Técnicas de Identificação de Cátions
Técnicas de Identificação de Cátions
Técnicas de Identificação de Cátions
c
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
!
"#$%!
V
VV
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
c&c
'c
c
& !
"c()&c
*+, ,
-
V
V
c.&
/!01
2! c345
6!c
7"
)!
8!
c-" .
9!c
c3:
;!
c4
<! = 00
".
V
V
6!c
7" &V
V
@VV, VV
@VVV
)! &
V
AVV +V.V1VV !"V
?, 17VV"VV
V
V
V
V
V
6V VBVV-V!V-VVV,VV'??VV&V#VVV
V V (!V V V V V ,V V '?5V V V 3"V V (V .V
#VV( +7V VV %V VV(V.V$VBV -.,VV
7VVVV( "VVV.V+VVV0VVV
-#V( %VV( V0"VVV.V $VV $1VV '?<V
"V
V
V V 0%V .V V ,V V '?V V V V ?V 5C%V 8VV V
,V(VV(VV %VV.V#VV( +7VVVVV V&V
#V V V V V V %V V ,%V V (V .V $V V -.,V V V
V .V V V ( "V V V .V $V V $1V V !,V
V # V V V ( V .V 1%V V ,%V V V .V
$V V V :V V V V V .V V ,V V ?<V V V ,V V
'?<'V%V VVV VV V-VV .VV
! V)"VDVVVV%V.V V?'5VVV&V#V+$V
VVVVVV,VE(V8"VV(VV V.V,VV#V
V ( +7V V V %V #V V .V -V V !,V V V
3V V %V V V V V V "V V ( V .V
V?<VV&V#VVV.V!%VV,V.V V,V,V
V '??V V V &V #VV V .V "V V (V .V (V ,V V #V V
%V V+$VV.VVVV( V, "V
V
V( V0V.V#V VV V$V,VVV
V V V ,%V ,V 8V .V 3V V # V $ V
V V "V V (V .V $V V -.,%V 7V V V V
$.VVVV.V# $VVVV00V #V.V$VV$1VV
VV'?<VV.VVV( V #V &V! VV,V00VV0V
VV.V1"VV
V
V V 00%V .V V V ,V ,V V ?<V %V ,V 8V .V
3V V V V V "V V (V V V .V $V V -.,V #V
V.VVV-#V( %V#V!V+VV( V00%V
V%V#V!V+VVV000"V
V
V V 000%V .V V ,V ,V V ?'5V V V
V # V V ( +7V &V V V V "V V V .V
$VVV%V V VV.V VV,V'??VV&V#V
V V .V (!V V V ,V .V V ,V ,V V V V
,3 %V VVV VVV-VV .VV
! V)"VDVVVV%V.V V,VV'?<'VVV,VV
%V VVVV"V
V
V( V00V.V#V&V#VV VVV?"VFV,%V8V
V-#V( V00VV.%V.V V,VV'?VVV3"VV
(V .V $V V -.,V V V -#V ( V .V .V V V(V V
"VV%VV+$%VVVV V$V,VV?'5VV
&VVV%VV ,%V VV VV!VVE(V8V %V
V V V V #V V V V V ,V V V !,V
V V 3V V V V V V V .V 1%V $V V .V
VV.VV 4"VV-#V( V.V VV"V
V
V
8!
c-" .
&
V
VV
V
V
V
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVK VVKKVV
V
V
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
V
V
K
VK
V
V
K
VVK
VV K
V
K
VK
V
V
V
V
V
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVKVVK V
V
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
V
V
K
V
KV
V
V
V
VVV
GV00V
V
V
V
VVVVVVVVVVK VV
VVVVVVVVVK V
VVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVK VV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVK
VV
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
?<VV
V
V
V
V
K
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
?'5VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV'?VV
V
V
V
V
V V
K V
K V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
VVVV'?5?VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV?'5VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVV'?<'VV V
V
VVVV GVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVE(V
V
V
V V
V
V
V
V V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V 'HV?I0V'VV
V
V
V
9!3:,c
c:!
!
V
V
V
V"
V
"
V
#
$%
%V$V"
V
V
V V V +83V V - V $7V V 3V V , %V
. V- V+3
V
V
V
?5V4V?7V
VJ ?K7V
V
V
V V V +83V V V 000V (&V $7%V . %V V
3VV, %V V.V- V+3V 000%VV- V
V
V
V
< ?5V4V?7V
VVJ< ?K7V
V
V
LV 8V V V V 83V V +,2 %V $V V 3V V 000V V
V
V
V
VJ< ?K7V4V5V?V4VV?7
VV<7V4VMV?V
V
VVV+83VV.V 000V V N$VV3VV,
V
V
V
V
6 ?5 V4VV?7V
V6 ?7 V
V
V
8V V V V V V ( %V V .V V V
VV- V<54VVVV V VV"V
( 7V#VVV +VV- V654V $ V .VVV V
V V- V 4%V$VV.VVVV V V%VV
.V$&VV( VV2 VV- V<54V V"V
V
V
#
#&"
V
FVV, V!%V.7VV VV$+%V$V
V.VVV3V VVV VV.V 000
V
V
654V4V5V<'7V
V6 <'5V
V
V
0 %V%VV VV! V654V V V"V
#
%
%'$%
#(
"
V
VVV!V$VV #O VVV+83VV- %V
.VVV(3
V
V
J ?K7V4V?4V
V ?5 VmVVVVVV4V?V
V
V
< . %V%VV VV- V54V V"V
FVV&VVV V -$VV VV VV654%VVV
! %V V 64%V V ."V V V &V .V V V V , V
!"V
'VVV .VV- V54%VV(&VVV+83VV
- V V V V V +83V V / "V 'V V 1 7V
!V$VVVVV V1V3VV"V
V V V +83V V - V V :V V +83V V 8V V
/ V VV V VV!V!%V!V-%V!V.-%V!V
!%VNVVVV,* V+3"V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V"
V
V
#
) #
#
*#"
V
VV1V- V7VVV VVVVVV(3
V
V
V
<?5<'?V4V5V?7V
V<?5<7V4V'?5V4V7V4V?V
V
V
P,%V+$ VV.VV, V.
V
V
V
V
V
<4V4V7V
VVV<V
V
V
V
V
'4V4V7VV
VVVV'V
V
V
V
V
4V4VV
V V
V
V
V
V
> 4V4VVV
VV> V
V
V
V
E %V VVVV.V&V#V VVVV,V
00VV! V VBV"V
V
V V
#
!"
V
V V V ?<V V V V V V - V <4V V '4%V V .V V
VV.%VV- V 4VV> 4%VV.VV%V .VV:V
(3
V
V
V
> V4VV?4V
V> 4V4V?V
V
V
V4V?4V
V 4V4V?V
V
V.VV'VV<VV N$VV?<"V
V
V
#
!
"
V
V V V !V -V V V V V <V V 'V $V V
VV%V VV:V(3
V
V
5V<VmVVVV4VV?'5V4VV?4
V5V<4V4V5VVmVVV4VV' VV4VV?V
V
5V'VmVVVV4VV?'5V4VV?4
V5V'4V4V5VmVVVVV4VV' VVVV4VV?V
V
V '
#
#+# "
V
8V V V V ,3V V (V V V #V V V
V - V '4%V V V (!%V +$V V .V V V V $+V V
,3VV -#%VVVVVV(3
V
V
V
'4V4VV? GV
VV' ? G V4VV?4V
V
VV$VV.VVV, V %V&V%V$7VV
VV .2 V V"V
V
V
#
#&"
V
8VVVV VV/ VV(VV V#V VV
V - V <4%V V V V %V V %V $ V V V V V
- V <4V V "V E%V V +$V V V V V .V V V
VV- V (V 00V .VV, V
V
V
V
V
V
V
<4V4VV<'7
VJ< <'K7V
V V V .V V - V <4V &V 1V V V V %V &V
%VVVV<4VV<'7V&V "V
V
V
#
,-+
-"
V
V V V +83V V 8%V V 3%V V(V V V #V V
V V - V 4V V > 4%V V +$V V .V V V V ( V V
+83VV , 2V 00V
V
V
V
4V4VV?7V
V ?V
V
VVVV+83VV1
VV
V
V
> ?VmVVV4VV?7
VJ> '?5K7V
V
E7V($V#V17V+83VV/ VV3"V
V
V
#
) # "
V
V V V V V (V V V #V V V V
+83VV1 V$VV.VVVV( VV.VV1
V
V
V
V
J> ?K7V4V?
> VmVVV4VV?7V4VV?V
V
V
'VVV%V . VV VV> 4"V
V
V
-+
,#(
!
"
V
VVV83VV+(VV!V -V VV(VV V V
V V+83VV , 2V 00VVV# %V V$VV
V$V V( V#V1VV VV- V 7!V
V
V
V
VE(V4VV 4V4VV?4V
VVV 7V4VVE(4V4VV?V
V
AV -#V V V .V V V +83V V / V V V V
! V54%V654VV<54VV%VV! V'4%V<4%
> 4VV 4"V
EV V V V .V V V $V V ?<V &V V V .V
, V !V V V ,V 7V V V / V . V V
V$+VV VV.V 000V6 <'5V . VV VV654"V
V( VQ RV54%VV .VVV ?5VVVV
V!V-VV+83VV/ V . VV VV! "V
<VVVV%VV V VV( VVV-$V
! V'4%V<4%
> 4VV 4V+$VVVV- VV.VV."VV
8VVVV .VV2 VV 4%VVVVV> 4V(1V
V ?<%V .V V V V V V (&V V +$V V .V V V
V( VV.VV8V> "V
VVVQ<VV'RV 7V!V -VVV,VV,V
,3VV+$VV.VVVV$+VVV' ? G"V
V.V 7V#V VV +VV- V'4%V54%V65"V
V