sound is described in terms of two characteristics:
– Frequency
– Amplitude (or loudness)

• Frequency
– the rate at which sound is measured
– Number of cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)
– Determines the pitch of the sound as heard by our ears
– The higher frequency, the clearer and sharper the sound  the higher pitch of
sound

• Amplitude
– Sound’s intensity or loudness
– The louder the sound, the larger amplitude.

• In addition, all sounds have a duration and successive musical sounds is

called rhythm
Bina Nusantara
 The characteristics of sound waves

Amplitude Time for one cycle

pitch distance
along wave
Cycle

Bina Nusantara
 Example waveforms

Piano

Pan flute

Snare drum
Bina Nusantara
 Capture and playback of digital audio
Air pressure
variations Digital to
Analogue
Converter
Converts
back into
Captured via voltage DAC
microphone

Signal is
converted into
binary
Analogue (discrete form)
to Digital ADC 0101001101 Air pressure
Converter 0110101111 variations
Bina Nusantara
 The Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)
• An ADC is a device that converts analogue signals into digital signals

• An analogue signal is a continuous value

– It can have any single value on an infinite scale

• A digital signal is a discrete value

– It has a finite value (usually an integer)

• An ADC is synchronised to some clock

• It will monitor the continuous analogue signal at a set rate and convert what
it sees into a discrete value at that specific moment in time

• The process to convert the analogue to digital sound is called Sampling.

Use PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)

Bina Nusantara
 Digital sampling - Sampling frequency

Bina Nusantara
 Digital sampling - Sampling frequency

Bina Nusantara
 Sampling Parameters
• Sampling Rate
– Frequency of sampling
– Measure in Hertz
– The higher sampling rate, higher quality sound
but size storage is big.
– Standard Sampling rate:
• 48.000 kHz (DAT) - Digital Audio Tape, also DVD
• 44.100 kHz (CD) - Compact Disk - typical quality of
most sound cards
• 22.255 kHz - Medium quality
• 11.025 kHz - Low quality (frequently used for
speech)
Bina Nusantara
 Sampling Parameters
• Size sample
– The resolution of a sample is the number of
bits it uses to store a given amplitude value,
e.g.
• 8 bits (256 different values)
• 16 bits (65536 different values)
– A higher resolution will give higher quality but
will require more memory (or disk storage)

Bina Nusantara
 Size sample

Bina Nusantara
 Quantisation
• Samples are usually represented the audio sample as a
integers(discrete number) or digital

1 5
Bina Nusantara
 Calculating the size of digital audio
• The formula is as follows:
rate × duration × resolution × number of channels
8
• The answer will be in bytes
• Where:
– sampling rate is in Hz
– Duration/time is in seconds
– resolution is in bits (1 for 8 bits, 2 for 16 bits)
– number of channels = 1 for mono, 2 for stereo, etc.

Bina Nusantara
 Calculating the size of digital audio
• Example:
– Calculate the file size for 1 minute, 44.1 KHz, 16 bits, stereo
sound
– Where:
• sampling rate is 44,100 Hz
• duration/time is 60 seconds
• resolution is 16 bits
• number of channels for stereo is 2
rate × duration × resolution × number of channels
8

44100 * 60 * 16 *2

Bina Nusantara
8
 Digital audio editing software
• One of the most powerful and professional PC-based software is previously
known as Cool Edit. It’s now known as Adobe Audition. Same program,
new company.

Bina Nusantara
Bina Nusantara
 Editing Digital Audio
• Simple audio editing software allows:
– Recording of digital audio segments
– Trimming
– Splicing and assembly
– Volume adjustments of the entire segment
– Reversing Sounds
– Copy, cut, paste and delete segments of digital audio

• Others audio editing software:

– Sound Forge
– Gold Wave
– PROSONIQ SonicWORX
– Samplitude Studio

Bina Nusantara
 Audio formats
• .WAV (Developed by IBM and Microsoft)
• .AU (UNIX)
• .AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format)
• .MP3 (MPEG layer 3)
• .SND (Mac)
• .RA (RealAudio)
• .WMA (Windows Media Audio)
• .VOC (SoundBlaster)

Bina Nusantara
 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
• MIDI is a standard for specifying a musical performance

• It allows different electronic devices to communicate

together – Rather than send raw digital audio, it sends
instructions to musical instruments telling them what note to
play, at what volume, using what sound, etc.

• The synthesiser that receives the MIDI events is responsible

for generating the actual sounds. Example: Keyboard Piano

• MIDI data is not digitized sound: it is a shorthand

representation of music stored in numeric form

Bina Nusantara
 MIDI Setup

Bina Nusantara
 MIDI sequencers
• A MIDI sequencer
allows musicians to
edit and create
musical compositions
like a word processor
– Cut and paste
– Insert / delete

Bina Nusantara
 Advantages of MIDI
• MIDI files are compact; the size of the file is completely
independent of playback quality

• In some cases MIDI may sound better than digital audio (if
the MIDI sound source is of high quality)

• MIDI data is completely editable: you can change the

length of a MIDI file by varying its tempo without changing
the pitch

• Still used a lot in studio environment to connect

synthesizers and other equipment
Bina Nusantara
 Disadvantages of MIDI
• MIDI does not represent sound but musical
instruments, so playback is very rarely accurate
(usually same score, wrong instrument)

• MIDI cannot easily be used to play spoken

dialog

• An old format, people have already begun

forgetting it

Bina Nusantara
 MIDI Versus Wav
• Quality recording, MIDI depend to the tools

• Audio .wav easier to create compare than MIDI

• MIDI Advantages
– File Size small
– Size Storage also small

• MIDI Disadvantages
– Playback
– Cost and Skill

Bina Nusantara
 How audio can be used effectively
• Cautions and warnings
– It is a good medium for alerting users to critical
information. Some uses include:
• Sounding an alarm when a limit is reached
• Alerting users when data is entered incorrectly

• Music and Sound Effects

– These make multimedia interaction more real. Some
uses include:
• Musical background for a video segment
• Birds Songs accompanying photographs in biological field
training
Bina Nusantara
 How audio can be used effectively
• Sound-related data.
– Some uses include:
• Helping mechanics diagnose engine trouble
• Training medical students to recognize different breathing
sounds

• Direct voice communication.

– Some uses include:
• Leaving a voice message for other users of an application
• Consulting with an expert during a troubleshooting procedure.

Bina Nusantara
 Advantages and Disadvantages of using audio
• Sound adds life to any multimedia application and
plays important role in effective marketing
presentations
• Advantages
– Ensure important information is noticed
– Add interest
– Can communicate more directly than other medi

• Disadvantages
– Easily overused
– Requires special equipment for quality production
– Not as memorable as visual media
Bina Nusantara
 Adding Sound to Multimedia Project
• Decide what kind of sound is needed and where you’ll
use them

• Decide when to use midi and when to use digital audio

• Acquire source material

• Edit the sounds to fit your project

• Test the sounds to be sure they are timed properly

Bina Nusantara