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Mechanics 1 Revision notes

1. Kinematics in one and two dimensions
EQUATIONS FOR CONSTANT ACCELERATION ARE NOT GIVEN Learn Them!

v = u + at 1 2

s = ut +
2 2

1 2

at

s = vt

1 2

at

s =

(u + v)t

= u

+ 2as

s : displacement (m) u : initial velocity (ms-1) v : final velocity (ms-1) a : acceleration (ms2) t : time (s)

Always list the variables you have - write down the equation you intend to use. Sketch graphs essential for multi-stage journeys Retardation / deceleration dont forget the negative sign Distance/ Displacement time graph GRADIENT = VELOCITY Straight line constant velocity zero acceleration

Travels 12m from a point X, turns round and travels 15 m in the opposite direction finishing 3m behind X. X

MOST USEFUL GRAPH TO SKETCH

Velocity Time graph GRADIENT = ACCELERATION Straight line constant acceleration Displacement moving forwards Displacement moving backwards

DISPLACEMENT is represented by the area under the graph

Changed direction after 18 seconds

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FREE FALL UNDER GRAVITY

Assumptions - the body is a point mass - air resistance can be ignored - the motion of a body is in a vertical line - the acceleration due to gravity is constant

Acceleration due to gravity

9.8 ms-2

Unless given in the question

EXAMPLE : A ball is thrown vertically upwards from ground level with a velocity of 28 ms-1 a) What was its maximum height above the ground ? u = 28 ms-1 a = -9.8 ms-2 2 2 v = u + 2as v = 0 (top of balls flight) s=? 2

0 = 28 + 2 ( 98)s s = 40 m

b)

How long did it take to return to the ground ? u = 28 ms-1 1 2 a = -9.8 ms-2 s = ut + at s=0 2

0 = 28t +

1 2

( 98) t

0 = t(28 49t) t = 0 or t = 571

t = 0 : time at which ball thrown Clearly identify t = 5.71s as the final answer

VECTORS
Vectors have both magnitude and direction
A = 2 4
2 j

or

A = 4i 2j
2

Direction = Angle

Magnitude : |A| = 22 + 42 Magnitude = Length

20
SPEED = magnitude of the velocity vector Direction : q = tan
1

2 4

26.6 to the horizontal (i) in a negative direction

= 266
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL = direction of the velocity vector If working in bearings dont forget the 3 digits e.g. 025

Unit Vector : a vector with magnitude = 1

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Vector equations for constant acceleration the 5 equations involving, displacement, velocity etc can be used If asked to write an equation in terms of t for displacement/ velocity etc simplify your equation as far as possible by collecting the i terms and j terms e.g u = 2i + 5j a = 4i 8j Displacement r = ut + at2 R = (2i + 5j)t + (4i 8j) t2 = (2t + 2t2)i + (5t 4t2)j Example Two particles A and B are moving in a plane with the following properties A is at point (0,3), has velocity (2i + j) ms-1 and acceleration (i 2j) ms-2 B is at point (2,1), has velocity (3i - j) ms-1 and acceleration (2i) ms-2 Find the vector AB six seconds later, and the distance between the particles at that time Displacement : in vector form r is used instead of s Using 1 2 r = ut + at 2 For A : r = (2i + j) 6 + (i 2j) 36 = 30i 30j As A started at (0,3) six seconds later OA = 30i 27j ......OB = 56i 5j This gives AB = OB OA = 26i + 22j Distance AB = magnitude of AB =
26
2

0 B A

+ 22

= 34.1 m Forces can be represented as vectors If forces are in equilibrium then the resultant (sum of vectors) = 0 All i components sum to zero and all j components sum to zero. If drawn the forces will form a closed polygon Method 1 Triangle of forces Sketching the 3 forces gives a triangle. We can now use the sine rule to find T1 and T2.
T1 sin 52 = T2 sin 63
= 12g sin 65

3 forces in equilibrium The system is in equilibrium. Find T1 and T2

Method 2 Lamis Theorem

T1 = 102 N T2 = 116 N

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Method 2 Lamis theorem

T1 sin 128 T2 sin 117 12g sin 115

For questions involving river crossings and current you may need to use the cosine rule as well as the sine rule to calculate missing lengths and angles Cosine Rule

T1 = 102 N T2 = 116 N

= b + c 2bc Cos A

LAMIS THEOREM For any set of three forces P,Q and R in equilibrium

P sin a

Q sin b

R sin g

More than 3 forces in Equilibrium Resolve the forces Example Find the resultant of the following system and state the force needed to maintain equilibrium. Horizontally Resultant (i) = -12sin 40 + 10cos 25 6 cos 65 = - 1.186 Vertically Resultant (j) = 12cos 40 + 10sin 25 6sin 65 5 = 2.981 Resultant = -1.186i + 2.981j Force needed to maintain equilibrium = 1.186i 2.981j Force of 3.21 N with direction 68.3 to the positive x-direction
1

1186

+ 2981

Tan

2891 1186

TYPES OF FORCE
ALWAYS DRAW A DIAGRAM SHOWING ALL FORCES (with magnitude if known) Weight : mass x 9.8 (gravity) Reaction (normal reaction) : at right angles to the plane of contact SYSTEMS in Equilibrium resolving in the vertically (or in the j direction) Vertical or j-direction R R = 49 N 5 kg R R = 5g cos 30 = 42.4 N 5 kg R

T 40

5 kg R + T sin 40 = 5g cos 30 30

30 5g

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Tension / Thrust pulling or pushing force on the body

Friction
Always acts in a direction opposite to that in which the object is moving or tending to move Smooth contact friction is small enough to be ignored Maximum Friction (limiting friction) - object is moving or just on the point of moving :

F = mR

where m is the coefficient of friction

F < m R body not moving IN EQUILIBRIUM resolving horizontally or in the i direction F T

40

8kg P
30

8kg F=T

8kg
F = T Cos 40

8g

P Cos 30 = F + 8gSin 30

For questions looking for the minimum and maximum force needed to for a block on a slope to move look at : A) P is too small the block is about to slide down the slope (limiting friction) Resolving in the i direction F + Pcos 30 mg sin 30 = 0 Resolving in the j direction R Psin 30 mg cos 30 = 0 Change in direction of friction

B)

P is too large the block is on the verge of sliding up the slope Resolving in the i direction Pcos 30 F mg sin 30 = 0 Resolving in the j direction R Psin 30 mg cos 30 = 0

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION 1st Law Every object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity unless an external force is applied Constant velocity - system is in equalibrium - net force (resultant force) = 0 - in vector form equate the i and j components to zero

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2nd Law

F = ma

Net Force = mass x acceleration

Always work out and state Net force clearly before equating to ma Check - if acceleration is positive net force should also be positive

Example : A taut cable 25m long is fixed at 35 to the horizontal. A light rope ring is placed around the cable at the upper end. A soldier of mass 8 kg grabs the rope ring and slides down the cable. If the coefficient of friction between the ring and the cable is 0.4, how fast is the soldier moving when he reaches the bottom i- direction : 784 cos 35 = R j direction : 784 sin35 F = ma Motion friction is limiting so F = 0.4R 784 sin 35 0.4 x 784 cos 35 = 80a a = 2.41 ms-2 u=0 s = 25
v = u + 2as 2 2 v = 0 + 2 241 25
2 2

v = 110 ms

3rd Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Connected Particles Trains and trailers 3000 kg 10000 kg

Finding the acceleration (F=ma) Net Force = 14000 4000 1500 = 8500 N

8500 = (3000+10000)a a = 0.654 ms-2

Finding the Tension in the coupling To keep it simple - use the body which has no direct force applied e.g. the trailer Net Force = T 1500 T - 1500 = 3000 x 0.654 T = 3451.5 N

Stings and Pulleys Always draw a diagram if known show direction of acceleration Finding the acceleration 0.4 g T = 0.4a (+) T 0.3g = 0.3a 0.1g = 0.7a a = 1.4 ms-2 Force on the pulley = T + T Finding the tension a=1.4 substitute into either equation (or both just to check) T= 0.3g+0.3x1.4 T = 3.36 N 0.4g 3.36 = 0.4 x 1.4

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Finding the acceleration

Coefficient of friction = 0.2

2g T = 2a T F = 6a 2kg 2g T = 2a T 11.76 = 6a Finding the Tension T = 11.76 + 6a = 17.64 N

2

Friction = 0.2R R = 6g so F = 11.76 N a = 0.98 ms-2

Force on the pulley Resultant force

17.64 17.64
2

R =

1764

+ 1764

= 249 N

Acting at 45 to the horizontal Momentum A quantity of motion measured in Newton Seconds Momentum = mass x velocity The total momentum of a system remains the same unless an external force is applied - Conservation of Momentum

Draw diagrams to show before/after masses and velocities 5kg 10 ms +ve

-1

6 ms-1 -ve

8kg

Momentum = 5 x 10 8 x 6

Example : Particle P of mass 6 kg has velocity (4i + 2j). After a collision with another particle, P has velocity (2i 3j). Find the momentum lost by P during the collisison Momentum of P before = 6(4i + 2j) = 24i + 12j Momentum of P after = 6(2i 3j) = 12i 18j

Momentum lost = (24i + 12j) (12i 18j) = 12i + 30j Projectiles You cannot just quote formulae you must show how they are derived
Max range occurs when angle = 45 Initial Velocity: u = Ucosqi + Usinqj Acceleration : a = - 9.8j Velocity (after t s) : v = (Ucosqi + Usinqj) 98tj

= Ucosqi + (Usinq 98t)j

Particle moving in a vertical direction when

Ucosq = 0

Particle moving in a horizontal direction when

Usinq 98t = 0
Time when particle reaches max height

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Displacement (r) : r = ut+ at2

r = Ut cosqi + (Ut sinq 98t )j

Horizontal dispalcement after t seconds

Height ( vertical dispalcement) after t seconds

To find the range

Height component = 0 Solve 2 Ut sinq 98t = 0 To find t

Substitute into

Range = Ut cosq
Example A shot putter releases a shot at a height of 2.5 m and with a velocity of 10ms-1 at 50 to the horizontal. Find the distance travelled by the shot. u = 10cos50i +10sin 50j Displacement from the point of projection r = (10cos50i +10sin 50j)t 4.9t2j Displacement form the origin r = 10tcos50i +(2.5 + 10sin 50t 4.9t2)j Height above ground (j component) So shot hits ground when 4.9t2 7.66t 2.5 = 0 2 2.5 + 10sin 50t 4.9t = 0 Horizontal distance from origin when t = 1.84 (i component) Distance = 10 x 1.84 x cos 50 = 11.8 m t = -2.77 or t = 1.84

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Modelling Assumptions Common Terms and Meanings Term Inextensible Thin Light Particle Rigid Small Smooth Applies to Strings, rods Strings, rods Strings, springs, rods Object of negligible size Rods Object of negligible size Surfaces, pulleys What is disregarded Stretching Diameter, thickness Mass Rotational motion, size Bending Rotational motion Friction

Assumptions made motion takes place in a straight line acceleration is constant air resistance can be ignored objects are modelled as masses concentrated at a single point (no rotation) g is assumed to be 9.8m s-2 everywhere at or near the Earths surface