Eukaryotic Microbes

Parasites
Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods

Eukaryotic Microbes

Table 12.1

Protozoa

Life Stages
Trophozoite -vegetative; feeding, mostly motile Cyst dormant; protective thick wall

Most are free living in water and soil Classified by motility & life cycle Subdivided by location in human host (GI, blood, GU)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Sarcodina- Amoeba - move by pseudopods Ciliophora - Ciliates - move by cilia Mastigophora - Flagellates - move by flagella Apicomplexan - Sporozoa complex life cycle

Diversity among Protozoa

Amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebic dysentery

Naegleria
primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Acanthamoeba
contact lens contaminant

Figure 12.18a

Amoebae
Protozoa with no truly defined shape Move and acquire food through the use of pseudopodia Found in water sources throughout the world Few cause disease

Entamoeba histolytica
Carried asymptomatically in the digestive tracts of humans No animal reservoir exists Infection usually occurs by drinking water contaminated with feces that contain cysts Trophozoites migrate to the large intestine where they multiply

Entamoeba histolytica
Three types of amebiasis can result from infection Luminal amebiasis Least severe form that is asymptomatic Invasive amebic dysentery More common form of infection Characterized by bloody, mucus-containing stools and pain Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis Trophozoites carried via the bloodstream throughout the body Maintaining clean water is important in prevention

The Course of Amoebiasis Due to Entamoeba histolytica

Acanthamoeba and Naegleria

Cause rare and usually fatal brain infections Common inhabitants of natural waterways as well as artificial water systems Contact lenses wearers who use tap water to wash their lenses can become infected Acanthamoeba diseases Infection occurs through cuts or scrapes, the conjunctiva, or through inhalation Acanthamoeba keratitis results from conjunctival inoculation Amebic encephalitis is the more common disease

Acanthamoeba and Naegleria

Naegleria disease Infection occurs when swimmers inhale contaminated water Amoebic meningoencephalitis results when trophozoites migrate to the brain Prevention is difficult because these organisms are environmentally hardy

Flagellate
Trichomonas vaginalis
no cyst stage Trichomoniasis - STI

Giardia lamblia
intestinal malabsorption Traveler's diarrhea, day care centers, hikers

Figure 12.17b-d

Giardia

Hemoflagellates
Trypanosoma
African sleeping sickness or Chagas disease Transmitted by tsetse flies or reduviid bugs

Leishmania
leishmaniasis Baghdad BoilDesert Storm Transmitted by sand fly vector

Ciliates
Complex cells with rudimentary mouth (cytostome) Balantidium coli is the only human parasite
intestinal disease associated with pork

Paramecium Vorticella
Figure 12.20

Ciliates
Protozoa that use cilia in their trophozoite stage Balantidium coli is the only ciliate known to cause disease in humans Commonly found in animal intestinal tracts Humans become infected by consuming food or water contaminated with feces containing cysts Trophozoites attach to the mucosal epithelium lining the intestine B.coli infections are generally asymptomatic in healthy adults

Ciliates
Balantidiasis occurs in those with poor health Characterized by persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss Dysentery results in severe infections Presence of trophozoites is diagnostic for the disease Prevention relies on good personal hygiene and efficient water sanitation

Apicomplexans (Sporozoa)
Characteristics: Nonmotile, Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles, Asexual/sexual reproduction Plasmodium malaria transmitted by Anopheles mosquito Cryptosporidium diarrhea; AIDS related Toxoplasma toxoplasmosis; AIDS related

Plasmodium
Sporozoites in salivary gland

1 Infected mosquito bites

human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human

2 Sporozoites

undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced

9 Resulting sporozoites

migrate to salivary glands of mosquito

3 Merozoites

Sexual reproduction
Zygote
Female gametocyte Male gametocyte

8 In mosquitos

digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote

Asexual reproduction
Intermediate host

released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells

4 Merozoite develops

into ring stage in red blood cell

Ring stage Definitive host 7 Another mosquito bites 6 Merozoites are released infected human and ingests when red blood cell gametocytes ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes Merozoites

5 Ring stage

grows and divides, producing merozoites

Figure 12.19

Plasmodium

Cryptosporidium parvum
Waterborne Found in cattle Attach to intestinal lining Cause watery diarrhea Acid-fast Oocysts Resistant to chlorine

Figure 25.19

Cryptosporidium life cycle

Toxoplasma gondii

Eukaryotic Microbes

Table 12.1

Helminths - worms
Life Stages egg, larva, adult; complex life cycles infective stage: egg or larva definitive host: harbors adult stage intermediate hosts: may be more than one Classifications: Nematodes - roundworms Platyhelminthes - flatworms Trematodes - flukes- nonsegmented Cestodes - tapeworms- segmented

Nematodes- Roundworms
Intestinal roundworms:
Ascaris (Giant intestinal roundworm) Enterobius (Pinworm) Necator / Ancylostoma (Hookworm)

Tissue roundworms
Trichinella spiralis - trichinosis

Features of the Life Cycle of Roundworms

Parasites of almost all vertebrates Have a number of reproduction strategies Most intestinal nematodes shed their eggs into the lumen of the intestine Eggs are eliminated in feces Eggs are consumed in contaminated food or water Some intestinal nematodes release their eggs into the soil Larvae actively penetrate the skin of a host Inside the body, they travel to the intestine Other nematodes encyst in muscle tissue and are consumed in raw or undercooked meat Mosquitoes transmit a few species of nematodes Adult sexually mature stages are found only in definitive hosts

Nematodes - roundworms

Ascaris lumbricoides- adult stage

Pinworm disease is the most prevalent helminthic infection in the United States
Enterobius vermicularis Life cycle Diagnosis with cellophane tape Transmission

Enterobius - Pinworm

Figure 12.29

Diagnosing Pinworm Disease

Necator or Ancylostoma Hookworm

The Life Cycle of the Hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necatur americanus

Trichinella

Filariasis is a lymphatic system infection

Wuchereria bancrofti
Life cycle Transmission by mosquito Symptoms Elephantiasis

Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Trematodes Flukes - nonsegmented
Schistosoma - blood fluke; Swimmers itch

Cestodes Tapeworms - segmented

Taenia beef or pork tapeworm Echinococcus wild dog tapeworm

Trematodes - Flukes

Figure 12.25

Schistosoma blood fluke

Cestodes - Tapeworms
Tapeworm parts: Scolex head with attachment site Proglottids body segments with testes and ovaries Taenia saginata beef tapeworm Taenia solium pork tapeworm cysticercosis

Figure 12.27

A few other tapeworms also cause disease

Hymenolepis nana, the dwarf tapeworm, most common human tapeworm worldwide Echinococcus granulosus, the dog tapeworm, humans are intermediate hosts

Echinococcus

Figure 12.28

Arthropods as Vectors
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Class: Insecta (6 legs)
Lice, fleas, mosquitoes

Class: Arachnida (8 legs)

Mites and ticks May transmit diseases (vectors)

Figure 12.31, 32

Arthropods as Vectors

Figure 12.33

Arthropod Vectors

Figure 23.24

Scabies - mite

Arachnids
Adult arachnids have four pairs of legs Ticks and mites resemble each other morphologically Ticks are the most important arachnid vectors Serve as vectors for bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases Second only to mosquitoes in the number of diseases they transmit Hard ticks are the most prominent disease vector Transmit Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, relapsing fever, and tick-borne encephalitis

Arachnids
Parasitic mites are found wherever humans and animals coexist Transmit rickettsial diseases among animals and humans

Insects
Adults have three pairs of legs as well as a head, thorax, and abdomen Fleas Most fleas are not associated with humans but a few do feed on humans Plague is the most significant disease transmitted by fleas Body lice Parasites that can also transmit disease Most common among poor or overcrowded communities

Insects
Flies Among the most common insects Those that transmit disease are generally bloodsuckers Mosquitoes Most important arthropod vector of disease Carry some of the worlds most devastating diseases Kissing bugs Often take blood meals near the mouth of their human hosts Feed on blood nocturnally while the host sleeps

Eukaryotic Microbe Parasites

Protozoa
Amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica Naegleria Acanthamoeba

Helminths
Roundworms
Intestinal Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Necatur americanus Tissue Trichinella spiralis Wucheraria bancrofti

Flagellates
Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Trypanosoma Leishmania

Ciliates
Balantidium coli

Flatworms
Flukes Schistosoma Tapeworms Taenia

Sporozoa
Plasmodium Cryptosporidium Toxoplasma

Arthropods
Insects Arachnids