MECH3005 Building Services g

http://www.hku.hk/bse/mech3005/
Lift and Escalators:
Basic Principles and Design
Dr. Sam C M Hui
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail: cmhui@hku hk E mail: cmhui@hku.hk
Sep 2010
Contents
Basic Principles Basic Principles
Planning & Design Factors
System Types System Types
Tall buildings are not possible without lifts and escalators
484 m (2010)
296 m (1993)
367 m (1990)
374 m (1992)
415 m (2003)
( )
296 m (1993)
L d k T C t l Pl I t ti l I t ti l Landmark Tower,
Yokohama, Japan
(max. lift speed
750 m/min or
Bank of China
Building,
Hong Kong
Central Plaza,
Hong Kong
International
Finance Centre
Two (IFC-2),
Hong Kong
International
Commerce Centre
(ICC),
Hong Kong 750 m/min or
12.5 m/s)
Hong Kong Hong Kong
Basic Principles
Terminology Terminology
Lifts [UK] = Elevators [US]
Escalators (= moving staircases)
Conveyors (or moving walkways) Conveyors (or moving walkways)
Hoists (early form of lift system)
Power elevator (steam)
Basic Principles
Escalator = Elevator + Scala (steps) Escalator Elevator + Scala (steps)
First escalator: designed by Jesse Reno in 1892
Central-Mid-Levels
Escalator, total 790 m Ocean Park (longest outdoor escalator, total 220 m)
Basic Principles
Principles of operation Principles of operation
How Elevators Work
h // h ff k / l h http://www.howstuffworks.com/elevator.htm
How Escalators Work
http://www.howstuffworks.com/escalator.htm
* Please find out how they work from these websites.
Power flow through a typical elevator
[Source: How an elevator works
http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/elevator/elevator.html]
[Source: http://www.howstuffworks.com/]
Planning & Design Factors
Circulation/Movement of people in buildings p p g
Mode (horizontal or vertical)
M t t ( t l h i ll i t d) Movement type (natural or mechanically assisted)
Human behaviour (complex, unpredictable)
Design objectives
Free flow of people & goods Free flow of people & goods
Safe operation, comfort & service
Occupy minimum space & require less costs
Aesthetics, disabled access, etc. Aesthetics, disabled access, etc.
Planning & Design Factors
Circulation elements in buildings include: Circulation elements in buildings include:
Corridors
Physical or
Portals (e.g. entrance, door, gate)
Stairways
Physical or
architectural
elements
Stairways
Ramps
elements
Lifts
Escalators
Mechanical or
engineering
Escalators
Moving walkways
engineering
elements
* Try to identify them in a building
G/F plan of a commercial building
Can you find
out all the out all the
circulation
elements?
[Source: Hongkong Land]
Planning & Design Factors
Human factors
Physical dimensions
Occupancy ellipse 600 mm by 450 mm (0 21 m
2
) Occupancy ellipse 600 mm by 450 mm (0.21 m )
Personal space (buffer zone)
Female: 0 5 m
2
(0 8 m diameter circle) Female: 0.5 m
2
(0.8 m diameter circle)
Male: 0.8 m
2
(1.0 m diameter circle)
Density of occupation Density of occupation
Desirable: 0.4 person/m
2
Comfortable: 1 0 person/m
2
Comfortable: 1.0 person/m
2
Dense: 2.0 person/m
2
Crowding: 3 0 person/m
2
Crowding : 3.0 person/m
2
Crowded: 4.0 person/m
2
Typical occupancy ellipse (male subject)
[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
Planning & Design Factors
Human factors Human factors
Interpersonal distances
Public distance: > 7.5 m (far); 3.6-7.5 m (near)
Social distance: 2.1-3.6 m (far); 1.2-2.1 m (near)
Personal distance: 0.75-1.2 m (far); 0.45-0.75 m (near)
Intimate distance: < 0 45 m Intimate distance: < 0.45 m
[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
[Source:
Strakosch,
G R 1998 G. R., 1998.
The Vertical
Transportat-
ion
Handbook]
Planning & Design Factors
Major design concerns Major design concerns
Circulation efficiency
Location & arrangement (prevent bottlenecks)
Coordination with lobby, stairway & corridor
Fire & safety regulations
H dli it ( tit f i ) Handling capacity (quantity of service)
Interval or waiting time (quality of service) g (q y )
Consideration by lift functions
Passenger, goods, firemen, shuttle, observation
Typical design of protected lift lobby
Fire door (one Fire door (one
hour rated)
(shall be free of smoke) (shall be free of smoke)
Staircase
[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
Staircase
(escape route)
Planning & Design Factors
Escalator typical design Escalator typical design
Speed: 0.5 and 0.65 m/s, up to 0.9-1.0 m/s on deep
lik b systems like subway
Step widths: 600, 800 & 1000 mm; min. step or p , ; p
tread length = 400 mm
Inclination: usually at angle 30
o
Inclination: usually at angle 30
o
35
o
if rise < 6 m & speed < 0.5 m/s
Boarding and alighting areas
Safe boarding 1 33 2 33 flat steps Safe boarding, 1.33 2.33 flat steps
Typical escalator design
[Source: Building Services Handbook]
Planning & Design Factors
Escalator typical applications Escalator typical applications
Low- to medium-rise buildings
Large no. of people e.g. airports, subway stations,
department stores, shopping malls p , pp g
Escalator arrangements
Parallel
Multiple parallel Multiple parallel
Cross-over or criss-cross
Walkaround
Planning & Design Factors
Escalator: handling capacity g p y
N = (3600 x P x V x cos ) / L
N = no of persons moved per hour N = no. of persons moved per hour
P = no. of persons per step
V l t d ( / ) V = escalator speed (m/s)
L = length of step (m)
l f i li = angle of incline
C
e
= 60 V k s (persons/minutes)
V = speed along the incline (m/s)
k = average density of people (people/step) g y p p (p p p)
s = number of escalator steps per metre
System Types
Passenger lifts Passenger lifts
Different requirements in various building types
Like commercial, hotels, hospitals, residential
Grouping of passenger lifts p g p g
Position & layout
M hi / Machine room/space
Hydraulic lifts: ideally at the lowest level
Electric traction lifts: directly above the lift well
Machine room-less lifts
System Types
Observation lifts
Glazed or partially glazed lift car within a glazed
or open sided lift well or open-sided lift well
Also called wallclimber, scenic, glass, panoramic
b bbl lift or bubble lifts
Within an atrium or external to the building
Design considerations
Visual impact (attracting sightseers) Visual impact (attracting sightseers)
Lift speed & handling capacity
Space requirements & maintenance Space requirements & maintenance
System Types
Lifts for the aged & disabled Lifts for the aged & disabled
Provision for wheelchair
Good lifts & service lifts
Car sizes payloads well dimensions Car sizes, payloads, well dimensions
Dumbwaiter (e.g. in restaurants) ( g )
Stair lifts
Inclined lifts
Scissor lifts Scissor lifts
Scissor lifts
[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
System Types
Passenger conveyors g y
Other names: travelators, autowalks, moving
walkway moving pavement walkway, moving pavement
Practical limit about 300 m distance
U f l i l i t t i l Useful in large airport terminals
Design factors
May be inclined up to about 15
o
Speed between 0.6 to 1.3 m/s (combined with walking,
the overall pace is 2.5 m/s)
Materials must be flexible or elastic (e.g. reinforced
bb i l d l l ) rubber or interlaced steel plates)
Moving walkway
[Source: Mitsubishi Elevator and Escalator, http://www.mitsubishi-elevator.com/]