DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

BASIC ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENTIATION

dx
du
nu u
dx
d
n n 1
=
( )
dx
du
C Cu
dx
d
=

dx
dv
dx
du
v u
dx
d
=

dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+ =

2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
v
u
dx
d

=

dx
dv
v
C
v
C
dx
d

2


dx
dv
C C
v
dx
d
=

1

( )
u
dx
du
u
dx
d
2
=

dx
du
u
n
u
dx
d
n n
=

1
1 1
1

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
( )
dx
du
e
u
u
dx
d
a a
log
1
log =
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
=
1
ln
EXPONENTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
( )
dx
du
e e
dx
d
u u
=
( )
dx
du
C C C
dx
d
u u
= ln

TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
= cos sin
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
= sin cos
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
=
2
sec tan
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
=
2
csc cot
( )
dx
du
u u u
dx
d
= tan sec sec
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
= cot csc csc

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

2
1
1
1
sin
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

2
1
1
1
cos
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

+
=

2
1
1
1
tan
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

2
1
1
1
cot
( )
dx
du
u u
u
dx
d

1
1
sec
2
1

( )
dx
du
u u
u
dx
d

1
1
csc
2
1

HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIATION
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
= cosh sinh
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
= sinh cosh
( )
dx
du
u h u
dx
d
=
2
sec tanh
( )
dx
du
u h u
dx
d
=
2
csc coth
( )
dx
du
u hu hu
dx
d
= tanh sec sec
( )
dx
du
u hu hu
dx
d
= coth csc csc

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIATION
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

+
=

1
1
sinh
2
1

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

1
1
cosh
2
1

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

2
1
1
1
tanh ;
2
1 u >
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

1
1
coth
2
1
; 1
2
> u
( )
dx
du
u u
u h
dx
d

2
1
1
1
sec
( )
dx
du
u u
u h
dx
d

2
1
1
1
csc
INTEGRATION FORMULAS
BASIC INTEGRATION

+ = C x dx
( ) ( )

= dx x f a dx x af
; a = constant

( ) ( )

= dx x af
a
dx x f
1

( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( )

= x d x g dx x f dx x g x f

GENERAL POWER FORMULA

+
+
=
+
C
n
x
dx x
n
n
1
1
; n -1,n = constant
INTEGRANDS YIELDING TO NATURAL LOGARITHMS

+ = C u
u
du
ln
EXPONENTIAL INTEGRATION

+ = C e du e
u u

+ = C
a
a
du a
u
u
ln

where: e = 0.718 = constant
a = constant other than e
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) a f b f x f dx x f
b
a
b
a
= =

( ) ( )

=
a
b
b
a
dx x f dx x f

( ) ( ) ( )

+ =
b
c
c
a
b
a
dx x f dx x f dx x f
( ) ( )

=
b
a
b
a
dy y f dx x f where: a = lower limit
b = upper limit
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRATION

+ = C u udu cos sin

+ = C u udu sin cos

+ = C u udu tan sec

2

+ = C u udu cot csc

2

+ = C u udu u sec tan sec

+ = C u udu u csc cot csc

+ = C u udu cos ln tan

+ = C u udu sec ln tan

+ = C u udu sin ln cot

+ + = C u u udu tan sec ln sec

+ = C u u udu cot csc ln csc

TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
SINE/COSINE
CASE 1: n = ODD
) (sin sin sin
cos
1
u u u
u
n n


=

) (cos cos cos
sin
1
u u u
u
n n


=

Use 1 cos sin
2 2
= + u u
CASE 2: udu u
n m
cos sin

ONE EXPONENT IS ODD;
SIMILAR TO CASE 1
IF BOTH ARE ODD,
TRANSFORM LOWER POWER

CASE 3: n = EVEN

2
2
) (sin sin
n
transform
n
u u

=

2
2
) (cos cos
n
transform
n
u u

=

Use ( ) u u 2 cos 1
2
1
sin
2
= or
( ) u u 2 cos 1
2
1
cos
2
+ =
CASE 4: udu u
n m
cos sin

m & n ARE EVEN, TRANSFORM BOTH
SAME AS CASE 3
CASE 5:
)] sin( ) [sin(
2
1
cos sin + + =
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
1
cos cos + + =
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
1
sin sin + =

TANGENT/COTANGENT/SECANT/COSECANT
CASE 1:

udu
n
tan or

udu
n
cot


transform
n n
u u u ) (tan tan tan
2 2
=



transform
n n
u u u ) (cot cot cot
2 2
=

where: 1 sec tan
2 2
= u u
1 csc cot
2 2
= u u
CASE 2:

udu
n
sec or

udu
n
csc
n = EVEN
) (sec sec sec
2 2
u u u
transform
n n


=
) (csc csc csc
2 2
u u u
transform
n n


=
where: u u
2 2
tan 1 sec + =
u u
2 2
cot 1 csc + =
CASE 3:

udu u
n m
sec tan or

udu u
n m
csc cot
n IS EVEN;
SIMILAR TO CASE 2
CASE 4:

udu u
n m
sec tan or

udu u
n m
csc cot
m = ODD
= udu u
n m
sec tan
) sec (tan sec tan
1 1
udu u u u
n
transform
m


= udu u
n m
csc cot
) csc (cot csc cot
1 1
udu u u u
n
transform
m



INTEGRALS LEADING TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

+ =

C
a
u
u a
du
1
2 2
sin

+ =
+

C
a
u
a
u a
du
1
2 2
tan
1

+ =

C
a
u
a
a u u
du
1
2 2
sec
1


BASIC HYPERBOLIC INTEGRATION

+ = C u udu cosh sinh

+ = C u udu sinh cosh

+ = C u udu h tanh sec

2

+ = C u udu h coth csc

2

+ = C hu udu hu sec tanh sec

+ = C hu udu hu csc coth csc

INTEGRALS YIELDING TO INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

+ =
+

C
a
u
a u
du
1
2 2
sinh

+ =

C
a
u
a u
du
1
2 2
cosh

+ =

C
a
u
u a
du
1
2 2
tanh ,|u|<a

+ =

C
a
u
a
a u
du
1
2 2
coth
1
, u
2
>a
2

C
a
u
h
a
u a u
du
1
2 2
sec
1

=
+

C
a
u
h
a
u a u
du
1
2 2
csc
1


WALLIS FORMULA

+ + +

=
= +
= =

1 2
1 2 1 2
)... 4 )( 2 )( (
] )... 5 )( 3 )( 1 ][( )... 5 )( 3 )( 1 [(
cos sin
2
0
or n m
or n or m
n m n m n m
n n n m m m
u u
n m


where:
2

=
; if both m & n are even
1 = ; if otherwise

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

= vdu uv udv


INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC
SUBSTITUTION
CASE 1:
2 2
u a
sin a u =
d a du cos =
CASE 2:
2 2
u a +
tan a u =
d a du
2
sec =
CASE 3:
2 2
a u
sec a u =
d a du tan sec =

RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION

z
x
1
=

2
z
dz
dx

=


INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS OF
SIN & COS
x z
2
1
tan =

2
1
2
z
dz
du
+
=

2
1
2
sin
z
z
u
+
=

2
2
1
1
cos
z
z
u
+

=

OTHER INTEGRATION FORMULAS

C
a u
a u
a a u
du
+
+

= ln
2
1
2 2


C
u a
u a
a u a
du
+

= ln
2
1
2 2


APPLICATIONS
AREA UNDER A CURVE

=
b
a
LW A ; L = length, W = width

AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
( )

=
b
a
l h
dx y y A ; yh = upper y
yl = lower y
( )

=
b
a
l r
dy x x A ; xr = x on the right
xl = x on the left

VOLUME DISK METHOD

=
b
a
h r V
2
; r = radius, h = height




VOLUME RING METHOD

=
b
a
i o
h r r V ) (
2 2
; ro = outer radius
ri = inner radius
VOLUME SHELL METHOD

=
b
a
rht V 2 ; t = thickness
CENTROID OF AREAS ) , ( y x C

= =
b
a
c
dA x My
A
My
x ;

= =
b
a
c
dA y Mx
A
Mx
y ;

note: the centroid lies on axis of symmetry

CENTROID OF VOLUMES ) , , ( z y x C

= =
b
a
c
dV x Myz
V
Myz
x ;

= =
b
a
c
dV y Mxz
V
Mxz
y ;

0 = z
note: the centroid always lies on the axis of rotation
LENGTH OF AN ARC S
dx S
b
a
dx
dy

= +
2
1 ; y = f(x)
dy S
b
a
dy
dx

= +
2
1 ; x = g(x)

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
DOUBLE INTEGRALS

( )

b
a
x
x
nd
st
dy dx y x f
2
1
2
1
,



assume y = constant

( )

b
a
y
y
nd
st
dx dy y x f
2
1
2
1
,



assume x = constant

AREAS BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION


b
a
x
x
dxdy
2
1



b
a
y
y
dydx
2
1


( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1
sinh ln 1
cosh ln 1
1 1
tanh ln
2 1
x x x
x x x
x
x
x

= + +
=
+
=


1
1 1
coth ln
2 1
x
x
x

+
=


1
1 1
sec ln 1 h x
x x

=



1
2
1 1
csc ln 1 h x
x x

= +



sinh
2
cosh
2
x x
x x
e e
x
e e
x

=
+
=
1
csc
sin
1
sec
cos
1
cot
tan

=
=
=
sin
tan
cos
cos
cot
sin

=
=
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin cos 1
1 tan sec
1 cot csc



+ =
+ =
+ =
( )
( )
( )
( )
sin(90 ) cos
csc 90 sec
sec 90 csc
cos 90 sin
cot 90 tan





=
=
=
=
=

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
If
y
a x =
then
log
a
x y =
;
log
log 1 0
log 1
log ( ) log log
log log log
log log
1
log log
log
a
a
a
a a a
a a a
x
a a
x
a a
x
a
x
a
xy x y
x
x y
y
y x y
y y
x
a x
a x
=
=
= +

=


=
=
=
=

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
0
ln
ln
1
( )
log
x y x y
x
x y
y
x r rx
a
x x a
x
a
a a a
a
a
a
a a
a x x
a e
e x
+

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS





tanh
coth
2
sec
2
csc
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
e e
x
e e
e e
x
e e
hx
e e
hx
e e

=
+
+
=

=
+
=

BASIC HYPERBOLIC FORMULAS
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
cosh sinh 1
cosh sinh
cosh sinh
sinh 2 2sinh cosh
cosh 2 cosh sinh
coth csc 1
tanh sec 1
sinh( ) sinh cosh cosh sinh
cosh( ) cosh cosh sinh sinh
x
x
x x
x x e
x x e
x x x
x x x
x h x
x h x
x y x y x y
x y x y x y

=
+ =
=
=
= +
= +
+ =
+ = +
+ = +

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS EXPRESSED AS
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS










TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES






TANGENT AND COTANGENT




PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES




COFUNCTION IDENTITIES






SUM & DIFFERENCE FORMULAS
sin( ) sin cos cos sin
sin( ) sin cos cos sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
cos( ) cos sin sin sin
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
x y
x y
x y
+ = +
=
+ =
= +
+
+ =

tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
x y
x y
x y

=
+

DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS
2 2
2
2
sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 cos sin
cos 2 1 2sin
2tan
tan 2
1 tan

=
=
=
=

POWER REDUCING FORMULAS
2
2
2
1 cos 2
sin
2
1 cos 2
cos
2
1 cos 2
tan
1 cos 2

=
+
=

=
+

HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS
1 cos
sin
2 2
1 cos
cos
2 2
1 cos
tan
2 sin
sin
tan
2 1 cos
sin
cot
2 1 cos
1 cos
cot
2 sin

=
+
=

=
=
+
=

+
=

SINE LAW
sin sin sin
a b c
A B C
= =

COSINE LAW
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
a b c bc A
b a c ac B
c a b ab C
= +
= +
= +

LAW OF TANGENTS
1
tan ( )
2
1
tan ( )
2
A B
a b
a b
A B

=
+
+

PRODUCT TO SUM FORMULAS
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1
sin sin cos( ) cos( )
2
1
cos sin cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin cos sin( ) sin( )
2
1
cos sin sin( ) sin( )
2
sin 2
sin cos
2
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
x
x x
= +
= + +
= + +
= +
=

SUM TO PRODUCT FORMULAS
sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
x y x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y x y
x y
+
+ =


+
=


+
+ =


+
=








MOLLWEICLES EQUATION
1
sin ( )
2
1
cos
2
1
cos ( )
2
1
sin
2
A B
a b
C
C
A B
a b
C
C

+
=