Calibration Book

CALIBRATION BOOK
DOC 213538
PUBLISHED BY
Vaisala Oyj
P.O. Box 26
FIN-00421 Helsinki
Finland
Phone (int.):
Fax:
(+358 9) 894 91
(+358 9) 8949 2227

Visit our Internet pages at http://www.vaisala.com/
Vaisala 2006
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, elec-
tronic or mechanical (including photocopying), nor may its contents be
communicated to a third party without prior written permission of the
copyright holder.
The contents are subject to change without prior notice.
Please observe that this book does not create any legally binding obliga-
tions for Vaisala towards the custormer or end user. All legally binding
commitments and agreements are included exclusively in the applicable
supply contract or Conditions of Sale.
PREFACE
We at Vaisala have worked many years manufacturing and calibrating
measurement instruments. We have gained lots of calibration experi-
ence, and working with our clients has revealed a need to increase
common knowledge of what calibration is all about.
We put this book together to share some of our knowledge and some
commonly known basics. We hope our readers find these pages use-
ful.
Please feel free to send comments, questions and improvement sug-
gestions to calibration@vaisala.com
April 2006
Calibration book project team
Janne Kivilaakso
Antero Pitkkoski
Jori Valli
Mike Johnson
Nobuo Inamoto
Arja Aukia
Masaki Saito
CONTENTS
SCOPE.......................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION........................................................... 2
1.CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS............................. 9
1.1.Quality management standards ........................ 9
1.2.Traceability........................................................ 10
1.3.Calibration documentation .............................. 11
Validity of calibration.....................................................................12
2.METROLOGY AND CALIBRATION SERVICES..... 14
2.1.International cooperation................................. 15
Legal metrology..............................................................................15
Metrology ........................................................................................17
Accreditation ..................................................................................18
2.2.National measurement standard laboratories 19
2.3.Commercial calibration services..................... 20
Accredited laboratories .................................................................20
Non-accredited calibration services and laboratories................21
2.4.In-house calibration.......................................... 21
Organization and management .....................................................21
Technical documentation..............................................................22
Choosing reference equipment ....................................................22
3.CALIBRATION ACTIVITIES.................................... 23
What should we do with the calibration results?........................25
3.1.Choosing calibration method .......................... 26
When calibration is needed...........................................................26
Laboratory and field calibration....................................................26
Field spot checking........................................................................30
3.2.Determining the calibration interval................ 31
Lengthening the calibration interval.............................................32
Shortening the calibration interval ...............................................32
3.3.Choosing calibration points ............................ 33
3.4.Calibration methods by the user ..................... 33
Temperature equilibrium...............................................................35
Stabilization and sampling............................................................35
Uncertainty estimation...................................................................36
Presenting the results....................................................................37
4.CALIBRATION IN PRACTICE................................. 39
4.1.Humidity calibration ......................................... 39
Relative humidity calibration ........................................................46
Dewpoint temperature calibration ................................................53
4.2.Temperature calibration................................... 58
ITS-90 Temperature Scale .............................................................59
Temperature calibration methods ................................................68
4.3.Pressure calibration ......................................... 71
Pressure calibration methods.......................................................76
5.VAISALA CALIBRATION SERVICES..................... 79
APPENDIX A: TERMINOLOGY.................................. 83
APPENDIX B: ABBREVIATIONS............................... 95
APPENDIX C: UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION........ 97
REFERENCES.......................................................... 111
1 SCOPE
SCOPE
In today's knowledge driven world we want to understand and control things
based on real data. Performing measurements with measurement equipment
is one part of this quest in various fields. However, having measurement
equipment in place is only part of the picture. One should always make sure
that the data produced by the measurement equipment is reliable and accu-
rate. Naturally the measurement equipment must be fit for the purpose and
used in a correct way.
This book was written to help benefit the readers as much as possible in the
measurements they perform. This book aims to help readers and their organi-
zations determine the most appropriate activities that ensure their measure-
ment quality requirements. We hope this book provides frameworks to help
the readers think in relation to one's own activities.
This book serves as a generic introduction to calibration. We discuss the
rational behind calibration, and the factors that effect the need to calibrate. It
also provides some specific information on calibration of relative humidity,
dewpoint temperature, temperature and barometric pressure.
CALIBRATION BOOK
INTRODUCTION 2
INTRODUCTION
WHAT TIME IS IT?
It is a simple question but the answer is not so simple. What time is it exactly
and how do you know it?
Most people are used to calibrating and adjusting their watches whenever
necessary. Working standards (i.e. clocks) are visible almost everywhere and
making a comparison calibration is easy and almost an unconscious act. If
the watch is drifted, we adjust it according to the reference that we trust. An
official time is often available via television or Internet.
Calibration and adjustment against official time provides us the traceability
for time. Imagine how the world would operate if we did not have a common
source for time? Everybody would have his or her own interpretation of
3 INTRODUCTION
time. Trains and planes would leave by the definition of time the operating
companies use, and passengers would either catch or miss their carriage
depending on time on their wristwatches.
So perhaps calibration is not such a difficult topic. We actually do it in our
private and working life all the time, and its important, isn't it?
The International System of Units (SI)
From global perspective all measurements are based on the globally agreed
International System of Units (SI). This ensures that we use the same quanti-
ties and that measurements performed with various types of equipment in
various locations are comparable. The further we are from the International
System of Units (SI) the higher uncertainty we have in the measurement in
terms of absolute accuracy.
To learn more visit the website of International Bureau of Weights and
Measures (BIPM).
http://www.bipm.org/en/si/
Why the measurements are needed
The key factor about measurement, is to understand when it is important to
truly know the reliability of measurement results.
Things are measured for the information the measurement provides, not for
the sake of measuring itself.
The value of information determines the requirements for appropriate metro-
logical confirmation processes. These requirements influence the choice of
the measurement equipment and calibration practices.
How then do we define the value of information obtained? It comes from
why you need the information the measurement provides. The following are
some examples.
CALIBRATION BOOK
INTRODUCTION 4
Measurement results have high economical
impact
Example: Running parameters of a process are well known. A temperature
difference of 0.1 C from the optimum of 48 C produces 1 % more unac-
ceptable process outcome (i.e. scrap). It is quite easy to calculate financial
effect of the error in the measurement.
The above example is also good for explaining importance of traceability.
The optimum temperature of the process should be based on known temper-
ature, i.e. not just based on the displayed value of the particular thermometer
in question. The knowledge of optimum process conditions must be based on
traceable measurements. This is highly important in the event that the ther-
mometer fails and needs to be replaced with a new one.
In volume based trade the economical impact is simple: If you measure
incorrectly, you also invoice incorrectly and may also end up with costly dis-
cussions with your customer.
5 INTRODUCTION
Legislation or other industry authorities may
require measurement
Whether you buy potatoes for dinner or gasoline for your car, the companies
who sell their products charging by volume are required to verify their
instrumentations that act as basis for their invoicing. This protects the cus-
tomers rights to get the correct volume of product, but also the supplier is
getting the money for everything supplied.
There are also several standards and industry specific regulations that give
advice and sometimes direct requirements for calibration.
CALIBRATION BOOK
INTRODUCTION 6
Measurement results are connected to health,
safety or environmental risks
Measurements may be in place to protect employees for occupational health
hazards. There are various quantities measured such a toxic concentrations
for different gases. For example, working conditions must be kept under cer-
tain limits. Reliable measurements in this area are vitally important and no
compromises should be made.
An example of a health risk is the manufacturing of food. The product must
be sterilized in certain temperatures to kill bacteria. The measurements to
prove this must be reliable.
Many health, safety, and environmental risk-related measurements are also
required by legislation or industry standards.
Measurement results are used to obtain research
results
Researchers are working on creating new knowledge. In the scientific world
one of the key factors is to get the desired results, but to also understand
why, and how the results are accomplished. In many fields of research the
ambient and process conditions, as well as end results are measured and doc-
umented. After series of tests and trials, lots of data are analyzed to under-
stand various phenomena and relations between them. Since reproducibility
of tests, or whatever is performed, may not be achieved it is quite clear that
false assumptions (such as faulty measurement results which are thought to
be correct) can jeopardize a whole research. In research calibration plays a
vital role before, during and after tests.
Distributed manufacturing
If you produce products in multiple locations and find optimal setups for the
highest possible yield and quality yet, have a hard time doing the same in
some other locations or other machines. Maybe the measurement results are
not the same?
7 INTRODUCTION
What if your subcontractors sends you mechanical components that do not
fit into where they are supposed to. Operating on tight tolerances requires
that all participants in the chain have calibrated equipment. Otherwise you
end up adjusting, taking a little bit away, then things start to fit. But what
happens when you decide to change subcontractors? You start all over again.
A baking company tried to bake their popular bread in another bakery.
The recipe is the same, the raw materials used are the same, and the
oven was set to the same temperature. However, the taste and struc-
ture of the bread, was not the same. This could be because, the mea-
surement information from the scales were different, and the
temperature sensors controlling the ovens were showing different val-
ues.
Traditionally, process industries would try to achieve the desired end
result by trial and error. Changing various parameters until the end
result is acceptable. If the measurement equipment is calibrated prop-
erly, and the results are taken into account when using the recipes, the
desired results could be reached immediately.
CALIBRATION BOOK
INTRODUCTION 8
Calibration practices in a nutshell
To put an effective calibration system in place you have to:
Understand the value of information the measurements provide.
Identify your measurement equipment.
Set up appropriate processes for calibration of your measurement equip-
ment.
9 CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS
1.CALIBRATION
REQUIREMENTS
Requirements for calibration systems are usually set locally by legislation
and regulations, customer expectations, or own internal needs.
In case the requirements are legally set the calibration system must be
designed to fulfill these requirements.
In case the customer expectations or own internal needs are to be fulfilled
there are several Quality Management Standards (QMS) from which to
choose from. A few of them are: ISO 9000:2000, QS 9000, ISO/TS
16949:2002 and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). These all state the mini-
mum requirements and guidance for the maintenance of measurement equip-
ment.
Under the selected QMS the measurement equipment maintenance system
and actual calibration system is built.
In case more effective measurement equipment maintenance system is
needed the ISO 10012, ANSI/NCSL Z540 or ISO/IEC 17025 is selected.
1.1.QUALITY MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
Quality Management Standards like ISO 9000:2000, QS 9000,
ISO/TS 16949:2002 and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) all
state the minimum requirements for the maintenance of measure-
ment equipment.
ISO10012 Measurement Management Systems - Requirements
for Measurement Processes and Measuring Equipment is spe-
cially designed for measurement equipment maintenance.
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of
Testing and Calibration Laboratories, is a laboratory accreditation
standard used globally.
CALIBRATION BOOK
CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS 10
ANSI/NCSL Z540 General Requirements for Calibration Labora-
tories and Measuring and Test Equipment, is a laboratory accredi-
tation standard used alternatively in USA.
MIL-STD-45662A Calibration Systems Requirements, has been
cancelled on February 27, 1995 and ISO 10012 or ANSI/NCSL
Z540 is preferred if these requirements apply.
1.2. TRACEABILITY
Each calibration service provider must maintain an effective traceability
chain. At the very least, the primary standard must be calibrated at an outside
laboratory and then used for calibrations. In case the calibration service
maintains working standards, all of them must be calibrated using primary
standards including all supportive measurements.
For instance, temperature of pressure balance is measured and the
temperature correction is used for the pressure calculation. The
thermometer used to measure this value must be calibrated.
Another example is when measuring the analog output of pres-
sure transmitter with multimeters. The multimeter must be cali-
brated. To fulfill the definition of traceability all these
measurements must also have valid uncertainty estimations.
Example of traceability chain

1.3.CALIBRATION DOCUMENTATION
In all of the QMS's the management of measurement equipment is based on
regular calibrations at predefined intervals with a documentation system by
which this can be proven. This documentation system should contain as min-
imum:
1. Organization, management
Responsibilities, job descriptions, training plans and training records
Management review plan and records of the meetings.
2. Register of measurement equipment
Each measurement equipment should be identifiable which means
some kind of numbering system attached to the equipment.
Register should contain the history of the equipment and the time for
the next calibration.
3. Archives containing issued calibration certificates. The certificates
should be stored for the time documented in the QMS.
4. Procedures for faulty measurement equipment
5. Procedures for receiving customer feedback, solving complaints, correc-
tive and preventive actions
6. Quality audit plan and records from previous audits, findings and correc-
tive actions.
Ask for uncertainty when ordering calibration
Some commercial calibration services do not include uncer-
tainty estimations into calibration certificates if not ordered
separately. Some calibration services are not able to calcu-
late uncertainty at all. One should always consider the com-
pertence of these services.

CALIBRATION BOOK
CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS 12
In addition to those listed in the previous chapter, the calibration service
should also document:
1. Equipment, facilities, conditions, verification and maintenance
2. Traceability
3. Uncertainty calculations
4. Calibration instructions
5. Stability of the reference equipment
6. Comparison calibration plan and results.
Validity of calibration
Calibration Certificate presents the performance of the measurement equip-
ment at the time of calibration and the conditions during calibration.
After calibration the equipment should be sealed to protect the integrity of
the calibration adjustments.
Example of
information stickers
Recalibration interval
The procedure for determining the recalibration interval should be defined in
QMS. The recalibration interval should be recorded into the measurement
equipment maintenance system for each measurement equipment.
Each measurement equipment should have a sticker that states the next cali-
bration date. The calibration laboratory can provide this if agreed with cus-
tomer.
There should be procedures in the QMS on how to handle and remove the
measurement equipment from service, when the calibration is overdue, cali-
bration sticker or calibration seal are broken or missing.
There should be procedures in the QMS how the use of the most demanding
measurements are secured.
Examples:
Continuously using two independent measurement equipment and
comparing the readings
Periodical comparison of a process unit with a working standard
(Spot checking).
CALIBRATION BOOK
METROLOGY AND CALIBRATION SERVICES 14
2.METROLOGY AND
CALIBRATION SERVICES
Traditionally, metrology was organized by the users of specific areas. The
measurements related to trade and safety have been under legal metrology
and regulated by the local legislation.
The purpose of legal metrology has been to ensure correct measurement
results in trade to protect customers.
Scientific metrology has been developed freely in research institutes when
doing physical research in order to develop more accurate measurement
methods and equipment.
Beside these two 'paths' there has always been metrology cooperation inside
different organizations. As an example the World Meteorological Organiza-
tion (WMO) has developed and standardized the measurement equipment
and techniques related to meteorological observations.
The basis of modern metrology is set in Convention of the Metre, which is a
diplomatic treaty which gives authority to the General Conference on
Weights and Measures (CGPM), the International Committee for Weights
and Measures (CIPM) and the International Bureau of Weights and Mea-
sures (BIPM) to act in matters of world metrology, particularly concerning
the demand for measurement standards of ever increasing accuracy, range,
diversity, and the need to demonstrate equivalence between national mea-
surement standards.
The backbone of metrology is the International System of Units (SI).
Metrology organizations are built to maintain and improve the International
System of Units (SI) and provide accurate measurement and calibration ser-
vices.
The International System of Units (SI) is maintained by BIPM (International
Bureau of Weights and Measures) in France. The task of the BIPM is to
15 METROLOGY AND CALIBRATION SERVICES
ensure worldwide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the
International System of Units (SI).
National laboratories are representing the top metrology level maintaining
and developing traceability and providing the highest accuracy calibrations.
Accredited and other calibration services are then providing the traceability
to the users.
2.1.INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Legal metrology
CALIBRATION BOOK
Legal metrology covers all the legislative, administrative and technical pro-
cedures established by, or referenced by public authorities, and implemented
on their behalf in order to specify and to ensure, in a regulatory or contrac-
tual manner, the appropriate quality and credibility of measurements related
to official controls, trade, health, safety and the environment.
The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) is an intergov-
ernmental treaty organization coordinating legal metrology.
The International Bureau of Legal Metrology (BIML) is the secretar-
iat and headquarters of the OIML, ensuring both the day to day run-
ning of activities and the planning of longer term actions.
OIML has developed a worldwide technical structure that provides its mem-
bers with metrological guidelines for the elaboration of national and regional
requirements concerning the manufacturer and use of measurement equip-
ment for legal metrology applications.
Regionally, the legal metrology is coordinated by Asia-Pacific Legal Metrol-
ogy Forum (APLMF), Euro-Asian Cooperation of National Metrological
Institutions (COOMET), Euro-Mediterranean Legal Metrology Forum
(EMLMF), European Cooperation in legal metrology (WELMEC), Sistema
Interamericano de Metrologia (SIM), and Southern African Development
Community (SADCMEL).
The National Legal Metrology Bodies implement the legal metrology.
Metrology
National metrology institutes (NMI's) are essential parts when proving the
uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the International Sys-
tem of Units (SI).
Currently, in 2006
64 institutes from 45 Member States
18 Associates of the CGPM
and 2 international organizations that are covering a further 101
institutes designated by the signatory bodies
have signed so-called Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA) for
national measurement standards and for calibration and measurement certifi-
cates issued by NMI's.
To be a member in the MRA the NMI's have to prove their technical capabil-
ity by participating into so called key comparisons.
BIPM maintains database of all NMI's including the measurement ranges
and uncertainties approved.
CALIBRATION BOOK
Accreditation
Accreditation systems are developed for global recognition of laboratories
and inspection facilities, thus facilitating acceptance of test, inspection and
calibration data accompanying goods across national borders.
ILAC (International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation) and IAF
(International Accreditation Forum, Inc.) are the main organizations
for global cooperation of laboratory and inspection accreditation bod-
ies working closely with the ISO (International Organization for
Standardization).
EA (European Accreditation) in Europe, NVLAP (National Volun-
tary Laboratory Accreditation Program) in North America and
APLAC (Asian Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation) in
Asia are the main regional coordinating organizations.
These organizations develop regionally the accreditation system with the
national accreditation bodies by so called Multilateral Agreements (MLA)
which provides a means for goods and services to cross regional boundaries
and throughout the world.
2.2. NATIONAL MEASUREMENT
STANDARD LABORATORIES
National Measurement Standard Laboratories are usually situated under the
NMI's or they may be contract laboratories. Usually National Measurement
Standard Laboratories are responsible for providing and organizing calibra-
tion services needed by local society.
The calibration services of the National Measurement Standard Laboratories
may be limited to calibration of the highest grade primary standards.
What is the accreditation process
A test report, inspection report, or a certificate issued by an
accredited body in one country is recognised as equivalent
to a report or a certificate issued by an accredited body in
any of the countries signatories to the MLA. Accreditation
bodies recognise that they operate in an equivalent way
and that they deliver equivalent accreditations, providing
the same level of competence and confidence.
The MLA makes accreditation a "passport" which facili-
tates access to international markets through co-opera-
tion with ILAC (International Laboratory Accreditation
Co-operation) and IAF (International Accreditation
Forum).

CALIBRATION BOOK
2.3.COMMERCIAL CALIBRATION
SERVICES
Commercial calibration services are providing calibration services for lower
level standards and measurement equipment.
Commercial calibration services may be manufacturer services providing
calibration services for their own products or laboratories providing calibra-
tion services for any measurement equipment.
Accredited laboratories
Accredited laboratories are working according to ISO/IEC 17025 (ANSI/
NCSL Z540 may be used also in USA) and the competence of the laborato-
ries is ensured by third party accreditation.
The certificates issued by accredited laboratories are widely accepted
through the MLA's written between the Accreditation organizations.
APLAC MRA (Asia Pacific
Laboratory Accreditation Co-
operation) :
+ NATA(Australia)
+ SCC, CASEAL(Canada)
+ CNAL(China)
+ HKAS(Hong Kong, China)
+ NABL(India)
+ KAN(Indonesia)
+ JAB, IA JAPAN(Japan)
+ KOLAS(Korea)
+ DSM(Malaysia)
+ IANZ(New Zealand)
+ SAC-SINGLAS(Singapore)
+ TAF(Chinese Taipei)
+ DMSc, TLAS/TISI(Tailand)
+ A2LA, IAS, NVLAP(USA)
+ BOA/VILAS(Vietnam)
+ EMA(Mexico)
+ BPSLAS(Philippines)
EA MRA (European co-operation
for Accreditation for Calibration
and Testing :
+ NATA(Australia)
+ BMWA(Austria)
+ BKO(Belgium)
+ CGCRE/INMETRO(Brazil)
+ CAI(Czech Republic)
+ DANAK(Denmark)
+ FINAS(Finland)
+ COFRAC(France)
+ DKD, DACH, DAP,
DATech(Germany)
+ ESYD(Greece)
+ INAB(Ireland)
+ ISRAC(Israel)
+ SINAL, SIT(Italy)
+ A2LA(USA)
+ IANZ(New Zealand)
+ RvA(Netherlands)
+ NA(Norway)
+ PCA(Poland)
+ RENAR(Romania)
+ SNAS(Slovakia)
+ SA(Slovenia)
+ SAC-SINGLAS(Singapore)
+ SANAS(South Africa)
+ ENAC(Spain)
+ SWEDAC(Sweden)
+ SAS(Switzerland)
+ UKAS(UK)
Other :
+ OAA(Argentina)
+ ONARC(Cuba)
+ NLAB(Egypt)
A member of ILAC MRA (International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation / Mutual Recognition Arrangement)
* Source : ILAC web site(http://www.ilac.org/) on January 2006
Signatories of ILAC MRA, Vaisala accreditations marked with red
Non-accredited calibration services
and laboratories
Non accredited calibration services are the major service providers contain-
ing most of the measurement equipment manufacturers calibration services
and large amount of commercial calibration services.
Without accreditation the competence of these services is not proven and
before use the competence should be confirmed by auditing the service.
2.4.IN-HOUSE CALIBRATION
Sometimes it is practical to maintain a in-house calibration system. This may
be the case if the measurement equipment is difficult to transfer (calibration
on site) or when the amount of calibrated equipment is high.
To set up the in-house calibration system suitable organization should be
founded. The organization may contain just one person or whole department
with management and calibration staff.
In any case the duties of personnel should be recorded and adequate training
provided.
Organization and management
A simple in-house calibration function may be just one person nominated for
the calibration tasks. In larger organizations the organization structure, man-
agement, responsibilities, job descriptions, training plans and training
records should be documented.
These documents should also contain:
Procedures for faulty measurement equipment
CALIBRATION BOOK
Procedures for receiving customer feedback, solving complaints, correc-
tive and preventive actions
Quality audit plan and records of previous audits, findings, corrective and
preventive actions
Defined document retention times
Comparison calibration plan and results of previous comparisons.
Technical documentation
Technical documentation should contain reference equipment, facilities,
conditions, verification and maintenance of the reference equipment.
Technical documentation should also contain:
Traceability
Uncertainty calculations
Calibration instructions
Stability of the reference equipment.
Choosing reference equipment
The selection of the reference equipment depends on the chosen calibration
method and accuracy needed. Some considerations are as follows:
Accuracy, the chosen reference must be accurate enough for the
intended calibrations.
Range, the measurement range of the chosen reference must cover
the whole range needed.
Calibration service, suitable calibration service must be available.
Transportation, the reference should not be sensitive to be damaged
during transportation.
Usability, the reference should be suitable for the intended use and
user friendly.
23 CALIBRATION ACTIVITIES
3.CALIBRATION ACTIVITIES
What is needed to set up an effective measurement equipment maintenance
system?
Plan and decide
List all measurement equipment
Determine the need for calibration for each unit
Choose calibration method and interval
Identify each unit and its calibration status.
Act as planned
Perform the calibrations as planned
Keep record of the calibrations and calibration results
Analyze
Check if the calibration results require corrective actions
Adjust the calibration intervals if needed
Review the effectiveness of the system periodically.
Hmmm... New instruments
What should I do?
Check list :
Add to equipment list
Identify
Choose calibration method
Choose calibration interval
OK. Now the instruments
are in database.
CALIBRATION BOOK
CALIBRATION ACTIVITIES 24
OK. Calibration is not
needed. I'll just mark
and use it.
No calibration
This instrument should
be calibrated. I'll put a
reminder into calendar.
OR
Oh! One year has gone.
I have to send the
instrument for
calibration.
Nice! I got the instrument
from calibration. What
should I do now?
Check list :
Update equipment list
Archive the certificate
Check stability
Set new reminder
What should we do with the
calibration results?
Case 1:
Instrument is in specifications, no adjustments: No actions.
Please check the calibration curve if there is correction that should
be taken into account before taking the instrument into service.
Case 2:
Instrument is in specifications, adjusted: No actions.
Sometimes it is practical to adjust the instrument during each cali-
bration to maintain the optimum performance.
Case 3:
Instrument is not in specifications, adjusted: Reduce calibration
interval. Check if it was affecting the production. Check other simi-
lar instruments.
NOTE: If an instrument is not in specifications repeatedly, even if it has been
adjusted, reject the instrument. Check other similar instruments.
- 4
- 3
- 2
- 1
0
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+ 4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time [ months ]
Observed correction Specification
CASE 1
CASE 2
CASE 3
CALIBRATION BOOK
3.1.CHOOSING CALIBRATION METHOD
When calibration is needed
The need for calibration is determined for each measurement equipment
before taken to use or when the way of using it is significantly changed. For
each unit one of the following calibration schemes should be chosen:
Selecting calibration method
Laboratory and field calibration
Laboratory calibration is the most accurate method used for calibrating mea-
surement equipment. Laboratory calibration offers uncertainties lower than
that of field calibration. Effects of the environment are minimal and the
number of factors influencing the calibration is reduced significantly.
Field calibration is a quick and easy way of checking measurement equip-
ment without having to remove it from the process or process area, remem-
Calibration scheme Applicable units
Regular calibration For units used in daily service, when knowing the uncer-
tainty and traceability is important
Calibration before use For units used infrequently or which are not in active
usage but held as spare equipment
For new units
For repaired units
Calibration if needed For units used in other service than production, inspec-
tion, repairing or testing of products but which can be
taken into such service if needed
Inspection before use For units not calibrated but which should be inspected or
adjusted before use (like adjustment of null detector)
No calibration For units which do not need calibration
bering that proper stabilization times are allowed for both the UUC and the
working standard.
Users must decide which is the most optimal method for their approach and
this section will outline some advantages and disadvantages of both.
Equipment required for field calibration
Field calibration requires a working standard as a reference. This working
standard could be a hand-held or some other equipment that would be used
to calibrate the instrument installed in the process.
The working standard is only used for calibration and should not be used in
any part of the monitoring operation of the process. Care should be taken
when handling the working standard and proper storage is required to ensure
its functionality.
A calibrator can also be used in the field to produce a multi-point calibration.
Some calibrators are stand alone reference standards. This means that there
is no need for a separate working standard.
Working standards are generally calibrated at a higher level laboratory.
CALIBRATION BOOK
Advantages of field one-point calibration
Field calibration offers the user the ability to calibrate the instrument in
place. Leaving the instrument installed into the process eliminates any
down-time that would incur while removing and re-installing the instrument
from the process.
Calibration is made at one-point against the working standard by placing the
working standard as close to the UUC as possible. Stabilization time must be
allowed to reach temperature equilibrium between the working standard and
the UUC. Attention must be paid to the proximity of the working standard to
the UUC, temperature gradients, air flow, pressure differences, and any other
factors that could influence the calibration results.
One-point calibration is an effective way to maintain a sensor's performance
for operating conditions that do not vary. Sensors that are constantly main-
tained at one temperature, one humidity, one pressure and so on would be
ideal cases for one-point calibration.
Disadvantages of field one-point
calibration
There are also disadvantages in field calibration that should be mentioned.
Field calibrations with the instrument installed in the process limit the cali-
bration curve to one point only. Many processes vary in conditions and the
one-point calibration limits the curve over a small portion of the operating
conditions.
ATTENTION:
Before inserting a hand-held meter or other working
standard into a process, make sure that the operating
conditions do not exceed its specifications.

Advantages of field multi-point calibration
Using a working standard and generator or chamber, which is able to pro-
duce various points enables the user to perform multi-point field calibration.
The difference between one-point field calibration and multi-point field cali-
bration is that the UUC must be removed1 from the process.
The time saved performing multi-point field calibration to that of laboratory
calibration can be significant.
Disadvantages of field multi-point
calibration
Field calibration generally carries a higher calibration uncertainty than labo-
ratory calibration.
Labor and traveling costs may be significantly higher than in laboratory cali-
brations. In laboratory the reference equipment are usually constantly avail-
able and several instruments may be calibrated simultaneously.
Example of salt solution chamber for
humidity instrument calibration
CALIBRATION BOOK
Field spot checking
Spot checking is a quick and easy way to determine proper operation of a
unit. Spot checking should not be confused with field calibration. They are
very similar in the respect that a reference equipment is placed near the sen-
sor that is being checked and the readings are compared to that of the
installed instrument. In spot checking stabilization time is not as crucial as it
is in field calibration, and therefore time used for the checking is much
shorter.
Spot-checking can be viewed as a good addition to measurement equipment
maintenance. As an example if a unit is calibrated annually in a laboratory, it
could be subject to spot checking every 3 months.
Guidelines should be set up before commencing with the spot checking of
instruments. There should be pre-established limits to determine potential
actions taken.
Examples of potential actions
Error Potential action
0 %...1 % No actions needed
1 %...3 % Perform one-point field calibration
3 %...5 % Perform multi-point field or laboratory calibration
>5 % Unit needs to be serviced
3.2. DETERMINING THE CALIBRATION
INTERVAL
The decision on the calibration interval must always be made by the user,
however there are common practise guidelines available.
Typical calibration interval
The typical calibration interval can be chosen from the values given as
example. The variation in values tells the shorter calibration intervals chosen
for critical equipment and accordingly the longer values used for not so crit-
ical equipment.
Typical calibration intervals
suitable calibration interval
Measurement equipment
Month
6 9 12 24 36 60
Mechanical pressure meters
Precision barometers
Barometers
Liquid-in-glass thermometers
Resistive temperature sensors
and thermoelements/thermometers

Dewpoint meters
Humidity meters
Active electrical meters
Passive electrical meters
Length measurement equipment
Length measurement equipment
with electrical display

CALIBRATION BOOK
Lengthening the calibration interval
When the measurement equipment has stability surveillance long enough the
calibration interval can be lengthened. Lengthening can be made when there
have been at least 3 calibrations performed in a 12 months time period and
the unit has remained within specification. Before lengthening the calibra-
tion interval, the user should ensure that the maximum calibration intervals
were not exceeded, or, that the calibration interval is not lengthened for criti-
cal equipment.
The calibration interval can also be lengthened if the equipment is used with
other more stable measurement equipment or if the application allows lower
accuracy than the manufacturers specifications grant for the normal calibra-
tion interval.
Shortening the calibration interval
When measurement equipment has drifted more than its specifications allow,
the following procedures should be performed:
In cases where the drift is caused by misuse or breakage, the cause and
fault should be corrected.
In cases where the unit has drifted without a clear cause, the calibration
interval should be shortened to half of its original length.
Consider whether the calibration intervals of other similar equipment
should be shortened.
3.3.CHOOSING CALIBRATION POINTS
A one-point calibration is a typical on-site calibration. It is a good stability
monitoring check to be made between full calibrations. The one-point cali-
bration may be used to adjust the equipment using an offset-correction.
A full calibration should cover the entire measurement range with 5 or more
points equally spaced to verify the linearity of the unit. The calibrated range
can be smaller than the actual measurement range if the equipment is used
within the limited range. In such a case it is good practise to somehow iden-
tify the range the unit is calibrated to since it must not be used outside the
calibrated range.
Sensors having hysteresis should be calibrated using increasing and decreas-
ing values with equal change rates of the quantity and stabilization times.
3.4.CALIBRATION METHODS BY THE
USER
There are numerous ways to calibrate measurement equipment. Manufactur-
ers of measurement equipment develop what they may consider the best
method for specific equipment. Calibration laboratories that provide services
for all equipment measuring a certain quantity have their own internal cali-
bration methods. Metrologists that focus strictly on calibration develop pro-
cedures and equipment that solely aim to achieve the lowest possible
uncertainties.
Whatever method is chosen it should be based on a proper understanding of
the requirements in relation to traceability, accuracy and costs.
Users of measurement equipment that are interested in performing calibra-
tion themselves must either purchase or develop their own calibration equip-
ment. Purchasing of calibration equipment should be considered a major
investment.
CALIBRATION BOOK
Not only will it require the capital for the equipment itself but also the need for
training of personnel (including back-up personnel), development of proce-
dures, calculation of uncertainties and development of methods for calibrating
the equipment itself. This may require extensive resources and time, and
should seriously be thought out before the purchase is made.
How to handle the calibration of in-house calibration equipment itself should
be thought out as well. How and where is the reference standard calibrated?
Calibrators are very elaborate and will require a highly accurate calibration in
order to maintain their specified accuracy. Outsourcing the calibration of the
reference standards is typically an optimal approach. However the expense can
be high and the turn around time can be long. This means down time for the
users normal calibration.
Purchasing of even more measurement equipment will be required to bring the
calibration of almost all measurement equipment in house. There may always
be equipment that requires calibration from outside sources. Users may opt to
send references directly to a National laboratory. This is the typical method for
a high-end laboratory. Calibration at a National laboratory can be very expen-
sive and may have an extremely long turn around time.
The calibration traceability chain can be very confusing, especially when more
links are added. Below is an example of a traceability chain for installed
humidity and temperature units.
Example humidity and temperature instruments traceability chain
Temperature equilibrium
The often spoken term temperature equilibrium is important but usually
impossible to reach in most calibrations. When temperature equilibrium
occurs, all of the components in the system are at same temperature and no
heat flows occur.
Usually there are heat-producing elements in the system like motors, elec-
tronics, operator or light sources. Also note that the heat radiated from the
operators body is a heat producing element.
To minimize the errors due to temperature differences, the system should be
allowed to stabilize for a sufficient amount of time, so that all parts of the
system have reached their own equilibrium:
Ensure that the electronics have been powered long enough to reach their
nominal operating temperature.
Ensure that the environment is stable, air conditioning and lights on, no
spot lights or direct sun shining into the measurement area.
The number and variation of people in the measurement area is limited to a
minimum, and the measurement system is protected from the heat pro-
duced by the operator if needed.
Stabilization and sampling
After new measurement point is adjusted the whole calibration system and
the sensors must be stabilized before measurement.
Different parts of the system stabilize at different rates. The whole system
should be stabilized before measurements are made. In cases where only the
reference is monitored and found to be stable the Unit Under Calibration
(UUC) may still be not stabilized.
In cases where the measurement system is not stable, sampling should be
used to ensure a good representation of the quantity being measured, not just
a single measurement at one point.
CALIBRATION BOOK
The number of samples should be large enough. Typically ten samples are
adequate but if the system has a lot of variations, up to 100 samples at a rea-
sonable interval should be taken to cover the full variation.
Uncertainty estimation
Uncertainty comes from three main sources: The reference used, the unit
under calibration (UUC) itself and the calibration process used.
Below are listed some of the uncertainty factors.
Uncertainty of the reference is composed of calibration uncertainty, long-
term and short-term stability, resolution and the effect of influence quanti-
ties.
Uncertainty of the UUC is composed of repeatability, linearity, hysteresis
and short-term stability, resolution and the influence quantities.
The calibration process itself may cause uncertainty; like the uncertainty
of the height correction used in a pressure calibration, the temperature uni-
formity in a climate chamber during a temperature calibration or the pres-
sure correction used in a dewpoint calibration. For more information, see
Appendix C.
Presenting the results
Typically the results are presented in a table showing the reference reading,
UUC reading, correction (or error) and uncertainty values. Additionally a
graph of the results may be produced. Good calibration certificate always
presents the following as minimum:
Calibrated item
Calibration place and operator
Calibration method and conditions during calibration
Traceability of the measurement results
Measurement results, uncertainty and coverage factor
Results before and after adjustment (if adjusted)
Number of pages and signature(s).

Correction - error - deviation - difference
Be careful when interpreting the calibration results:
Error = Reading - Reference value
Correction = Reference value - Reading
Deviation or difference can be calculated either way.

CALIBRATION BOOK

Example of calibration certificate
39 CALIBRATION IN PRACTICE
4.CALIBRATION IN PRACTICE
This chapter will look at practical calibration for measurement equipment of
relative humidity, dewpoint temperature, temperature and pressure.
4.1.HUMIDITY CALIBRATION
The reference equipment needed de
CALIBRATION BOOK
CALIBRATION IN PRACTICE 40
Moist air (gas) generation methods
Two temperature (2t) generators
In two temperature generators the gas is saturated in a saturator. The dew-
point temperature is the saturation temperature corrected for possible pres-
sure differences between the saturator and the measurement chamber.
Dewpoint temperature is calculated using the formula 1.
A two-temperature generator is the most accurate humidity gener-
ator and is used widely as the realization equipment for dewpoint
temperature calibrations in national measurement standard labo-
ratories.
The effect of the enhancement factor is very small and the uncer-
tainty in the dewpoint temperature due to the uncertainty of the
enhancement factor is usually negligible.
The two-temperature generator is very slow in use. The tempera-
ture of the whole generator is changed before each measurement
point, typically one measurement point/day is reached with this
generator.
Two pressure (2p) generators
In a two-pressure generator, the gas is saturated in a saturator at a higher
pressure and then released at a lower pressure for measurement. Dewpoint
temperature is calculated using formula 1.
The two pressure generator is faster as the saturator is maintained
in constant temperature and the dewpoint setting is achieved
through pressure changes.
The effect of the enhancement factor is significant and the uncer-
tainty in dewpoint temperature due to the uncertainty of the
enhancement factor is also significant.
The measurement range is limited as the enhancement factor is
known only up to 2 MPa (20 bar, 290 psi). In cases where the sat-
urator and measurement temperatures are at 23 C and the mea-
surement pressure is one atmosphere (1013.25 hPa) the
minimum dewpoint temperature of the generator would be
-16 C frostpoint or -17.9 C dewpoint.
Combined two temperature (2t), two pressure
(2p) generators
In combined two temperature, two pressure generators, both the temperature
and pressure of the saturator are adjustable. With this arrangement the range
of the generator may be extended with reasonable saturator pressures. Dew-
point temperature is calculated using formula 1.
These generators are using the same principle where gas is saturated in a sat-
urator at pressure psat and at temperature tsat and dewpoint temperature td,sat =
tsat. Dewpoint temperature at measurement chamber (at pressure pmeas) is
then calculated:

EXPLANATIONS
f(psat,td,sat) the enhancement factor of moist gas at psat and td,sat
ew(td,sat) the saturation vapor pressure of moist gas at td,sat
f(pmeas,td,meas) the enhancement factor of moist gas at pmeas and td,meas
ew(td,meas)
the saturation vapor pressure of moist gas at td,meas
FORMULA 1
) t ( e ) t , p ( f
p
p
) t ( e ) t , p ( f
meas , d w meas , d meas
meas
sat
sat , d w sat , d sat
=
CALIBRATION BOOK
Divided flow generators
In divided flow generators, dry gas is separated into two or more flow paths
and one of them is then fed through a saturator. The measured gas is then a
mixture of the saturated and dry gas.
To reach low dewpoint temperatures, the mixing can be done
several times by adding more dry gas into the path. This is called
dilution method.
In very low dewpoint ranges, the saturator can be replaced with
a dilution element which produces constant flow of water mole-
cules into the gas flow.
In very high dewpoint ranges the saturator can be replaced with
an evaporation element where water is heated to produce steam
which is then added to the gas flow.
A divided flow generator response is fast.
Dry gas supplies
A dry gas supply is needed for these generators. Different types of high pres-
sure or drying agent (desiccant) dryers are available. It is important to
choose a supply having a lower dewpoint than the lowest measured dew-
point value and with the flow capacity needed for the generator.
To avoid saturator contamination a filter is recommended after
the gas supply.
Saturated salt solutions
This method generates air of a desired humidity by equilibrating air with a
saturated aqueous solution of salt kept at a constant temperature within a
closed container. The relative humidity of the air in the equilibrium state
with the saturated aqueous solution of salt is determined by the kind of salt
and the temperature of the solution. Air of a desired humidity can be gener-
ated by choosing the salt.
Climate chambers
A climate chamber is usually a chamber with an air circulator and heat and
moisture control systems. It is usually easy to use and does not need to be
filled with liquid. However, stability and uniformity of temperature and
humidity inside the chamber are usually not so good.
Example of salt solution calibrator
CALIBRATION BOOK
Reference equipment
Gravimetric hygrometers are the most accurate reference equipment. 2t
generator are commonly used in national laboratories. 2p and 2t/2p genera-
tors are usually not classified as reference equipment.
Dewpoint meters or condensing hygrometers are the most commonly used
reference equipment. In this meter the gas sample is fed into the measure-
ment chamber where the sensing element is cooled until dew/frost occurs.
The temperature of the surface is then measured with Pt-100 sensor element
installed into the sensing element.
Dewpoint meters are generally stable and accurate equipment.
Dewpoint meters are quite slow in stabilization after humidity
changes.
Sometimes dewpoint meters do not find the dewpoint at all and
need the operator to fix the problem.
Example of condensing hygrometer
In ranges from 0 to -20 C the dew may be in the form of water, or
ice, or both, which may cause significant error if it is not notified.
Dewpoint meters need periodic cleaning.
Dewpoint meters may need an additional cooling system for the
lowest measurement points.
The temperature of the additional coolant may affect the dew-
point meter reading causing significant errors.
Comparison of the generators and references
In some cases, the generators may be used as references with extra careful operation and a separate control
equipment monitoring the output of the generator.
Good ... very good
No good ... not suitable
... Information
...Remarkable point
Accu-
racy
Stability Use Automa-
tization
Mainte-
nance
Price
Generators
2t generator

2p generator
2t/2p generator
Divided flow
generator

Saturated salt
solution

Climate cham-
ber

Reference Meters
Gravimetric
hygrometer

Dewpoint meter

CALIBRATION BOOK
Relative humidity calibration
Relative humidity (U)
Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial water vapor pressure (pw ) to the
water vapor saturation pressure (pws ) at a particular temperature. It is mea-
sured as a percentage:
Relative humidity is strongly temperature-dependent. Pressure will also
change the relative humidity. For example, if a process is kept at a constant
temperature, the relative humidity will increase by a factor of two if the pres-
sure is doubled.
Other definitions of humidity:
Absolute humidity (a)
Absolute humidity refers to the mass of water in a unit volume of moist air at
a given temperature and pressure.
Usually expressed as grams per cubic meter (or grains per cubic foot) of air,
it can easily be confused with mixing ratio.
Mixing ratio (r)
Mixing ratio is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry gas. It
is dimensionless but often expressed in grams per kilogram (or grains per
pound) of dry gas. It is mainly used in drying processes or ventilation sys-
tems for calculating water content when the mass flow of gas is known.
FORMULA 2
[ ] 100
p
p
RH % humidity lative Re
ws
w
=
Saturation vapor pressure of water (pws)
The maximum pressure that water vapor can exist at a particular tempera-
ture. The higher the temperature, the more water vapor the gas can hold.
Dewpoint temperature (td)
Dewpoint is the temperature at which air becomes saturated when cooled
and begins to condense, forming dew. At 100 % relative humidity the ambi-
ent temperature equals the dewpoint temperature. The lower the dewpoint
temperature as compared to the ambient temperature, the less the risk of con-
densation and consequently, the drier the gas. Dewpoint is not temperature
dependent, but it is affected by pressure.
Frostpoint temperature (tf)
If the dewpoint temperature is below freezing, the term frostpoint tempera-
ture is sometimes used. Frostpoint temperature is always higher than dew-
point temperature for the same humidity. This is because the saturation vapor
pressure of ice is smaller than the saturation vapor pressure of water.
Relative humidity calibration methods
Preparations
Perform a chemical purge if the sensor has this function. Allow the humidity
sensor to stabilize to laboratory conditions.
Using a moist air (gas) generator as reference
Place the UUC into the chamber of a humidity generator, or, supply moist air
(gas) generated by a humidity generator into the UUC. This enables compar-
ing the indicated value of the UUC in order to calibrate it to the value of the
humidity generator.
CALIBRATION BOOK
Example: Using reference generator (Relative humidity and dewpoint)
ATTENTION:
Consider temperature and humidity distribution, and air-
flow inside the chamber, place the hygrometer in an
effective location.
Pay attention to heat generation of equipment that will be
brought into the chamber simultaneously.

Using a dewpoint meter or hygrometer as
reference
Dewpoint meter
Place the UUC into the chamber of a dewpoint generator, or, supply moist air
(gas) generated by a dewpoint generator into the UUC. This enables compar-
ing the indicated value of the UUC in order to calibrate it to the value of the
dewpoint and temperature generator. When using a dewpoint meter as refer-
ence for a relative humidity calibration, a reference thermometer is needed.
Unit conversion
When calibrating a relative humidity meter by comparing it to a dewpoint
meter, it is necessary to convert the dewpoint values to relative humidity val-
ues.
Temperature values and pressure values in the chamber are indispensable for
calculation. Enhancement factor [f] is often handled as f = 1.
FORMULA 3
% 100
) t ( e ) t , p ( f
) t ( e ) t , p ( f
U
t s t t
d s d t
w
=
CALIBRATION BOOK
Hygrometer
Place both the UUC and the reference hygrometer into the chamber of a
humidity generator, or, supply moist air (gas) generated by a humidity gener-
ator to both the UUC and the hygrometer. This enables comparing the indi-
cated value of the UUC to the value of the reference hygrometer.
Example: Using reference dewpoint meter (Relative humidity)
One-point calibration
In a one-point calibration the reference sensor and calibrated sensor are
placed closely together in a stable environment. After stabilization the read-
ings can be taken. A one-point calibration may also be done in a process
where the reference sensor is placed near the UUC sensor in actual process
conditions.
Example: Using reference hygrometer (Relative humidity)
Consideration before calibration work:
Shorten the connecting tube from the generator
to the hygrometer as much as possible.
When calibrating two or more hygrometers
simultaneously, connect moist air supply tubes
from the generator directly to each hygrometer.
Keep flow rates constant.
If the dewpoint of the air generated by a genera-
tor becomes higher than the room temperature,
apply heat insulation to the piping to avoid con-
densation.

CALIBRATION BOOK
In case the one-point calibration is made in room conditions the reference
and calibrated sensor must be protected from direct light sources, like light-
ing or sun, and stabilization should be ensured with a fan circulating air to
the sensors.
Full calibration
To perform a full range calibration, controlled temperature, and humidity
generation equipment are needed. They may be a humidity generator, cli-
mate chamber or a saturated salt solution calibrator.
In a full calibration, the measurement points (usually 3 or more points) are
selected equally spaced throughout the measurement range and usually per-
formed from the lowest humidity to the highest humidity. These measure-
ments are then repeated backwards from the highest humidity to the lowest
humidity.
Common mistakes
Temperature equilibrium is not reached:
In case the Unit Under Calibration (UUC) has been recently moved from
some other environment into the measurement environment, it may not have
had sufficient time to stabilize to the temperature of the measurement condi-
tions. This may cause up to 6 %/ C error in the relative humidity value.
Stabilization time is not sufficient:
After changing the humidity value of the reference, the UUC must have
enough stabilization time at the new humidity value (sometimes the equip-
ment may have very different response or stabilization times).
Hysteresis is not taken into account:
Some sensors have significant hysteresis behavior. Significant errors may
occur if the measurements are carried out by only changing the humidity val-
ues in one direction.
The temperature or humidity is measured in a
different location than the UUC sensor:
An error will occur if there is temperature difference between the reference
sensor and the UUC sensor.

Dewpoint temperature calibration
Dewpoint temperature (td) and frostpoint temperature (tf) are used to present
the amount of water in a gas, usually air, but also in other gases. Typically
the lowest measured tf values vary from -100 to -60 C and highest measured
td values vary from 60 to 85 C.
The thermodynamic dewpoint temperature td of moist air, at pressure p, and
mixing ratio r, is the thermodynamic temperature where the mixing ratio rw
of the saturated air (against water) are equivalent.
CALIBRATION BOOK
The correspondence between dewpoint temperature td, mixing ratio r and
pressure p is:
EXPLANATIONS
e'w(td) saturation vapor pressure of saturated air (against water) at
dewpoint temperature td
e'w(tf) saturation vapor pressure of saturated air (against ice) at
frostpoint temperature tf
Mv molar mass of water vapor
Ma molar mass of dry air
xv mole fraction of the water vapor
FORMULA 4
) t , p ( r r
d w
=
FORMULA 5
p x p
r
M
M
r
) t ( e or p x p
r
M
M
r
) t ( e
v
a
v
f w v
a
v
d w
=
+
= =
+
=
Dewpoint temperature calibration methods
Dewpoint temperature calibration is a typical comparison calibration where
the reading of the UUC is compared to the value of reference generator or
reference meter at selected dewpoint temperatures.
Preparations
Before calibration the entire measurement system must be purged of water
vapor. Usually, this is done by flushing the system with dry gas. The drying
process can be accelerated by heating the tubing during flushing.
The measurement system, tubing and fittings must be of a suit-
able material for the measurement range. For the lowest dew-
points, use electro-polished stainless steel tubing with a
minimum number of fittings, preferably welded connections or
leak free fitting types.
If the measured dewpoint temperature is near or above room
temperature, heat the system before starting humidity generation
to avoid condensation in the system.
Calibration
Select the measurement points (usually 3 or more points) equally spaced
throughout the measurement range. The calibration is usually performed
beginning with the lowest dewpoint temperature and proceeding to the high-
est dewpoint temperature. The measurement of hysteresis with condensing
type dewpoint meters is not necessary. Other type sensors would need the
hysteresis measurement but it is difficult to produce at the lowest dewpoint
temperatures due to extremely long stabilization times. In these cases the
hysteresis should be estimated and added into the uncertainty estimations.
After changing the dewpoint temperature the stabilization time must be suf-
ficient to allow the measurement system, reference and the UUC to reach
equilibrium.
CALIBRATION BOOK
Common mistakes
Condensation in the system
If condensation occurs the dewpoint temperature reading, after
condensation, is lower than the true reading.
When condensed water remains in the system, the dewpoint tem-
perature readings, after condensation, are higher than the true
reading.
To avoid these errors - always heat the complete system at least 5
degrees Celsius above the highest generated dewpoint tempera-
ture before starting humidity generation.
Faulty condensation in the dewpoint meter
Sometimes condensation in a dewpoint meter forms a large crys-
tal and part of the mirror has no condensation at all.
Sometimes condensation is water or ice or a mixture of both.
How to avoid these errors - always use the mirror microscope to
investigate the dew layer on the mirror. It should be constant and
smooth over the whole surface. Ensure the microscope covers the
full mirror and not just a part of it. In case the dew is not satisfac-
tory, the mirror should be heated until it dries, cleaned if needed
and re-cooled to get a new dewpoint value.
Condensation occurs over
half of mirror, one large
crystal and rest without
condensation. This was
measured at -60 C dew-
point and this fault was
about 1.5 C error in
dewpoint.
Condensation occurs over
half of mirror, one large
crystal and rest without
condensation. This was
measured at -60 C dew-
point and this fault was
about 1 C error in dew-
point.
TWO EXAMPLES OF FAULTY CONDENSATION
CALIBRATION BOOK
4.2. TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION
Thermodynamic Temperature (T90) is one of the basic units in The Interna-
tional System of Units (SI) and the Kelvin [K] is a basic unit.
Kelvin is defined using the following equation:
EXPLANATIONS
Ttp the thermodynamic temperature at the Triple Point of
Water [K]
Celsius and
Fahrenheit (t)
derived quantities in The International System of Units
(SI) and they are defined using the following equations
(formula 7 and 8)
FORMULA 6
16 . 273
T
K 1
tp
=
As the thermodynamic temperature itself is not a practical unit of measure-
ment, the realization of temperature is made using the International Temper-
ature Scale, ITS-90. The scale is based on so called fixed points like triple
points, freezing points or melting points of pure materials. The thermody-
namic temperatures at these points are determined experimentally and the
values are agreed upon by all that are using this scale. Between these points
so called interpolation equipment are used, in range from -259 to 962 C a
25.5 ohm Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer (SPRT) is used. This
is a specially designed and manufactured platinum thermometer that follows
closely the interpolation equations presented in the ITS-90. Typically SPRT
25 is used up to 420 C or 660 C and a specially designed High Tempera-
ture Platinum Resistance Thermometer (HTPRT) is used at the higher tem-
peratures.
ITS-90 Temperature Scale
Between 0.65 K and 5.0 K, T90 is defined in terms of the vapor-pressure tem-
perature relations of He and He.
Between 3.0 K and the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), T90 is defined by
means of a helium gas thermometer calibrated at three experimentally realiz-
able temperatures having assigned numerical values (defining fixed points)
and using specified interpolation procedures.
[ ] [ ] K 15 . 273 K T C t =
FORMULA 7
FORMULA 8
[ ] [ ] 32 C t 8 . 1 F t + =
CALIBRATION BOOK
Between the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K) and the freez-
ing point of silver (961.78 C) T90 is defined by means of Standard Platinum
Resistance Thermometers calibrated at specified sets of defining fixed points
and using specified interpolation procedures.
Above the freezing point of silver (961.78 C) T90 is defined in terms of a
defining fixed point and the Planck radiation law.
The reference equipment needed depends on the accuracy needed and the
calibration method chosen. In the case of a one-point calibration only a refer-
ence thermometer is needed. In case of a fixed-point calibration or a full cal-
ibration, temperature generation equipment is also needed.
Lots of different thermometers are available. Typically resistive sensors,
either platinum sensors or thermistors are used as the sensor, and they are
attached to a display unit or digital multimeter.
Liquid-in-glass thermometers may also be used. Thermocouples are used as
references only at higher temperatures.
Radiation thermometers are developing rapidly and can already be used
from room temperature up to extremely high temperatures. The accuracy of
those is however limited and in this book we are not considering them as ref-
erence equipment.
Temperature generation methods
Fixed points
Fixed point calibration should be chosen when the best available accuracy is
needed.
In a full fixed-point calibration, the points needed for each range
are defined and the interpolation equations are given in the ITS-
90 scale documentation.
Sometimes it is practical to use one or a few fixed points as regu-
lar in-house stability test. If drift in the sensor is observed, then
send the sensor for a full calibration.
In cases where fixed-point calibration was chosen, the full sys-
tem should be chosen to support the highest accuracy calibra-
tions.
The best available accuracy is achieved with Fixed Points.
Fixed Points are expensive and complex to use.
Calibration Baths
Calibration baths are usually specially designed baths or tanks
with a deep chamber and high circulation using alcohol, water or
oil as a medium, depending on the temperature. Salt is also used
at the highest temperatures. Specially designed, so-called, Micro
Baths are also available for smaller thermometers.
The best available stability and uniformity of temperature is
achieved with the best calibration baths.
The stability of the bath may be improved with a specially
designed temperature stabilization block.
Each sensor should be tested for optimum immersion. Test is
done by simply calibrating the end points while immersing the
sensor, for example, at 5 cm increments. Once the results remain
the same for the next immersion level, the correct immersion
level has been found for this kind of sensor.
Some thermometer sensors are not immersible into a liquid
medium without proper protection.
CALIBRATION BOOK
Climate chamber
A climate chamber is usually a chamber with an air circulator
and a heat control system. Sometimes, humidity may also be
controlled.
A climate chamber is usually easy to use and does not need any
liquid filling.
A climate chamber is suitable for the calibration of large ther-
mometers. With a window on the door they also can be used for
chart recorders or thermometers having only a visual display.
Stability and uniformity of temperature inside the chamber is
usually poor.
Stability and uniformity of temperature inside the chamber may
be improved by placing a special measurement chamber inside
the climate chamber.
METHANOL is highly toxic:
Most bath manufacturers recommend methanol, but
good industrial grade ethanol is usually suitable for all
baths, please ask your local supplier.
If methanol is used the work space should be
ventilated and the bath operators or other peo-
ple should not be exposed to the fumes during
filling, operation or changing of the fluid.
Storage and disposal of all the bath fluids
should be done according to the local regula-
tions.

Dry block calibrators
A dry block calibrator is a small calibration furnace with a verti-
cal well for thermometer sensors and they usually have a very
low immersion depth. The measurement range is usually from
room temperature up to 650 C but some equipment can go
down to -40 C.
The dry block calibrator is portable, usually easy to use and does
not need any liquid filling.
Low immersion depth, suitable only for very thin sensors.
Ovens
Ovens are used at higher temperatures. Only specially designed
vertical calibration ovens with several temperature controlled
zones should be used for calibration.
Ovens reach the highest calibration temperatures.
An oven without air circulation will have high temperature gradi-
ents and the gradients should be investigated carefully before
use.
Temperature sensing equipment
SPRT Thermometers
SPRT thermometers are resistive sensors with typically 25.1 to 25.5

nom-
inal resistance to used in the range from -259 to 962 C.
The best available temperature measurement accuracy is
achieved with an SPRT-25 thermometer calibrated at fixed
points.
CALIBRATION BOOK
The best available temperature measurement accuracy is
achieved with an SPRT-25 thermometer calibrated at fixed
points.
An SPRT thermometer is an extremely fragile piece of equip-
ment and needs careful operation.
An SPRT-25 thermometer usually requires the use of the triple
point of water.
Calculations of SPRT-25 thermometer are complex.
Needs an accurate resistance measurement bridge.
Pt-100 sensor or Precision Thermistor
Pt-100 sensors or precision thermistors are generally used in the range from
-100 to 200 C.
Pt-100 sensors or precision thermistors are usually robust and
easy to use.
Stability of a Pt-100 sensor is not known before it has undergone
several calibrations.
Stability of the sensors may be monitored with regular calibra-
tions at ice-point (0.00 C).
Liquid-in-glass thermometers
Liquid-in-glass thermometers may be used in the range from
-200 to 500 C.
In liquid-in-glass thermometers, the expansion of a selected liq-
uid in comparison to temperature is used to measure temperature.
The liquid may be an organic liquid in the lowest temperatures,
for example mercury/thallium down to -56 C and mercury down
to -38 C.
Liquid-in-glass thermometers are generally stable allowing up to
a three year calibration interval.
The use of mercury is not allowed in several countries.
Liquid-in-glass thermometers are fragile and the measurement
range is limited.
Liquid-in-glass thermometers are usually used as a pair of two
thermometers.
Different kinds of liquids are used, but only mercury or mercury/
thallium thermometers are reliable.
Liquid-in-glass thermometers are difficult to read and require a
trained observer.
Temperature display units
In cases where the sensor has an electrical output, it is usually measured with
a resistance bridge, thermometer display unit or digital multimeter.
Resistance bridges
In a resistance bridge, the measured resistance is compared to a reference
resistance, either internal or external.
A conventional resistance bridge is manual but modern bridges
are possible to automate.
Most accurate resistance measurement method.
Does not give direct temperature readings.
Needs calibrated reference resistance.
CALIBRATION BOOK
Thermometer display units
There are many different specially designed thermometer display units to
choose from.
If the Pt-100 sensor or thermistor is connected to a thermometer,
they should be calibrated as a pair, and the calibration coeffi-
cients stored in the memory of the thermometer.
Gives direct temperature reading, no additional calculations
needed.
Digital multimeters
A digital multimeter may be used to measure the resistance of the tempera-
ture sensor.
If the resistance of the Pt-100 sensor or thermistor is measured
during the calibration with multimeter and the coefficients for
the calibration equation are given on the certificate, the following
should be taken into consideration:
Proper calibration of the resistance range of the multimeter.
The measurement current should not exceed the recommended cur-
rent of the sensor to avoid self-heating.
Comparison of the calibration methods, generators and
references
Accu-
racy
tization
Mainte-
nance
Price
Calibration methods
Full fixed point
calibration

Single fixed point

calibration

Good ... very good
... Information
...Remarkable point
Comparison cali-
bration in bath

Temperature generation
Fixed points

Calibration baths

Climate chamber

Dry block
calibrator

Ovens

Reference sensor
SPRT thermom-
eter

Pt-100 sensor or
precision ther-
mistor

Liquid-in-glass
thermometer

Display unit
Resistance
bridge

Thermometer

Digital multimeter

Accu-
racy
tization
Mainte-
nance
Price
CALIBRATION BOOK
Temperature calibration methods
A temperature calibration may be a fixed point calibration, or, a comparison
calibration, where the reference value and the UUC value are compared at
selected temperatures.
A temperature calibration may be done as a one-point calibration, or, a full
range calibration. Sometimes it is also practical to calibrate the UUC for
only part of the measurement range, if the overall range is larger than the
temperature range used.
Fixed point calibration
In a fixed point calibration, the reference is a so-called fixed point cell which
when operated properly produces a fixed temperature value. The cell has a
thermometer well into which the sensor is placed and the reading taken.
Several fixed point values may be measured and the coefficients solved for
the correction equation.
The most common fixed point is the triple point of water which produces
temperature of 0.01 C. Traditionally ice-point (0.00 C) is used like a fixed
point but it does not have that status in ITS-90 scale.
One-point calibration
Traditionally the ice-point (0.00 C) is used as a control or adjustment point
for some thermometers.
The stability of liquid-in-glass thermometers and platinum sensors are con-
trolled with frequent ice-point measurements and appropriate corrections
calculated.
In one-point calibration the reference sensor and UUC sensor are placed
closely together in a stable temperature environment. After stabilization the
readings are taken. A one-point calibration may also be done in a process
where the reference sensor is placed near the UUC sensor in actual process
conditions.
In cases where the one-point calibration is made at room temperature the ref-
erence and calibrated sensor must be protected from direct light sources, like
lighting or sun, and stabilization should be ensured with a fan circulating air
to the sensors.
Full calibration
To perform a full range calibration, a controlled temperature generator is
needed. This may be a calibration bath, climate chamber or dry block cali-
brator.
In full calibration the measurement points (usually 3 or more points) are
selected equally spaced throughout the measurement range. These are usu-
ally performed beginning with the lowest temperature and proceeding to the
highest temperature. Hysteresis of modern temperature sensors is negligible
and does not need to be measured.
After changing the temperature set-point, the stabilization time must be suf-
ficient to allow the medium, reference and the UUC to reach equilibrium.
Calibration in a fixed point cell
The UUC sensor is immersed into the thermometer well of the fixed cell, the
cell is prepared and the reading of the UUC sensor is taken.
Sensor construction and dimensions should be suitable to fixed
point calibration.
Calibration in calibration bath
The reference and UUC sensor are immersed into the bath, and after stabili-
zation, the reading of the reference and UUC sensor are taken.
Sensor construction and dimensions should be suitable for bath
calibration.
The sensor may have to be protected before immersing into the
bath liquid.
CALIBRATION BOOK
Calibration in climate chamber or dry
block calibrator
The reference and UUC sensor are placed into the calibration chamber and
after stabilization, the reading of the reference and UUC sensors are taken.
In this case, the thermal contact between air and the sensor is weak, in com-
parison to a calibration in liquid, and heat conducted through the connecting
wires may cause large errors.
Common mistakes
System not stabilized before measurement
In cases where system is not stabilized before taking measure-
ments, the reference and the UUC reading may differ signifi-
cantly as the sensors have different time constants and follow the
change at different rates.
To avoid these errors, carefully wait for the system to stabilize
before taking any measurements.
Heat conducted via sensor wires
In cases where the sensor is not immersed deep enough into the
temperature chamber, heat is conducted via the wires and signifi-
cant errors can occur. This may happen in baths, dry wells, ovens
and climate chambers.
To avoid these errors, calibrate the sensor at end point tempera-
tures while immersing the sensor, for example, at 5cm incre-
ments. Once the results remain the same for the next immersion
level, the correct immersion level has been found for this kind of
sensor.
4.3.PRESSURE CALIBRATION
The measurement scale of pressure is very wide (from 10
-8
to 10
8
Pa). The
nature of pressures itself and the measurement methods vary depending on
the scale. Pressure can also be measured using different gases or liquids.
This makes the measurement of pressure very different. The amount of pres-
sure may need to be known as an absolute pressure, gage pressure, positive
or negative differential pressure and can be expressed using various units
like Pa, psi, mmHg, Torr, atm etc.
In the lowest pressure ranges, we are speaking about detecting a few parti-
cles in the measurement system. In the highest pressure ranges we are speak-
ing about large and even dangerous forces generated inside the measurement
system.
This chapter is concentrating on a small part of the pressure range used in
Vaisala Barometers and Pressure Transmitters from 50 to 1300 hPa.
CALIBRATION BOOK
The tendency of expansion of a compressed gas or liquid is called pressure p
[Pa] and it is defined using equation:

In a system the pressure p is the fraction of the force F [N] caused by the ten-
dency of expansion of the compressed gas (or liquid) against surface and the
area of that surface A [m
2
].
Most pressure equipment in this pressure range is measuring force effecting
the pressure sensor and calibrated for pressure.
Pressure Balance (known also as Piston Gage), Mercury Manometer or Elec-
trical Transfer Standard may be used as reference equipment in the pressure
range from 50 hPa to 1300 hPa.
Conventional pressure balance
In conventional pressure balance weights are loaded on top of a piston. The
mass together with the local gravity then that produces downward force.
This force causes pressure relative to the area of the piston against the bot-
tom of the piston. To measure pressure, the balance pressure supply is con-
nected to the bottom of the pressure balance and adjusted so that the piston is
floating - at this point the pressure in the system is equal to the pressure pro-
duced with the weights and piston.
A
F
p =
FORMULA 9
The best available accuracy is achievable with the best Pressure
Balances.
Pressure Balances are extremely stable equipment allowing even
three year calibration interval depending on the accuracy needed.
The local gravity has to be measured for pressure calculation
(local gravity can be calculated instead of measurement if the
accuracy demand is not critical).
Pressure Balance is temperature dependent and needs stable con-
ditions.
When operating Pressure Balance in absolute pressure mode a
calibrated Vacuum Meter is needed.
The operation of the Pressure Balance is manual, therefore a
trained operator is needed.
Needs periodical cleaning.
The pressure calculations are very complex (residual pressure,
gravity and temperature corrections and uncertainty estimation).
Digital pressure balance
In so called digital pressure balance the piston is placed on a load cell and
the force is measured with the load cell.
Needs daily gain calibration with a calibration mass.
Needs periodical cleaning.
Mercury manometer
In mercury manometer the measured pressure is lifting mercury in column
and the height of the mercury column is measured with various means. Tra-
ditionally, a scale is attached and the readings are observed manually. Mod-
CALIBRATION BOOK
ern mercury manometers use ultrasonic or laser measurement systems for
the measurement height of the column.
Mercury manometers are generally stable equipment allowing
even three year calibration intervals depending on the construc-
tion (so called dual cistern manometers).
Mercury is highly toxic and needs to be installed in a ventilated
room.
Mercury gets contaminated and needs to be periodically cleaned.
The density of mercury changes due to the amount of dissolved
air, therefore, the dissolved air needs to be removed periodically.
The local gravity has to be measured for pressure calculations
(local gravity can be calculated instead of the measurement if the
accuracy demand is not critical).
Mercury is very temperature dependent and needs stable condi-
tions.
The pressure calculations are very complex (gravity and temper-
ature corrections).
Mercury evaporates slowly and it needs to be refilled periodi-
cally (so-called single cistern manometers). As the mercury
evaporates the readings will drift accordingly and it needs to be
recalibrated after refilling. Due to the evaporation these manom-
eters should be calibrated annually.
The vacuum on the dual cistern manometer should be periodi-
cally pumped to keep it low enough.
The reading of the Mercury Manometer is manual, and needs a
trained observer.
Mercury Manometers are extremely difficult to transfer for cali-
bration and are not suitable as traveling standards.
Electrical transfer standard and electrical
transfer standard integrated into a
pressure controller
Electrical transfer standards have some sort of sensor attached with the dis-
play unit or with the digital output.
Electrical transfer standards are generally easy to use and easy to
transport.
Best electrical transfer standards are as accurate as high class
pressure balances.
Electrical transfer standards integrated into pressure controllers
are easy to automate.
The reference should not be sensitive to damage during transpor-
tation.
The reference adjusted for optimum accuracy during calibration.
At least two references are needed for cross-checking and check-
ing before and after transportation.

Comparison of the references
Accu-
racy
tization
Mainte-
nance
Price
Conventional
pressure balance

Digital pressure
balance

Mercury
manometer

Electrical trans-
fer standard,
low accuracy

Electrical trans-
fer standard,
high accuracy

CALIBRATION BOOK
Good ... very good
... Information
...Remarkable point
Pressure calibration methods
Pressure calibration is a comparison calibration where the reference value
and the UUC value are compared at selected pressures.
Pressure calibration may be performed as one-point calibration or full range
calibration. Sometimes it is also practical to calibrate the UUC for a part of
the measurement range if the range is larger than the used pressure range.
One-point calibration at atmospheric
pressure
In one-point calibration, no pressure generating system is needed, the refer-
ence and the UUC are just placed at same level and readings are taken at sta-
ble conditions.
Mercury manometers or electrical transfer standards may be used as refer-
ences in a one-point calibration.
Electrical trans-
fer standard inte-
grated to
pressure control-
ler, low accuracy

Electrical trans-
fer standard inte-
grated to
pressure control-
ler, high accu-
racy

Comparison of the references

Accu-
racy
tization
Mainte-
nance
Price
In this case the pressure gradient should be monitored and be sufficiently
slow to avoid errors in readings (If the integration times of the reference and
the UUC are different the pressure gradient will cause error).
The result of a one-point calibration is usually offset -correction that is added
to the reading of the UUC. Some UUC's can be adjusted at the calibration
point.
One-point calibrations are useful for barometers and for periodical checking
of pressure equipment, in addition to the one-point calibration, the full cali-
bration should be carried at regular intervals.
Full calibration
When performing a full calibration, a pressure generating system is needed.
The reference and the UUC are connected into a closed pressure system at
the same level and the readings are taken at adjusted pressure levels.
In full calibration the measurement points (usually from 5 to 11 points) are
selected equally spaced from the measurement range. The calibration is per-
formed for increasing and degreasing pressures using the same pressure
adjustment rate and stabilization times to measure the hysteresis of the UUC.
When changing the pressure the maximum pressure change rate should not
be exceeded to avoid damages. Rapid pressure changes also cause adiabatic
temperature changes in the system causing long stabilization times.
Pressure balance, mercury manometer or electrical transfer standard may be
used as a reference in full calibration.
Pressure can be adjusted using a simple hand pump, vacuum pump and pres-
sure supply with adjustment valves or a pressure controller. Sometimes the
references may be integrated into the pressure controller.
If a pressure controller is used the calibration can be fully autom-
atized.
In this case the pressure system should be leak free and should be tested
before each calibration to avoid errors in readings (Leaks may cause large
errors and should be corrected before starting the calibration).
CALIBRATION BOOK
The result of full calibrations are usually correction curves from
where the correction at measurement points are taken and added
to the reading of the UUC. Some UUC's can be adjusted using
offset and gain-corrections leaving the unlinearity not corrected
while some units can be adjusted for optimum linearity and accu-
racy.
Common mistakes
Leak in pressure system
In case leaks occur in the system significant errors may occur.
How to avoid these errors - make a leak test at highest and lowest
measured pressure each time new equipment is added to the sys-
tem before starting the calibration. A leak test may be performed
by adjusting the pressure, closing system and monitoring the ref-
erence reading if the pressure remains. In case leaks occur they
should be fixed before calibration.

Why the Reference and UUC should be at the same

level?
Hydrostatic pressure effects any pressure system and in case
the reference and UUC are at different levels the appropriate
correction should be used.

79 VAISALA CALIBRATION SERVICES
5.VAISALA CALIBRATION
SERVICES
In Vaisala calibration is one of our core operations. We have a wide range of
calibration services available for customers.
Vaisala calibration services enable you to get the best possible performance
from your units.
For further information, please contact Vaisala sales office or service center.
Contact information as well as information on our services is available at
Vaisala web-site www.vaisala.com.
CALIBRATION SERVICES
Relative humidity, dewpoint temperature, barometric pressure and carbon
dioxide calibration services are globally available from our regional service
centers. We co-operate with world class courier companies to make interna-
tional logistics fast and trouble-free.
ACCREDITED CALIBRATION SERVICES
Accredited calibrations for measurement instruments are needed when for-
mal third party recognition for calibration is required. This recognition is
required for instruments used as reference standards, or to meet various
demands from different authorities.
Vaisala has accredited calibration services for Vaisala pressure, temperature,
dewpoint and humidity instruments. Services are available through regional
service centers, and available for both already installed units and together
with delivery of new units.
CALIBRATION BOOK
VAISALA CALIBRATION SERVICES 80
Calibration certificates are issued in compliance with the requirements of the
ISO/IEC 17025 and recognized by all the major international accreditation
organizations.

Available
CUSTOMIZED MAINTENANCE
SERVICES
Vaisala has the flexibility to offer customized maintenance services that are
suitable for your specific needs. We will work with you to design a superior
solution.
Vaisala service
center
European
service center
Asian service
center
North
American
service
center
Location, laboratory
code
Helsinki, Finland
K008
Tokyo, Japan
0123
Boston, MA, USA
112765
Accreditation symbol
Accredited quantities
Relative humidity

Temperature

Dewpoint

Barometric pressure

81 VAISALA CALIBRATION SERVICES
SERVICE CENTER LOCATIONS
On-line technical support
If you need technical support, please contact
helpdesk@vaisala.com
European Service Center
Vaisala Instruments Service
Vanha Nurmijrventie 21
01670 Vantaa
FINLAND
Phone: +358 9 8949 2658
Fax: +358 9 8949 2295
E-mail: instruments.service@vaisala.com
American Service Center
Vaisala Inc.
10-D Gill Street
Woburn, MA 01801
USA
Phone: +1 888 VAISALA or +1 781 933 4500
Fax: +1 781 933 8029
E-mail: us-customersupport@vaisala.com
Asian Service Center
Vaisala KK
42 Kagurazaka 6-Chome
Shinjuku-ku
Tokyo 162-0825
JAPAN
Phone: +81 3 3266 9611
CALIBRATION BOOK
VAISALA CALIBRATION SERVICES 82
Fax: +81 3 3266 9610
E-mail: aftersales.asia@vaisala.com
Chinese Service Center
Vaisala China Ltd
Floor 2, EAS Building
No. 21, Xiao Yun Road, Dongsanhuan Beilu
Chaoyang District
Beijing 100027
CHINA
Phone: +86 10 8526 1199
Fax: +86 10 8526 1155
E-mail: china.service@vaisala.com
83 APPENDIX A: TERMINOLOGY
APPENDIX A: TERMINOLOGY
ACCREDITATION (LABORATORY)
Formal recognition that a laboratory is competent to carry out specific tests
or calibrations.
Notes:
1. Accreditation is normally awarded following successful laboratory
assessment and is followed by appropriate surveillance.
2. The competence of the laboratory is stated in the accreditation decision,
covering: best measurement capability, physical quantity, calibration
method and measurement range.
ACCURACY (OF MEASUREMENT)
Closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and a true
value of the measurand.
Notes:
1. "Accuracy" is a qualitative concept.
2. The term precision should not be used for "accuracy".
ADJUSTMENT (OF A MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT)
Operation of bringing a measurement instruments into a state of perfor-
mance suitable for its use.
Note:
Adjustment may be automatic, semiautomatic or manual.
CALIBRATION BOOK
APPENDIX A: TERMINOLOGY 84
CALIBRATION
Set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship
between values of quantities indicated by a measurement instrument or mea-
surement system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference
material, and the corresponding values realized by standards.
Notes:
1. The result of a calibration permits either the assignment of values of
measurands to the indications or the determination of corrections with
respect to indications.
2. A calibration may also determine other metrological properties such as
the effect of influence quantities.
3. The result of a calibration may be recorded in a document, sometimes
called a Calibration Certificate or a Calibration Report.
CORRECTION
Value added algebraically to the uncorrected result of a measurement (read-
ing) to compensate for systematic error.
Notes:
1. The correction is equal to the negative of the estimated systematic error.
2. Since the systematic error cannot be known perfectly, the compensation
cannot be complete.
CORRECTION FACTOR
Numerical factor by which the uncorrected result of a measurement is multi-
plied to compensate for systematic error.
Note:
Since the systematic error cannot be known perfectly, the compensation can-
not be complete.
INDICATING INSTRUMENT
DIGITAL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT
Measurement instrument that provides a digitized output or display.
Note:
This term relates to the form of presentation of the output or display, not to
the principle of operation of the instrument.
ANALOG MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT
Measurement instrument in which the output or display is a continuous func-
tion of the measurand or of the input signal.
Note:
This term relates to the form of presentation of the output or display, not to
the principle of operation of the instrument.
DISPLAYING
INDICATING DEVICE
Part of a measurement instrument that displays an indication.
Notes:
1. This term may include the device by which the value supplied by a mate-
rial measure is displayed or set.
2. An analogue displaying device provides an analogue display: a digital
displaying device provides a digital display.
3. A form of presentation of the display either by means of a digital display
in which the least significant digit moves continuously, thus permitting
interpolation, or by means of a digital display supplemented by a scale
and index, is called a semi-digital display.
4. The English term readout device is used as a general descriptor of the
means whereby the response of measurement instrument is made avail-
able.
CALIBRATION BOOK
INDICATING (MEASUREMENT) INSTRUMENTS
Measurement instrument that displays an indication.
Example:
Analog indicating voltmeter, digital frequency meter, micrometer.
Notes:
1. The display may be analogue (continuous or discontinuous) or digital.
2. Values of more than one quantity may be displayed simultaneously.
3. A displaying measurement instrument may also provide a record.
DRIFT (LONG-TERM STABILITY)
Slow change of a metrological characteristic of a measurement instrument.
END POINT LINEARITY
The closeness to which the calibration curves can be adjusted to approximate
the specified straight line so that the upper and lower range values of both
input and output curves coincide.
ERROR
Result of a measurement (reading) minus a true value of the measurand.
Note:
Since a true value can not be determined a conventional true value is used.
HYSTERESIS ERROR
The maximum deviation between the two calibration curves of the measured
variable as obtained by an upscale going traverse and a downing traverse
over the full range and subtracting the value of dead band.
LINEARITY ERROR
The absolute value of the maximum deviation between the calibration curve
and the specified straight line.
Note:
Linearity error should be qualified. When expressed simply as linearity, it is
assumed to be independent linearity error.
RANDOM ERROR
Result of a measurement minus the mean that would result from an infinite
number of measurements of the same measurand carried out under repeat-
ability conditions.
Notes:
1. Random error is equal to error minus systematic error.
2. Because only a finite number of measurements can be made, it is only
possible to determine an estimate of random error.
HYSTERESIS
The property of a device whereby it gives different output values in relation
to its input values depending on the directional sequence in which the input
values have been applied.
Hysteresis is calculated as correction downwards - correction upwards.
INDEPENDENT LINEARITY
The closeness to which the calibration curve can be adjusted to approximate
the specified straight line so that the maximum deviation is minimized (best
fit).
CALIBRATION BOOK
LINEARITY
The closeness to which a calibration curves approximates a specified straight
line.
Note:
Linearity should be qualified. When expressed simply as linearity, it is
assumed to be independent linearity.
MATERIAL MEASURE
Device intended to reproduce or supply, in a permanent manner during its
use, one or more known values of a given quantity.
Example:
Weight, standard electrical resistor or capacitor, gauge block, standard signal
generator and reference material.
MEASURAND
Particular quantity subjects to measurement.
MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
Measurement equipment are equipment used in measurement and they may
be actively measurement instruments like measurement instruments, -trans-
ducers, -sensors or material measures like weights, standard resistor or
capacitors, gauge blocks or reference materials and so on.
MEASUREMENT OR MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Complete set of measurement instruments and other equipment assembled to
carry out specified measurements.
Example:
The equipment needed in thermometer calibrations that may contain the ref-
erence thermometer, reference sensor, calibration bath, ice-point, computer
and so on.
Note:
1. The system may include material measures and chemical reagents.
2. A measurement system that is permanently installed is called a measure-
ment installation.
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT
Instrument that is intended to be used to make measurements, alone or in
conjunction with supplementary device(s) like sensors.
MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCER
Device that provides an output quantity having a determined relationship to
the input quantity.
Example:
Thermocouple, current transformer, strain gauge, pH electrode.
RECORDING DEVICE
Part of a measurement instrument that provides record of an indication.
CALIBRATION BOOK
RECORDING (MEASUREMENT) INSTRUMENT
Measurement instrument that provides a record of the indication.
Example:
Barograph, chart recorder, datalogger.
Notes:
The record (display) may be analog (continuous or discontinuous line) or
digital.
Values of more than one quantity may be recorded (displayed) simulta-
neously.
A recording instrument may also display an indication.
REFERENCE, (MEASUREMENT) STANDARD,
ETALON
Material measure, measurement instrument, reference material or measure-
ment system intended to define, realize, conserve or reproduce a unit or one
or more values of a quantity to serve as a reference.
The references may be named by the function they have like:
International (measurement) standard
Standard recognized by an international agreement to serve interna-
tionally as the basis for assigning values to other standards of the
quantity.
National (measurement) standard
Standard recognized by a national decision to serve, in a country, as
the basis for assigning values to other standards of the quantity.
Primary standard
Standard that is designated or widely acknowledged as having the
highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted without
reference to other standards of the same quantity.
Secondary standard
Standard whose value is assigned by comparison with a primary stan-
dard of the same quantity.
Reference standard
Standard, generally having the highest metrological quality available
at a given location or in a given organization, from which measure-
ments made which are derived.
Transfer Standard
Standard used as an intermediary to compare standards.
Travelling standard
Standard, sometimes of special construction, intended for transport
between different locations.
Working standard
Standard that is used routinely to calibrate or check material mea-
sures, measurement instruments or reference materials.
REPEATABILITY (OF RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS)
Closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements
of the same measurand carried out under the same conditions of measure-
ment.
Notes:
1. These conditions are called repeatability conditions.
2. Repeatability conditions include the same measurement procedure,
observer, measurement instrument used under the same conditions and
location and repetition is made over a short period of time.
3. Repeatability may be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion
characteristics of the results.
CALIBRATION BOOK
REPRODUCIBILITY (OF RESULTS OF
MEASUREMENTS)
Closeness of the agreement between the results of measurements of the same
measurand carried out under changed conditions of measurement.
Notes:
1. A valid statement of reproducibility requires specification of the condi-
tions changed.
2. The changed conditions may include: principle of measurement, method
of measurement, observer, measurement instrument, reference standard,
location, conditions of use and time.
3. Reproducibility may be expressed quantitatively in terms of the disper-
sion characteristics of the results.
4. Results are here usually understood to be corrected results.
RESPONSE TIME
Time interval between the instant when a stimulus is subjected to a specified
abrupt change and the instant when the response reaches and remains within
specified limits around its final steady value.
SENSOR
Element of a measurement instrument or measurement chain that is directly
affected by the measurand.
Example:
Pt-100 sensor element, humidity sensor.
Note:
In some fields the term "detector" is used for this concept.
STABILITY/UNSTABILITY
Ability of a measurement instrument to maintain constant its metrological
characteristic with time.
Short-term stability (noise) is usually attributed to time periods less
than 24 hours and long-term stability (drift) to longer time periods.
Note:
Where stability with respect to a quantity other than time is considered, this
should be stated explicitly.
SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Mean that would result from an infinite number of measurements of the
same measurand carried out under repeatability conditions minus a true
value of the measurand.
Notes:
1. Systematic error is equal to error minus random error.
2. Like true value, systematic error and its causes cannot be completely
known.
TRACEABILITY (OF MEASUREMENT)
Property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it
can be related to stated references, usually national or international stan-
dards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncer-
tainties.
Notes:
1. The concept is often expressed by the adjective traceable.
2. The unbroken chain of comparisons is called a traceability chain.
CALIBRATION BOOK
UNCERTAINTY (OF MEASUREMENT)
Parameter associated with the result of a measurement, which characterizes
the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the mea-
surand.
Notes:
1. The parameter may be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given
multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated level of
confidence.
2. Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components.
Some of these components may be evaluated from the statistical distribu-
tion of the results of series of measurements and can be characterized by
experimental standard deviations. The other components, which can also
be characterized by standard deviations, are evaluated from assumed
probability distributions based on experience or other information.
3. It is understood that the result of the measurement is the best estimate of
the value of the measurand, and that all components of uncertainty,
including those arising from systematic effects, such as components
associated with corrections and reference standards, contribute to the dis-
persion.
This definition is that of the "Guide to the expression of uncertainty in mea-
surement" in which its rationale is detailed (see, APPENDIX C).
95 APPENDIX B: ABBREVIATIONS
APPENDIX B: ABBREVIATIONS
A2LA American Association for Laboratory Accreditation, USA
APLAC Asian Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation
APLMF Asia-Pacific Legal Metrology Forum
BIML Bureau International de Mtrologie Lgale (International Bureau of Legal
Metrology)
BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights
and Measures)
CGPM Confrence Gnrale des Poids et Mesures (General Conference on Weights
and Measures)
CIPM Comit International des Poids et Mesures (International Committee for
Weights and Measures)
COOMET Euro-Asian Cooperation of National Metrological Institutions
DMM Digital multimeter
EA European Accreditation
EMLMF Euro-Mediterranean Legal Metrology Forum
GLP Good Laboratory Practice
HTPRT High Temperature Platinum Resistance Thermometer
IAF International Accreditation Forum, Inc.
ILAC International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation
ISO International Organization for Standardization
JCSS Japan Calibration Service System
MLA Multilateral Agreement
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MRA Mutual Recognition Arrangement
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA
NMI National Metrology Institute
NPL National Physical Laboratory, UK
NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program
OIML Organisation Internationale de Mtrologie Lgale (International Organization of
Legal Metrology)
PRT Platinum Resistance Thermometer
PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
CALIBRATION BOOK
APPENDIX B: ABBREVIATIONS 96
QMS Quality Management Standard
SADCMEL Southern African Development Community
SI Systme International d'Units (International System of Units)
SIM Sistema Interamericano de Metrologia
SPRT Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer
UUC Unit Under Calibration
UUT Unit Under Test
WELMEC European Cooperation in Legal Metrology
97 APPENDIX C: UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION
APPENDIX C: UNCERTAINTY
CALCULATION
Uncertainty may be calculated in several ways. The reliability of the given
uncertainty often depends more on the professionalism of the person per-
forming the calculation than on the calculation method used.
Two common mistakes in uncertainty calculations are:
Giving only the calibration uncertainty of the reference equipment
and "forgetting" the long-term stability of the reference and uncer-
tainties caused by the calibration process and unit under calibration.
"Forgetting" some uncertainty components to get "suitable" uncer-
tainty values.
It is almost impossible to evaluate the reliability of the given uncertainty
unless the calibration is performed by an accredited calibration laboratory.
The uncertainty estimations of accredited calibration laboratories are always
inspected by qualified technical specialists.
In the following some practical examples are given for people who are
developing calibration systems and uncertainty estimations or evaluating
suppliers calibration systems.
The examples given in this appendix are made according to EA-4/02
"Expression of the Uncertainty of Measurement in Calibration".
CALIBRATION BOOK
APPENDIX C: UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION 98
General
The statement of the result of a measurement is complete only if it con-
tains both the values attributed to the measurand and the uncertainty of
measurement associated with that value.
The uncertainty of measurement is a parameter, associated with the result
of a measurement, which characterizes the dispersion of the values that
could reasonably be attributed to the measurand.
Uncertainty is given using the same unit and precision as the measurement
result.
EXAMPLE: 75.5 %RH 2.0 %RH, (k = 2)
The statement of the result of a measurement is complete only if it contains
both the values attributed to the measurand and the uncertainty of measure-
ment associated with that value.
Uncertainty types
There are two different methods on evaluating uncertainty:
1. Type A method is based on statistical methods.
2. Type B method is based on other methods.
TYPE A EVALUATION OF STANDARD UNCERTAINTY
The Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty can be applied when several
(10) independent observations have been made for one of the input quanti-
ties under the same conditions of measurement.
If there is sufficient resolution in the measurement process there will be an
observable scatter or spread in the values obtained.
EXAMPLE: 75.03, 75.00, 75.03, 75.01, 75.00, 75.02, 75.06, 75.05,
75.04, 75.06
The average of the observed values is 75.03
The standard deviation of the observed values is 0.02
The estimate of the repeatedly measured input quantity is the arith-
metic mean ( \q) or the average of the individual observed values.
The uncertainty of measurement associated with the estimate is evaluated as
the experimental standard deviation. The term standard deviation is
used.
One standard deviation represents 68 % of the possible deviation of the
samples.
CALIBRATION BOOK
TYPE B EVALUATION OF STANDARD UNCERTAINTY
The Type B evaluation of standard uncertainty is the evaluation of the uncer-
tainty associated by means other than the statistical analysis of a series of
observations. Values belonging to this category may be derived from:
Previous measurement data.
Experience with or general knowledge of the behavior and properties of
materials and instruments.
Manufacturers specifications.
Data provided in calibration and other certificates.
Uncertainties assigned to reference data taken from handbooks.
If only upper and lower limits a+ and a- can be estimated for the value of the
quantity. A probability distribution with constant probability distribution
density between these limits (rectangular probability distribution) has to be
assumed for the possible variability of the input quantity.
If the resolution is poor and no actual variation can be found the type B
evaluation method should be used.
( )
3
a a
2
1
u
+
=
+
FORMULA 10
EXAMPLE 1:
75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.1, 75.1, 75.0, 75.1
The standard deviation of the observed values is 0.05
In this case the standard deviation would give acceptable estimate
for the uncertainty. However, in a case where the measured values
are all the same, the type B should be used.
EXAMPLE 2:
75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0, 75.0
The standard deviation of the observed values is 0.00 that is of
course not true as we know the measured values are somewhere
between 74.95 and 75.05 and that why the type B should be used. In
this case the calculation would be:

In this case the minimum value for uncertainty would be 0.023.
( )
023 . 0
3
05 . 0
3
) 05 . 0 ( 05 . 0
2
1
u = =
+
=
FORMULA 11
CALIBRATION BOOK
Typical uncertainty factors
Typically uncertainty is composed from the uncertainties of the reference,
calibration and unit under calibration. Refer to the following terms below:
Reference:
Calibration uncertainty from certificate
Long-term stability
Short-term stability + effect of environmental conditions
Resolution, linearity, hysteresis
Calibration:
Deviation of the measurement results
Effect of environmental conditions
Unit under Calibration:
Resolution
Short-term stability + effect of environmental conditions
Hysteresis
Linearity
Repeatability
Examples of determining uncertainty
factors
Long-term stability of the reference equipment
The reference must have at least two calibrations before the long-term stabil-
ity can be determined.
For example, the reference resistor was first calibrated at a 6 month interval.
To get the first uncertainty estimation, the following will be calculated:
6 month drift was converted to 12 month drift:
5.4 ppm / Time between calibrations 1 year = 10.4 ppm / year
This is type B uncertainty and can be converted to a standard uncertainty by
dividing it by the square root of three
In table below the uncertainties are calculated from the actual measurement
data:
Long-term uncertainty of the reference resistor
Calibration Time
[years]
Time between
calibrations
[years]
Observed
drift [ppm]
Drift/year
[ppm]
Uncertainty
[ppm]
1 0.0 0.0
2 0.5 0.52 5.4 10.4 6.0
3 1.6 1.12 4.2 3.8 2.2
4 2.8 1.15 0.8 0.7 0.4
5 3.8 1.02 -1.1 -1.1 0.6
6 4.6 0.75 2.8 3.8 2.2
7 5.6 1.09 0.2 0.2 0.1
10.4 ppm / 3 = 6.0 ppm
FORMULA 12
CALIBRATION BOOK
Sometimes it is difficult to say if the variation is due calibration uncertainty
or long-term stability.
After several calibrations the long-term drift can be estimated from the mea-
surement data (see the seven latest results in the figure below).
When this kind of stable situation is reached there is no need to update the
uncertainty estimations annually as long as the drift remains smaller in reca-
librations.
8 8.2 2.53 0.1 0.1 0.0
9 9.4 1.18 -1.2 -1.0 0.6
10 10.3 0.94 0.6 0.6 0.4
11 12.4 2.12 -0.1 -0.1 0.0
12 14.4 2.02 0.4 0.2 0.1
13 16.4 1.95 -0.1 -0.1 0.0
14 18.5 2.07 0.5 0.2 0.1
15 21.6 3.08 0.2 0.1 0.0
Calibration Time
[years]
Time between
calibrations
[years]
Observed
drift [ppm]
Drift/year
[ppm]
Uncertainty
[ppm]
Uncertainty of the reference equipment caused
by temperature
There are three sources of uncertainty caused by temperature:
1. At the time of calibration the temperature of the reference resistor is
given with an estimation of 0.05 C. This uncertainty was not included
in the calibration uncertainty. Therefore, the uncertainty due to the cali-
bration temperature is:
2. The uncertainty caused by the uncertainty of the temperature coefficient
of the reference resistor. The coefficient = 0.75 10
-6
C is given by
the manufacturer without any estimation of uncertainty. To define the
uncertainty, the coefficient was measured and the uncertainty estimated,
the measured coefficient was found to be = 0.82 10
-6
C
-1
0.03
10
-6
C
-1
.
The calibration temperatures vary from 22.4 to 23.7 C and the tempera-
ture during use may vary from 19.5 to 20.5 C. This means that the max-
imum temperature difference is 4.2 C. The resistance uncertainty due to
the uncertainty of the temperature coefficient is:
4.2 C 0.03 10
-6
C
-1
= 0.13 10
-6
.
3. The uncertainty caused by the temperature uncertainty of the reference
resistor during use. The temperature is measured but the temperature var-
ies according to room temperature (from 19.5 to 20.5 C). It is estimated
that the uncertainty of the measured temperature value is 0.3 C. The
resistance uncertainty due to the uncertainty of the temperature is:
0.3 C 0.82 10
-6
C
-1
= 0.25 10
-6
.
= = =
8 1 6
10 1 . 4 C 10 82 . 0 C 05 . 0 C 05 . 0 u
Where is the temperature coefficient of the reference resistor.
FORMULA 13
CALIBRATION BOOK
Correlation of uncertainty factors
When estimating the uncertainty factors one must also estimate if the factors
are correlated. In case the factors correlate it must be taken into account by
using appropriate correlation factors.
In these examples all uncertainty factors are considered not to be correlated.
Combining uncertainty factors
The 'old' uncertainty calculation method is the square root of the sums of
squares of the components:

EXPLANATIONS
Measurement Model
The 'modern' uncertainty calculation is based on measurement model where
all the uncertainty factors are presented as corrections. The uncertainties of
these corrections are multiplied with the appropriate sensitivity coefficients
before calculating the square root of the sums of squares of the components:
u1 ...un
the uncertainty components determined using the methods A or B
u
the combined uncertainty representing 68 % confidence level
(k = 1)
2
n
2
2
2
1
u ... u u u + + =
FORMULA 14
EXPLANATIONS
After all the corrections are determined the uncertainty is calculated using
uncertainty budget.
Uncertainty Budget
After all uncertainty factors are estimated, a uncertainty budget must be
built.
Normal probability means type A uncertainty and Rectangular means type B
uncertainty.
treference and treading the corrections
( ) ( )
reading reading reference reference correction
t t t t t + + =
FORMULA 15
FORMULA 16
Example of a measurement model used in temperature calibration:
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
rnd dev hom stab
n
1 i
read i , read ref i , ref
hom stab
n
1 i
read i , read ref i , ref
rnd dev
t t t t
n
t t t t
b
t t
n
t t t t
t t b
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
= + +

=
=
CALIBRATION BOOK
EXAMPLE

EXPLANATIONS
EXPLANATIONS
Rcal the value given in calibration
Rcal,t the correction due temperature uncertainty in calibration
Rstab the correction due stability of the reference resistor
R the correction due uncertainty of the temperature coefficient
Rt the correction due uncertainty of the temperature of the reference resistor
tcal
the temperature during calibration, tcal = 23.45 C
t the measured temperature, tcal = 20.28 C
the temperature coefficient of the reference resistor,
= 0.82 10
-6
C
-1

t stab t , cal cal t
R R R R R R + + + + =
FORMULA 17
= ) t t ( R
cal t
FORMULA 18
Uncertainty budget
Expanded Uncertainty
The combined uncertainty (u) is multiplied with a coverage factor (k) to
get the expanded uncertainty (U).
The value for coverage factor k = 2, means that the confidence level of the
expanded uncertainty is 95 %. The expanded uncertainty is given with the
measurement result and coverage factor.
EXAMPLE:
75.5 %RH 2.0 %RH, (k = 2)
Quan-
tity
Xi
Estimate
xj
Standard
uncertainty
u (xj)
Probability
distribution
Sensitivity
coefficient
cj
Uncertainty
contribution
u(yi) []
Rcal
25.000017
5.0 10
-6
normal 1
5.0 10
-6

Rcal, t
0.000000 0.05 C
normal
0.82 10
-6
C
-1
4.110
-8
Rstab
0.000000
1.8 10
-6
rectangular 1
1.8 10
-6
R
0.000000
0.03 10
-6

C
-1
3.17 C
special 1
9.5 10
-
7

Rt
-0.0000026 0.3 C
rectangular
0.82 10
-6
C
-1
2.5 10
-
7

Rt
25.000014

Combined uncertainty
5.0 10
-5
Expanded uncertainty (k=2)
1.0 10
-4
CALIBRATION BOOK
Presenting Uncertainty
No rounding is made in sub-calculations. The uncertainty is usually given
with two significant digits after the decimal point:
1000.22 hPa 0.15 hPa instead of 1000.22 hPa 0.15127 hPa.
The expanded uncertainty may be rounded downwards if the rounded
amount is less than 5 % of the uncertainty value. All other values should be
rounded upwards.
0.106 hPa should be rounded to 0.2 hPa instead of 0.1 hPa, which as
5 % of 0.106 hPa is 0.0053 hPa and if rounded to 0.1 hPa the rounded part
0.006 > 0.0053 hPa.
111 REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1. Japan Industrial Standard / JIS Z 8806. 2001
2. Japan Industrial Standard / JIS B 7920. 2000
3. Humidity Measurement by Sensor Research Society
4. Humidity Measurement & Sensor Manual / October, 1989
5. Japan Testing Machinery Association
6. Standardization of Measurement & Control Technology of Environmen-
tal Testing Machinery / 1994
7. A guide to the measurement of humidity / ISBN 0-904457-24-9, NPL,
1996
8. Expression of the Uncertainty of Measurement in Calibration / EA-4/02
9. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology / ISO
1993
10. Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation. /
WMO No. 8. World Meteorological
11. Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization / Geneva, Switzer-
land, 1983 Fifth edition.
12. International Organization for Standardization (http://www.iso.org/iso/
en/ISOOnline.frontpage) / accessed on 20.03.2006
13. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (http://www.bipm.fr/en/home/
) / accessed on 17.03.2006
www.vaisala.com

Calibration Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calibration Book

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calibration Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CALIBRATION BOOK

Example of traceability chain

Single fixed point

Comparison of the references

Why the Reference and UUC should be at the same

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.