Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 148 views

    Case Study: Intel Processors

    Uploaded by

    Lazy Bkk
    The document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 with 2,300 transistors to modern processors like the Core i7. Early processors like the 4004 and 8008 had transistors visible and masks hand cut, while later processors integrated billions of transistors, on-die caches and memory controllers. Across generations, transistor counts increased exponentially from thousands to billions, clock speeds increased from kilohertz to gigahertz, and word sizes progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit. Modern multi-core processors like the Core i7 provide significant performance gains over early microprocessors through parallelism and architectural advances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Case Study: Intel Processors

    Uploaded by

    Lazy Bkk
    148 views17 pages
    The document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 with 2,300 transistors to modern processors like the Core i7. Early processors like the 4004 and 8008 had transistors visible and masks hand cut, while later processors integrated billions of transistors, on-die caches and memory controllers. Across generations, transistor counts increased exponentially from thousands to billions, clock speeds increased from kilohertz to gigahertz, and word sizes progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit. Modern multi-core processors like the Core i7 provide significant performance gains over early microprocessors through parallelism and architectural advances.

    Original Description:

    afadf

    Original Title

    lect24

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 with 2,300 transistors to modern processors like the Core i7. Early processors like the 4004 and 8008 had transistors visible and masks hand cut, while later processors integrated billions of transistors, on-die caches and memory controllers. Across generations, transistor counts increased exponentially from thousands to billions, clock speeds increased from kilohertz to gigahertz, and word sizes progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit. Modern multi-core processors like the Core i7 provide significant performance gains over early microprocessors through parallelism and architectural advances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    148 views17 pages

    Case Study: Intel Processors

    Uploaded by

    Lazy Bkk
    The document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 with 2,300 transistors to modern processors like the Core i7. Early processors like the 4004 and 8008 had transistors visible and masks hand cut, while later processors integrated billions of transistors, on-die caches and memory controllers. Across generations, transistor counts increased exponentially from thousands to billions, clock speeds increased from kilohertz to gigahertz, and word sizes progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit. Modern multi-core processors like the Core i7 provide significant performance gains over early microprocessors through parallelism and architectural advances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    Lecture 24:

    Case Study:
    Intel
    Processors

    Outline
    Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
    Scaling from 4004 to Core i7
    Courtesy of Intel Museum

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    4004
    First microprocessor (1971)
    For Busicom calculator
    Characteristics
    10 m process
    2300 transistors
    400 800 kHz
    4-bit word size
    16-pin DIP package
    Masks hand cut from Rubylith
    Drawn with color pencils
    1 metal, 1 poly (jumpers)
    Diagonal lines (!)
    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    8008
    8-bit follow-on (1972)
    Dumb terminals
    Characteristics
    10 m process
    3500 transistors
    500 800 kHz
    8-bit word size
    18-pin DIP package
    Note 8-bit datapaths
    Individual transistors visible

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    8080
    16-bit address bus (1974)
    Used in Altair computer
    (early hobbyist PC)
    Characteristics
    6 m process
    4500 transistors
    2 MHz
    8-bit word size
    40-pin DIP package

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    8086 / 8088
    16-bit processor (1978-9)
    IBM PC and PC XT
    Revolutionary products
    Introduced x86 ISA
    Characteristics
    3 m process
    29k transistors
    5-10 MHz
    16-bit word size
    40-pin DIP package
    Microcode ROM

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    80286
    Virtual memory (1982)
    IBM PC AT
    Characteristics
    1.5 m process
    134k transistors
    6-12 MHz
    16-bit word size
    68-pin PGA
    Regular datapaths and
    ROMs
    Bitslices clearly visible

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    80386
    32-bit processor (1985)
    Modern x86 ISA
    Characteristics
    1.5-1 m process
    275k transistors
    16-33 MHz
    32-bit word size
    100-pin PGA
    32-bit datapath,
    microcode ROM,
    synthesized control

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    80486
    Pipelining (1989)
    Floating point unit
    8 KB cache
    Characteristics
    1-0.6 m process
    1.2M transistors
    25-100 MHz
    32-bit word size
    168-pin PGA
    Cache, Integer datapath,
    FPU, microcode,
    synthesized control
    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    Pentium

    Superscalar (1993)
    2 instructions per cycle
    Separate 8KB I$ & D$
    Characteristics
    0.8-0.35 m process
    3.2M transistors
    60-300 MHz
    32-bit word size
    296-pin PGA
    Caches, datapath,
    FPU, control

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    10

    Pentium Pro / II / III

    Dynamic execution (1995-9)


    3 micro-ops / cycle
    Out of order execution
    16-32 KB I$ & D$
    Multimedia instructions
    PIII adds 256+ KB L2$
    Characteristics
    0.6-0.18 m process
    5.5M-28M transistors
    166-1000 MHz
    32-bit word size
    MCM / SECC

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    11

    Pentium 4

    Deep pipeline (2001)


    Very fast clock
    256-1024 KB L2$
    Characteristics
    180 65 nm process
    42-125M transistors
    1.4-3.4 GHz
    Up to 160 W
    32/64-bit word size
    478-pin PGA
    Units start to become
    invisible on this scale

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    12

    Pentium M

    Pentium III derivative


    Better power efficiency
    1-2 MB L2$
    Characteristics
    130 90 nm process
    140M transistors
    0.9-2.3 GHz
    6-25 W
    32-bit word size
    478-pin PGA
    Cache dominates chip area

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    13

    Core2 Duo

    Dual core (2006)


    1-2 MB L2$ / core
    Characteristics
    65-45 nm process
    291M transistors
    1.6-3+ GHz
    65 W
    32/64 bit word size
    775 pin LGA
    Much better
    performance/power efficiency

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    14

    Core i7
    Quad core (& more)
    Pentium-style architecture
    2 MB L3$ / core
    Characteristics
    45-32 nm process
    731M transistors
    2.66-3.33+ GHz
    Up to 130 W
    32/64 bit word size
    1366-pin LGA
    Multithreading
    On-die memory controller

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    15

    Atom
    Low power CPU for netbooks
    Pentium-style architecture
    512KB+ L2$
    Characteristics
    45-32 nm process
    47M transistors
    0.8-1.8+ GHz
    1.4-13 W
    32/64-bit word size
    441-pin FCBGA
    Low voltage (0.7 1.1 V) operation
    Excellent performance/power

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    16

    Summary

    104 increase in transistor count, clock frequency over 3 decades!

    24: Processor Case Study

    CMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed.

    17

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy