Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005. (Massachusetts Institute

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6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005
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6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn
September 22, 2005
Lecture 5: The Electric Potential and the Method of Images

I. Nonuniqueness of Voltage in an MQS System
Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 1 of 12
B i da
Sc
E i ds = v
+ iR1 = 0
E i ds = v
C1
+ iR 2 = 0
C2
E i ds =
Cc
d
= i (R 1 + R 2 )
dt
i=
d
1
(R1 + R 2 ) dt
v1 = iR1 =
v2 = iR 2 =
d
+R1
R1 + R 2 dt
d
R 2
R1 + R 2 dt
v1
R
= 1
v2
R2
II. Point Charge Above Ground Plane

1. Potential Electric Field
q
1
p =
2
40
2
2
x + y + ( z d)

Prof. Markus Zahn
1
x2 + y2 + ( z + d)
Lecture 5
Page 2 of 12
p _
p _
p _
Ep = p =
ix+
iy+
i
y
z z
x

_
_
_
_
_
_
2 x i x + y i y + ( z d) i z 2 x i x + y i y + ( z + d) i z
q

=
3
3
40
2 2
2 x2 + y2 + ( z d)2 2
2 x2 + y2 + ( z + d)
Ep ( z = 0 ) =
( d)
q
i
z
3
20 2
2
2 2
x +y +d
(perpendicular to equipotential ground plane)
2. Gausss Law Boundary Condition
E i da = dV
0
E i da = ( E
0
0 1 i n1
+ 0 E2 i n2 dS = s dS
(total charge inside pillbox)
s = 0 n i E1 E2

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 3 of 12
z=0:
At z=0:
s =
0 n i E1 E2 = 0 i z i E1 = 0Ez =
qd
2 x2 + y2 + d2
qd
2 r2 + d2
r2 = x2 + y2
+
qT ( z = 0 ) =
s dxdy =
y = x =
srdrd =
r =0 = 0
qd
(
2
r =0
rdr
r2 + d2
u = r2 + d2 du = 2rdr
rdr
2
2 2
r +d
qT ( z = 0 ) =
fq =
du
2u
r2 + d2
40 (2d)
+qd
q2
= u
iz =
r + d2
= q
q2
160d2

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 4 of 12
III. Point Charge and Sphere

1. Grounded Sphere
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach,

by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
1 q q'
+
40 s s '
s = r2 + D2 2rD cos
(r = R ) = 0
, s ' = b2 + r2 2rb cos
q q'
q
q'
=
=
s
s'
s
s'

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 5 of 12
q2s '2 = q'2 s2 q'2 R 2 + D2 2RD cos = q2 b2 + R 2 2Rb cos
q'2 R 2 + D2 = q2 b2 + R 2
+q'2 2 RD cos = +q2 2 Rb cos
q'2
2
b
D
R2
b 2
R + D2 = b2 + R 2 b2 b
+ D + R2 = 0
D
D
(b D) b
b=
R2
D
= 0
R2
D
q'2 = q2
b
R2
= q2 2 q' = qR D
D
D
Force on sphere
fx =
qq'
40 (D b )
q2R D
2
R2
40 D
q2RD
40 D2 R 2
2. Isolated Sphere [Put additional Image Charge +q' = +qR D at center]

(zero charge)
(r = R ) =
q'
q
=
40R
40D

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 6 of 12
force on sphere
2

qq' D2 (D b )
q2R 2bD b2
q q'
q'
=
fx =
2
2
2
40 (D b )2 D2
2
40D (D b )
R
3
40D D
fx =
q2RD2
40D
(D
R2
D
q2R 3
R2
2D
=
D
40D3 D2 R 2
2D2 R2
IV. Demonstration 4.7.1 Charge Induced in Ground Plane by Overhead Conductor

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 7 of 12
a x )2 + y2 2
( a x )2 + y2
=
=
ln
ln
1
20
40 ( a + x )2 + y2
( a + x )2 + y2 2
C' =
=
( x = l R, y = 0 )
s = 0Ex
( x = 0 ) = 0
20
=
, ( x = l R, y = 0 ) = U
al+R
l2 R 2 + l
ln
ln
20 a + l R
R
x =0
+ 0 d
2
2
ln ( a x ) + y2 ln ( a + x ) + y2

4 0 dx
2 (a + x)
2 ( a x )
4 ( a x )2 + y2 ( a + x )2 + y2
x =0
a2 + y2
Total Charge per unit length on ground plane is:
T ( x = 0) =
y =
s dy =
(a
+y

Prof. Markus Zahn
dy =
a 1
y
tan1
=
a
a
Lecture 5
Page 8 of 12
is =
ds
dq
aA
d
aAC ' dU
A
=
=
2
2
dt
dt
a + y dt
a2 + y2 dt
take U = U0 cos t
v0 = isR s =
C ' Aa
a2 + y2
U0 sin t
V. Point Electric Dipole

1. Potential
q 1 1

40 r+ r
2
r+ =
x2 + y2 + z
2
r =
x2 + y2 + z +
2
Note: ( z = 0 ) = 0

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 9 of 12
2. Point Electric Dipole (r>>d)

r+ r
d
d
cos r 1
cos
2
2r
r r +
d
d
cos r 1 +
cos
2
2r
q
1
1
q
d
d
cos 1
cos
1 +
d
d
40r
40r
2r
2r
1
cos 1 +
cos

2r
2r
lim p = qd (dipole moment)
d 0
q
qd cos
40r2
p cos
40r2
_ 1 _
1 _
E = =
ir +
i+
i
r
r sin
r
=
_
_
2
cos
i
sin
i
r
40r3

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 10 of 12
3. Field Lines for Point Electric Dipole:
E
dr
2 cos
= r =
= 2 cot
rd E
sin
dr
= 2 cot d lnr = 2 ln ( sin ) + C
r
r = r0 sin2
r0 = r =

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 11 of 12
VI. Line Current Above a Perfect Conductor

_
( )
f I = I 0 H
newtons / meter
I _ 0I2 _
= I i z 0
i =
i
4d x 4d y

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5
Page 12 of 12

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Please use the following citation format:

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Prof. Markus Zahn

September 22, 2005

Lecture 5: The Electric Potential and the Method of Images

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

II. Point Charge Above Ground Plane

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

(perpendicular to equipotential ground plane)

2. Gausss Law Boundary Condition

(total charge inside pillbox)

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

III. Point Charge and Sphere

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach,

, s ' = b2 + r2 2rb cos

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

q2s '2 = q'2 s2 q'2 R 2 + D2 2RD cos = q2 b2 + R 2 2Rb cos

+q'2 2 RD cos = +q2 2 Rb cos

2. Isolated Sphere [Put additional Image Charge +q' = +qR D at center]

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

IV. Demonstration 4.7.1 Charge Induced in Ground Plane by Overhead Conductor

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Total Charge per unit length on ground plane is:

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

V. Point Electric Dipole

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

2. Point Electric Dipole (r>>d)

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach,

lim p = qd (dipole moment)

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

3. Field Lines for Point Electric Dipole:

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

VI. Line Current Above a Perfect Conductor

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach,

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

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