WELCOME TO UNIT 4

DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE

LIFESTAGES.
CONTENT THAT WE WILL BE
COVERING
WE HAVE 3 DIFFERENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
THAT WE WILL COVER.

THE FOLLOWING SLIDES HAVE THE
INFORMATION REQUIRED.

TO ENSURE THAT YOU MEET ALL OF THE
REQUIRED UNITS, YOU MUST COVER EACH OF
THE REQUIRED TERMS IN THE UNIT CONTENT.
Learning Objective 1: Know stages of
growth and development throughout the
human lifespan

Life stages: conception; pregnancy; birth and infancy 0-3 years;
childhood 4-9 years; adolescence 10-18 years; adulthood 19-
65 years; older adulthood; 65+; the final stages of life.

Definitions: growth; development; developmental norms;
developmental milestones; life course; maturation; life expectancy.

Development: holistic development; physical, intellectual, language,
emotional and social at each life stage; potential causes and effects
of delayed and arrested development.
ASSIGNMENTS
YOU WILL HAVE 3 ASSIGNMENTS THAT
CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT TASKS TO COMPLETE.

THESE WILL INCLUDE:
PASS- E GRADE
MERIT- C GRADE
DISTINCTION- A GRADE
What is this?
TASK
BEFORE WE BEGIN
LEARNING ABOUT THE
LIFESTAGES IT IS
IMPORTANT FOR YOU TO
HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING
OF THE KEY TERMS.

IF YOU KNOW THEM
ALREADY THEN WRITE
THEM DOWN.

IF YOU DONT, THEN
RESEARCH THEM.
THE LIFE STAGES
Birth
&Infancy
0-3 years
Childhood
4-9 years
Adolescence
10-18 years
Adulthood
19-65 years
Later
adulthood
65+ years
Conception
We will be looking at each life stage in more detail looking
specifically looking at the PIES development.
TASK- Around each life stage give one example for each
type of development .
TASK
You will each be given a life stage to
research.
Your task is to create a presentation
on your given life stage.

It must include
Physical Development
Intellectual Development
Emotional Development
Social Development
Potential causes and effects of
delayed and arrested
development
Groupings
Group 1
conception; pregnancy; birth and infancy 0-3
years;
Group 2 childhood 4-9 years;
Group 3adolescence 10-18 years; adulthood
19-65 years;
Group 4- older adulthood; 65+; the final stages
of life.

Learning Outcomes of Unit 4

You will be able to:
1. Identify and define the stages of growth and
development through the human lifespan,
2. Identify, define and apply the potential effects of
life factors and events on the development of the
individual,
3. Identify and define the physical and psychological
changes of ageing.
Assignment 4.1 - Life stages

1.2 Development

Holistic development: comes from the idea of
holism which means that things need to be
understood as a whole thus including the
emotional, physical and social side.

Every single aspect of development within a
single individual interacts with each other. For
example the physical development of an
individual will affects their social and emotional
development.
Physical Development
Conception and Pregnancy ( add video)






You will be showed a video which looks both
at conception and pregnancy, you need to
ensure that you make notes of the video.
Birth and Infancy
Babies are born following the 9 months gestation
period in their mothers belly,
At this stage of birth babies (neonate) will only be
able to take easily digestible food such as milk in
the first few weeks in order to grow,

Newborn babies do not have fully developed
brain but can hear sounds, identify the smell of
their own mother,
Infant babies are born with various temporary
and primitive reflexes.

Primitive Reflexes
Definition: reflexes that babies are born with.
Rooting reflex: Neonate will turn their heads towards
any touch on the cheek,
Grasp reflex: if you place your finger in the palm of a
neonates hand they will grasp your finger tightly,
Startle reflex: if a neonate is startled by a loud noise
they will throw their hands and arms outwards,
arching their backs,
Walking reflex: if a neonate is held upright with their
feet touching the ground they will make they will
make movement as if trying to walk.

A few more key facts ....
Infants have the ability to recognise and interact
with people,

Babies prefer the sound of human voices to other
sounds and soon learn to recognise their mothers
voice,

Babies cannot hold up their heads, roll over, sit
up or use they hand to move objects deliberately
thus are helpless when it comes to muscle
coordination and control,

Average ages for some type of body
control
Type of body control Age
Ability to lift head slightly 0-1 month
Ability to pass an object from one hand to
another
6 months
Ability to roll over 6 months
Ability to crawl 9 10 months
Ability to stand alone 12 months
What is one advantages of
such milestone and what is one
disadvantage?
Childhood
Children grow rapidly at this time but less rapidly than
during infancy,
By the age of six a childs head will be 90% of adult
size even if the body still has a lot of growing to do,
children practical abilities continue to develop for
example:
At 2 children might be able to climb and run up stairs one
step at a time,
At 4 children might be able to kick and throw a large ball,
At 6/7 children might be able to skip and ride a bicycle.
Adolescence
Puberty in girls begins between the ages of 11 and
13 although in some cases it may begin earlier,

Boys on the other hand tend to start puberty a
little later between 13 and 15 years of age,

Puberty is the developmental stage which
prepares the body for sexual reproduction .
Puberty is triggered by the action of hormones
that control sexual development and is usually
accompanied by growth spurt
Adolescence continued
Girls sexual development during puberty includes
the enlargement of breast, development of pubic
hair, increasing fat layers under the skin and the
start of menstrual period.

Boys on the other hand will experience the
enlargement of their testes and penis, the
development of pubic and facial hair and
increased muscle strength. Boys voices will also
break and become deeper in tone.
Adulthood
Young adults are often at the peak of their physical;
performance between the ages of 18 and 28. Most
champions of highly active sports are aged between 16
and 30.
With age older adults start to lose some of their speed
and strength although those changes remain unnoticed
outside of competitive sports,
There are a number of age related changes that slowly
becomes apparent as we grow older such as many
people find that they need to wear reading glasses or
hair loss specially common in men.
Menopause
Women are most fertile in their late teens and
early twenties,
Risk of miscarriages and pregnancy
complications rises with age,
Between the ages of 45 and 55 fertility
reduces and then comes to an end on a
process called the menopause,
The menopause takes several years to
complete.
What does the menopause involve?
Gradual ending of menstruation and reduction of
viable eggs in the ovaries,
Increase in the production of hormones called
gonadotrophins to try and stimulate the eggs,
Reduction in sex hormones produced by the
womens ovaries,
Associated problems such as osteoporosis which
can be caused by a reduction in the production
sex hormones,
Weight gain (middle aged spread)

What do you think ?

Can you think of ay ideas
that might help you stay
healthy and fit for longer
?

Give reasons for your
suggestions
Final stages of life
The longest human being has lived is just over
122 years,


Why do you think there is a limit to life ?
Why is there a limit to life ?
1. Dr Hayflick proposed that most body cells can only
renew themselves 50 times of so when they can no
longer renew themselves body tissue becomes
wasted and eventually we die (Hayflick limit),
2. Hormone production decreases with age and this
reduction results in the inevitable breakdown of
biological systems,
3. So far however, research has not yet provided a single
simple definitive explanations of why there is a
maximum lifespan. It may be that there is some truth
in all of the different theories above (page 139 book
1)

How to increase your potential
lifespan ?

Based on the basic
information you have
been given what things
could individuals do in
order to increase their
potential lifespan ?
Answer...

1. Avoid exposure to toxic substances such as
tobacco smoke,
2. Eat a healthy diet with a good balance of fruit
and vegetables and fibre,
3. Take regular exercise,
4. Drink plenty of water ,

Test Time

Learning Objective 2: Understand potential effects of life
factors and events on the development of the
individual

Nature-nurture debate: key principles; biological programming; the effects of experiences versus heredity;
maturation theory

Life factors: genetic, eg predisposition to particular conditions, cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease, asthma,
brittle bone disease, rheumatic disease; biological, eg foetal alcohol syndrome, maternal infections, effects
of diet in pregnancy; environmental, eg exposure to pollution, damp/overcrowded housing, access
to recreational facilities, access to health and social care services, bullying, family dysfunction, effects of
culture, religion and beliefs, effects of discrimination; socioeconomic, eg income, expenditure, education,
values and attitudes, peer groups, employment status; lifestyle, eg nutrition and dietary choices, alcohol
intake, use and misuse of substances

Major life events: differences in effect of predictable and unpredictable events; eg the birth of a sibling,
leaving home, leaving care, leaving prison, serious injury, illness, starting school/nursery, beginning and
changing employment, redundancy, bereavement, marriage, parenthood, divorce; the interrelationship
between factors

Learning Objective 3: 3 Understand physical
and psychological changes of ageing

Physical changes: hormones; menopause; cardiovascular system, eg
atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease; respiratory system, eg emphysema,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; nervous system, eg motor neurone
disease, degeneration of the sense organs, degeneration of the nervous
tissue, cognitive changes; muscular-skeletal, eg rheumatoid arthritis,
osteoarthritis, effects of degenerative disease, muscle wasting due to poor
absorption of nutrients; skin, eg loss of elasticity, effects of exposure to
ultra violet rays, effects of smoking; the effects of illnesses that are more
common in ageing.

Psychological changes: effects on confidence; effects on self-esteem;
effects of ageism; effects of, eg role changes, loss of a partner, retirement,
increased leisure time, financial concerns, culture, religion, beliefs; theories
of ageing, eg social disengagement, activity theory; application to current
health and social care provision.