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    This document summarizes key concepts about dipole arrays from a lecture on electromagnetics and applications by Professor Markus Zahn. It first examines a two-element array and derives an expression for the far-field radiation pattern as a function of the array factor and element factor. It then generalizes to an N-element array and derives an expression for the array factor as a sum involving the element excitations. The array factor is shown to produce maxima when the argument of its sine or cosine is a multiple of 2π, allowing the determination of maximum radiation angles based on the element spacing and excitation phase differences. Several examples are analyzed to demonstrate the directional properties of dipole arrays.

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    (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Mit Opencourseware)

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    27 views8 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts about dipole arrays from a lecture on electromagnetics and applications by Professor Markus Zahn. It first examines a two-element array and derives an expression for the far-field radiation pattern as a function of the array factor and element factor. It then generalizes to an N-element array and derives an expression for the array factor as a sum involving the element excitations. The array factor is shown to produce maxima when the argument of its sine or cosine is a multiple of 2π, allowing the determination of maximum radiation angles based on the element spacing and excitation phase differences. Several examples are analyzed to demonstrate the directional properties of dipole arrays.

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    This document summarizes key concepts about dipole arrays from a lecture on electromagnetics and applications by Professor Markus Zahn. It first examines a two-element array and derives an expression for the far-field radiation pattern as a function of the array factor and element factor. It then generalizes to an N-element array and derives an expression for the array factor as a sum involving the element excitations. The array factor is shown to produce maxima when the argument of its sine or cosine is a multiple of 2π, allowing the determination of maximum radiation angles based on the element spacing and excitation phase differences. Several examples are analyzed to demonstrate the directional properties of dipole arrays.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views8 pages

    (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Mit Opencourseware)

    Uploaded by

    asitiaf
    This document summarizes key concepts about dipole arrays from a lecture on electromagnetics and applications by Professor Markus Zahn. It first examines a two-element array and derives an expression for the far-field radiation pattern as a function of the array factor and element factor. It then generalizes to an N-element array and derives an expression for the array factor as a sum involving the element excitations. The array factor is shown to produce maxima when the argument of its sine or cosine is a multiple of 2π, allowing the determination of maximum radiation angles based on the element spacing and excitation phase differences. Several examples are analyzed to demonstrate the directional properties of dipole arrays.

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    MIT OpenCourseWare

    http://ocw.mit.edu
    6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

    Please use the following citation format:


    Markus Zahn, 6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall
    2005. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare).
    http://ocw.mit.edu (accessed MM DD, YYYY). License: Creative
    Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike.
    Note: Please use the actual date you accessed this material in your citation.
    For more information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
    http://ocw.mit.edu/terms

    6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications

    Fall 2005

    Lecture 20 - Dipole Arrays


    Prof. Markus Zahn

    December 1, 2005

    I. Two Element Array in =

    plane (x-y plane)

    r2

    s
    aco

    I2

    r1

    r
    a

    x
    I1
    Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

    Far eld (kr 1, r a)

    (r, = , ) = E1 ejkr1 + E2 ejkr2 = H


    (r, = , )
    E
    2
    jkr1
    jkr2
    2
    2

    1 = I1 dlk

    E
    4

    2 = I2 dlk

    E
    4
    r2 r + a cos(), r1 r a cos()

    2
    (r, = , ) = H
    (r, = , ) k dl ejkr I1 e+jka cos() + I2 ejka cos()
    E

    2
    2
    kr
    4j

    array factor
    element factor

    I2 = Ie
    j E
    1 = E
    0 , E
    2 = E
    0 ej
    Assume: I1 = I,

    (r, = , ) = E0 ejkr e+jka cos() + ej ejka cos()


    E (r, = , ) = H
    2
    2
    jkr

    E
    =
    ejkr ej/2 ej( 2 ka cos())
    + ej( 2 ka cos())
    jkr
    2 cos(
    +ka cos())
    2

    0
    2E

    =
    ejkr ej/2 cos + ka cos()
    jkr
    2

    2
    2
    |
    0 |

    1 |E
    2|E

    2
    Sr (t, = , ) =
    cos
    ka
    cos()
    =

    2
    2
    (kr)2
    2
    1

    Broadside:

    , = 0, ka =
    2
    2

    2|E0 |
    2
    Sr =
    cos
    cos()
    (kr)2
    2
    2a =

    Endre:

    , = , ka =
    2
    2

    2|E0 |
    2
    Sr =
    cos
    (cos()

    1)
    (kr)2
    2
    2a =

    From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

    Maxima: ka cos()
    Minima: ka cos()

    2 = m, m = 0, 1, 2, . . .

    2 = (2m + 1) 2 , m = 0, 1, 2, . . .

    Case Studies:

    2a
    2a

    ka =
    =
    =
    2
    4a
    2

    2a = ka =

    2a =

    2a =

    cos() = m (maxima) cos() = 2m


    2
    2

    cos() = (2m + 1) (minima) cos() = (2m + 1)


    2
    2
    2

    = 4a

    cos(max ) cos(min )

    2
    3
    4

    1
    4
    1
    2
    3
    4

    34

    = 2a
    cos(max ) =

    0, 1

    2
    3
    4

    1
    7
    8, 8
    1
    3
    4, 4
    3
    5
    8, 8
    1
    1
    2, 2

    0,

    60

    Broadside

    120

    41.4 104.5

    14

    0,

    cos(max ) cos(min )

    min

    75.5 138.6

    12

    m, cos(min ) =

    max

    90.

    Endre

    12 (2m + 1)

    max

    min

    1
    1
    2 ,
    2

    38 ,
    58

    14 ,
    34

    18 ,
    78

    0, 90 , 180

    60

    82.8 , 151

    51 , 112

    75.5 , 138.6

    41.4 , 104.5

    68.0 , 128.7

    29.0 , 97.2

    0, 1

    60 , 120

    90 , 0

    From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

    II. An N Dipole Array ( = 2 )

    lim rn r na cos()

    rna

    N n N

    From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

    r, = , = H
    r, = ,
    E
    2
    2
    +N

    kdl
    =
    In ejkna cos() ejkr
    4jr
    N

    Array factor = AF

    Example:
    In = I0 ejn0
    AF = I0

    +N

    N nN

    ejn(ka cos()0 )

    j(ka cos()0 )

    Let e

    +N

    AF n
    S=
    =
    = N + N +1 + . . . + 2 + 1 + 1 + + 2 + . . . + N 1 + N
    I0
    N

    S(1 ) =

    N +1

    N N +1
    N 2 N + 2
    S=
    =
    1
    1/2 1/2

    multiply by
    1/2
    1/2

    sin (N + 21 )(ka cos() 0 )

    S=
    sin 12 (ka cos() 0 )
    Maxima: ka cos() 0 = 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
    Principal maximum at n = 0 cos() =

    0
    ka

    Minima: (N + 21 )(ka cos() 0 ) = n, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .


    5

    Demonstration, N = 2 (2 dipole array)


    3
    2a = , 0 = 0
    2

    3
    2
    2 2
    2 3
    I cos (ka cos()) = cos
    cos() = cos
    cos()

    2
    42

    Minima:
    cos() = cos() = = 70.5
    2
    2
    3
    3

    cos() =
    cos() = 1 = 0
    2
    2
    3
    Maxima:
    cos() = 0 = 90
    2

    2
    3
    cos() =
    cos() = = 48.2
    2
    3

    Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

    Intensity pattern

    From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

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